Horizontal retina. Medical search. Frequent questions

The biology we are learning is going into improving the chip, which is getting more and more similar to the mammalian retina," Roska said. (sciencedaily.com)
Horizontal Cell Feedback to Cone Photoreceptors in Mammalian Retina: Novel Insights From the GABA-pH Hybrid Model. (neurotree.org)
Grove JCR , Hirano AA, de Los Santos J, McHugh CF, Purohit S, Field GD , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Novel hybrid action of GABA mediates inhibitory feedback in the mammalian retina. (neurotree.org)
Light responses of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the foetal mammalian retina. (ucsf.edu)

Horizontal cells provide inhibitory feedback to rod and cone photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal cells span across photoreceptors and summate inputs before synapsing onto photoreceptor cells. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal cells are depolarized by the release of glutamate from photoreceptors, which happens in the absence of light. (wikipedia.org)
Depolarization of a horizontal cell causes it to hyperpolarize nearby photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Conversely, in the light, a photoreceptor releases less glutamate, which hyperpolarizes the horizontal cell, leading to depolarization of nearby photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, horizontal cells provide negative feedback to photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
The moderately wide lateral spread and coupling of horizontal cells by gap junctions, measures the average level of illumination falling upon a region of the retinal surface, which horizontal cells then subtract a proportionate value from the output of photoreceptors to hold the signal input to the inner retinal circuitry within its operating range. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal cells are also one of two groups of inhibitory interneurons that contribute to the surround of retinal ganglion cells: Illumination → {\displaystyle \to } Center photoreceptor hyperpolarization → {\displaystyle \to } Horizontal cell hyperpolarization → {\displaystyle \to } Surround photoreceptor depolarization The exact mechanism by which depolarization of horizontal cells hyperpolarizes photoreceptors is uncertain. (wikipedia.org)
The photoreceptor synaptic complex is of great importance as it is a key site for the processing of visual signals, and the transfer of these signals from photoreceptors to downstream neurons in the retina. (grantome.com)
The focus of this application is on horizontal cells, inhibitory interneurons that send feedback inhibition to photoreceptors, feedforward inhibition to bipolar cells, and autaptic signals to themselves. (grantome.com)
The prevailing view of horizontal cell function is that these cells mediate lateral inhibition between photoreceptors, contributing to the antagonistic receptive field surrounds found in downstream neurons. (grantome.com)
We will address this objective by determining and testing the synaptic and cellular mechanisms mediating horizontal cell signaling via GABA to photoreceptors and bipolar cells, as well as to themselves. (grantome.com)
Determine the mechanisms mediating horizontal cell signaling to photoreceptors. (grantome.com)
Experiments will test how horizontal cells mediate signaling to photoreceptors by A) identifying the complement of tonic GABAAR and GABACR subunits expressed by horizontal cells and B) characterizing the indirect action of GABA on inhibition and disinhibition of photoreceptor Cav channels. (grantome.com)
Horizontal cells modulate the transfer of visual information from photoreceptors to second order retinal neurons in a process that is critically important for optimizing visual image analysis over a broad range of ambient light conditions. (grantome.com)
Proposed studies will test conventional and novel synaptic and extrasynaptic mechanisms underlying horizontal cell inhibitory actions on photoreceptors and bipolar cells to define both feedback and feedforward signaling pathways. (grantome.com)
Vertebrates perceive their environment (shapes, colors and irradiance) through rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. (bioone.org)
Retinal neurons fall into one of five classes-photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. (technologyreview.com)
[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)
Ganglion cells, cone photoreceptors, horizontal cells and amacrine cells were produced and initiated differentiation. (biologists.com)
The 'inverted' arrangement of the vertebrate retina, in which light has to pass through several inner layers of its neural apparatus before reaching the photoreceptors, has long been the butt of derision by evolutionists who claim that it is inefficient, and therefore evidence against design. (answersingenesis.org)
This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina), in which the photoreceptors are innermost and the first layer to receive incident light, would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
Vesicular Release of GABA by Mammalian Horizontal Cells Mediates Inhibitory Output to Photoreceptors. (neurotree.org)
Hirano AA, Liu X , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Analysis of Feedback Signaling from Horizontal Cells to Photoreceptors in Mice. (neurotree.org)

