• Hexokinases should not be confused with glucokinase, which is a specific hexokinase found in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • All hexokinases are capable of phosphorylating several hexoses but hexokinase IV(D) is often misleadingly called glucokinase, though it is no more specific for glucose than the other mammalian isoenzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammalian hexokinase IV, also referred to as glucokinase, differs from other hexokinases in kinetics and functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glucokinase (hexokinase D) is a monomeric cytoplasmic enzyme found in the liver and pancreas that serves to regulate glucose levels in these organs. (raiseupwa.com)