The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionists frequently maintain that the vertebrate retina exhibits a feature which indicates that it was not designed because its organisation appears to be less than ideal. (answersingenesis.org)

The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then processes that image within the retina and sends nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to create visual perception . (wikipedia.org)
Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . (wikipedia.org)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
The wire has to travel over the surface of the retina to a point where it dives through a hole in the retina (the so-called 'blind spot') to join the optic nerve. (answersingenesis.org)
and, as Bruce surely can attest, many squids have incredible eyes with a non-inverted retina (and thus no blind spot, as the optic nerve doesn't need to cross the retina), good resolution, many cone cell types and can detect qualities of light that we cannot see at all, like polarization patterns. (schneier.com)
More recently, a subset of OCT, the OCT Angiography is a modality that images integrity of the vasculature in the retina and optic nerve mainly assessing the blood perfusion. (aao.org)
The average healthy retina is 250-µm thick immediately adjacent to the temporal margin of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
Retinal nerve fibers exit the eye through the optic nerve, located nasally and on the same plane as the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)

It stands to reason, therefore, that neurodegenerative disorders might also cause degeneration of neurons in the retina. (aao.org)

Apple MJLQ2CT/A 15' MacBook Pro Retina (2015). (macsales.com)
This 2015 MacBook Pro features a 15-inch Retina display. (macsales.com)
MacBook Pro with Retina Display Profiles of MacBook Pro models with Retina Display. (lowendmac.com)

In myopia (nearsightedness), the point of focus is in front of the retina because the cornea is too steeply curved, the axial length of the eye is too long, or both. (msdmanuals.com)

In the cat, it is observed that A-type horizontal cells have a density of 225 cells/mm2 near the center of the retina and a density of 120 cells/mm2 in more peripheral retina. (wikipedia.org)
The center of the optic disc is located 4.5 mm to 5 mm nasal to the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
The center of the retina provides the greatest resolving power of the eye. (medscape.com)

The inner surface of the retina is adjacent to the vitreous of the eye. (medscape.com)

Tonkaya struktura retseptivnykh polei orientatsionno izbiratelnykh ganglioznykh kletok setchatki ryb [Fine structure of receptive fields of orientation-selective ganglion cells in goldfish retina]. (iitp.ru)
2011 ) The light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size in the goldfish retina involves nitric oxide. (neurotree.org)

However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the contribution of horizontal cells to receptive field properties in mammalian bipolar and ganglion cells has proven quite difficult to determine due in major part to the lack of fundamental information on horizontal cell signaling. (grantome.com)
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
Over a period of nearly three years, Roska painstakingly measured signals from more than 200 ganglion cells in the rabbit retina as he flashed pictures of a featureless square or circle. (sciencedaily.com)
The computer model precisely mimics the output of the ganglion cells of the retina, vividly showing the difference between the world we see and the information that actually is sent to the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
Fine Structure of the Receptive Fields of Orientation-Selective Ganglion Cells in the Fish Retina // Neurosci Behav Physi 51 (6), pp. 816 819 (2021). (iitp.ru)
Ganglion Cells with Sustained Activity in the Fish Retina and Their Possible Function in Evaluation of Visual Scenes. (iitp.ru)
Ganglion Cells with Sustained Activity of the Fish Retina and their Putative Function in Comprehension of the Visual Surround (in Russian) // Russian Journal of Physiology. (iitp.ru)
Parallel Inhibition of Dopamine Amacrine Cells and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Non-Image-Forming Visual Circuit of the Mouse Retina. (neurotree.org)
2011 ) Light exposure suppresses apoptosis of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the early postnatal rat retina Neuroscience Research . (neurotree.org)
2010 ) Tracer coupling of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells to amacrine cells in the mouse retina. (neurotree.org)

The second postulated mechanism is relatively slow with a time constant of about 200 ms and depends on ATP release via Pannexin 1 channels located on horizontal cell dendrites invaginating the cone synaptic terminal. (wikipedia.org)
As the invaginating synapses from horizontal cells are made onto cone terminals, the center-surround antagonism of cones is thought to be more reliably present in cone terminals. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, we generated R91W;Nrl −/− double-mutant mice, which display a well-ordered all-cone retina with normal retinal vasculature and a strong photopic function that generates useful vision. (nature.com)
Microglia/macrophage infiltration at the site of injury was more pronounced in the all-cone retina of R91W;Nrl −/− than in wt mice. (nature.com)
Thus, the R91W;Nrl −/− mouse constitutes a model with a well-ordered and functional all-cone retina. (nature.com)
The electron micrograph in the top panel shows two invaginating synapses between cone and horizontal cells in the outer p. (cellimagelibrary.org)
That is to say, they have two types of cone cells in their retina, compared with us trichromats, who has three types. (schneier.com)

So… the claim from Steve was that this display had pixels that matched the resolution display of the human retina. (utah.edu)
The human retina is located on the inner surface of the posterior two-thirds to three-quarters of the eye. (medscape.com)

John Dowling's The Retina , published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. (nhbs.com)

Both postulated mechanisms depend on the protected environment provided by the invaginating synapses that horizontal cells make onto cones. (wikipedia.org)

pl. retinae or retinas ) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . (wikipedia.org)
An image of the external environment is thus focused on the retina which transduces light into neural signals and is the innermost (relative to the geometric centre of the eyeball) of the three tunics of the eye's posterior segment. (answersingenesis.org)
The retina is the innermost layer. (medscape.com)

This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina) would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)

The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)

The objective of this program is to understand visual processing in the retina with a focus on the synaptic and cellular mechanisms that underlie the initial stages of vision. (grantome.com)
Freeze fracture images of synaptic junctions in the retina of Macaca mulatta. (cellimagelibrary.org)

The other two tunics of the eye's posterior segment are the white tough fibrous sclera which is outermost and continuous with the cornea anteriorly, and the choroid , a pigmented and highly vascular layer which lies sandwiched between the retina and sclera. (answersingenesis.org)
The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid. (medscape.com)

Loss of Sfrs1 function during embryonic retinal development had a profound effect, leading to a small retina at birth. (biologists.com)

MEGF10 and MEGF11 transmembrane proteins have critical roles in the formation of the mosaics by horizontal cells and starburst amacrine cells in mice. (wikipedia.org)

Assuming that the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are not cloudy, the living retina can be examined using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope or a retinal lens at the slit lamp. (medscape.com)

In addition, the retina underwent further degeneration in the postnatal period. (biologists.com)

Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. (wikipedia.org)
Among their functions, horizontal cells are believed to be responsible for increasing contrast via lateral inhibition and adapting both to bright and dim light conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the species, there are typically one or two classes of horizontal cells, with a third type sometimes proposed. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal cells may also synapse onto bipolar cells, but this remains uncertain. (wikipedia.org)
There is a greater density of horizontal cells towards the central region of the retina. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in 'exclusion zones' that separate them. (wikipedia.org)
Although horizontal cells contain GABA, the main mechanisms by which horizontal cells inhibit cones probably do not involve the release of GABA by horizontal cells onto cones. (wikipedia.org)
Low calcium, high magnesium, and cobalt hyperpolarize the horizontal cell membrane and suppress the response to light, but only partially affect the response of receptor cells. (nih.gov)
The hyperpolarizing response to light of the horizontal cells would then result from a reduction in the amount of transmitter released. (nih.gov)
Experiments will test how horizontal cells provide tonic GABA-mediated signaling to bipolar cell types by A) identifying the complement of tonic GABAAR and GABACR subunits expressed on the dendrites of ON- and OFF-bipolar cells and B) characterizing the physiological properties of the GABAergic signal provided by optogenetically controlled horizontal cells to bipolar cells. (grantome.com)
Superior retina contained cells with strong S+/M− and M+/S− opponency, whereas inferior retina contained cells with weak opponency. (jneurosci.org)
In superior retina, the opponent cells had well-balanced M and S weights, while in inferior retina the weights were unbalanced, with the M weights being much weaker. (jneurosci.org)
Opponent cells were found in both superior and inferior retina. (jneurosci.org)
What we have done," Roska said, "is show that the retina creates a stack of image representations, how these image representations are formed and that they are the result of cross-talk between layers of cells in the retina. (sciencedaily.com)
In biological terms this arrangement of the retina is said to be inverted because the visual cells are oriented so that their sensory ends are directed away from incident light (Figure 1). (answersingenesis.org)
Sun X , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Calcium-activated BKCa channels govern dynamic membrane depolarizations of horizontal cells in rodent retina. (neurotree.org)
Liu X , Grove JC , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Dopamine D1 receptor modulation of calcium channel currents in horizontal cells of mouse retina. (neurotree.org)
Targeted Deletion of Vesicular GABA Transporter from Retinal Horizontal Cells Eliminates Feedback Modulation of Photoreceptor Calcium Channels. (neurotree.org)

Macular degeneration affects the retina, a layer at the back of the eyeball. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The retina thickens to approximately 400 µm in the macular area around the fovea and thins to 150 µm in the fovea. (medscape.com)

[7] [8] However, whether this loss of tissue represents primary neurodegeneration within the retina itself or instead secondary retrograde degeneration due to neuronal and axonal loss in the brain has not yet been determined. (aao.org)

Similarly, vascular leakage was abundant in the inner and outer retina in R91W;Nrl −/− mice, whereas it was mild and restricted to the subretinal space in wt mice. (nature.com)
Like most of the brain, the retina is isolated from the vascular system by the blood-brain barrier . (wikipedia.org)

One of the many compelling features of the new phone is the Retina Display . (utah.edu)
I will not say anything about that visit, but this Retina Display, a super high resolution display was new technology that I had not seen before. (utah.edu)
Nevertheless, this should serve as a useful metric for examining the relative pixel sizes and for making the point of whether Apple's Retina Display is marketing speak and hyperbole or if in fact, Apple's claims have merit. (utah.edu)
Here is the deal though… While Dr. Soneira was partially correct with respect to the retina , Apple's Retina Display adequately represents the resolution at which images fall upon our retina. (utah.edu)
There are an awful lot of considerations to take into account when making such a claim such as contrast, distance, the resolution of the display and some metric of pixel size which gives you an estimate of visual resolution on the retina. (utah.edu)
For the electronics screen trademark, see Retina display . (wikipedia.org)
The total number of addressable pixels in the horizontal direction of a rectangular display when held in its default orientation. (deviceatlas.com)
All rumors point to a Retina display on the next iPad, so we're looking at double the horizontal and double the vertical resolution. (macgasm.net)
Apple released the first iMac with an ultra-high resolution Retina display today. (osxdaily.com)
The Retina model includes a 27″ display with a whopping 5120 x 2880 pixel resolution, which Apple is calling a Retina 5K display. (osxdaily.com)
The iMac with Retina display is backed by some powerful internal hardware as well, with the entry level model including a quad core 3.5GHz Core i5 CPU, able to be configured at up to 4GHz Core i7 CPU. (osxdaily.com)
Of course, driving such an ultra high resolution display requires some significant graphics power, and the Retina iMac ships with a AMD Radeon R9 M290X with 2GB of VRAM by default, but can be upgraded to up the AMD Radeon R9 M295X with 4GB of RAM if desired. (osxdaily.com)

The retina consists of ten layers (Figure 3), of which the outermost is the dark retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which because of its melanin pigment is opaque to light. (answersingenesis.org)

Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the visual field have access to a full set of processing elements. (wikipedia.org)
Determine the functional influence of horizontal cell signaling on bipolar cell visual processing. (grantome.com)
It includes completely new chapters on color vision and retinal degenerations and genetics, as well as sections on retinal development and visual pigment biochemistry, and presents the latest knowledge and theories on how the retina is organized anatomically, physiologically, and pharmacologically. (nhbs.com)
These results indicate that the rhodospin gene is expressed in the retina and brain and mediates not only visual but also nonvisual functions such as photoperiodism and entrainment of the circadian clock. (bioone.org)
Composed of neurons that process visual information, the retina is technically part of the brain and is a relatively approachable starting point, Seung says. (technologyreview.com)
The results are a big step toward producing a bionic eye employing a unique computer chip that can be programmed to do visual processing just like the retina. (sciencedaily.com)
First, we tested whether visual experience was required for the establishment of direction selectivity in the retina. (escholarship.org)
Partial visual field deficit may respect the horizontal midline but never the vertical midline. (medscape.com)
Nerve fibers within the retina send electrical signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals as visual images. (medscape.com)
El diámetro de la primera figura vista por los participantes se registró en grados de ángulo visual. (bvsalud.org)

Neuroscientists mapped the arrangement of neurons in a section of mouse retina after imaging the tissue with electron microscopy. (technologyreview.com)
thus, the retina is considered part of the central nervous system (CNS) and is actually brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the eye. (medscape.com)

Today, Retina Consultants of America ("RCA"), a comprehensive physician management services organization, formed by Webster Equity Partners, welcomes an additional founding practice, California Retina Consultants to the recently formed consortium. (pehub.com)

[9] Some vertebrates, including humans, have an area of the central retina adapted for high-acuity vision. (wikipedia.org)
The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina, which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)

The arterioles and venules of the retina are the only blood vessels whose wall can be directly examined in the living human without an incision. (medscape.com)
The retina, with the exception of the blood vessels coursing through it, is transparent to the examiner up to its outer layer, the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)

With JUX Horizontal Accordion Slider, the slides can be navigated by keyboard or mouse wheel. (joomla.org)
Seung and collaborators at MIT and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Germany recently reported their first step toward this goal: using a combination of human and artificial intelligence, they mapped all the wiring connecting 950 neurons within a tiny patch of a mouse retina. (technologyreview.com)

Experiments will test how features of the light responses of representative bipolar cell types are shaped by horizontal cell signaling using HaloTagTM and AMPA-DART, a novel chemogenetic tool to silence horizontal cell output. (grantome.com)

In a recent online clinical symposium, he shares his expert view on direct horizontal chopping in cataract surgery. (leica-microsystems.com)
5 clinical cases illustrating direct horizontal chopping with optimal splitting, direction and separation, and its benefits. (leica-microsystems.com)

The clarity of writing and illustration that made The Retina a book of choice for a quarter century among graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, vision researchers, and teachers of upper-level courses on vision is retained in Dowling's new easy-to-read revised edition. (nhbs.com)

Kudos to Apple for using K = 1024 when referring to the number of horizontal pixels (5120) as 5K! (osxdaily.com)
Many TV manufacturers are wrongly using "4K" to refer to screens with 3840 horizontal pixels, in which case K = 960. (osxdaily.com)

The apparent decline in S/M opponency from superior to inferior retina is consistent with the dual gradient and a model where photoreceptor signals in both superior and inferior retina are processed by the same postreceptoral circuitry. (jneurosci.org)

Within the ing retina through fundus examination were time constraints, even the dilation of a pupil carried out in participants' homes. (who.int)

There are two circulations to the retina, both supplied by the ophthalmic artery, the first branch of the internal carotid artery on each side. (medscape.com)

The examiner sees the neurosensory retina against the background orange color of the melanin containing retinal pigment epithelium and blood-filled choroidal layer of the eye. (medscape.com)

Anatomy47

Organisms33

Diseases25

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology22

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care2

Mammalian retina4

Photoreceptors24

Vertebrate Retina2

Optic nerve8

Neurons in the retina1

MacBook Pro3

Front of the retina1

Center of the retina3

Surface of the retina1

Goldfish retina2

Ganglion10

Cone7

Human retina2

Retinal Cells1

Postulated mechanisms1

Innermost3

Retinas1

Neural1

Synaptic2

Choroid2

Embryonic1

Amacrine1

Vitreous1

Postnatal1

Cells18

Macular2

Neuronal1

Vascular2

Display12

Consists1

Visual10

Tissue3

Organization1

Vertebrates2

Blood vessels2

Mouse2

Responses1

Clinical2

Clarity1

Pixels2

Circuitry1

Examination1

Branch1

Layer1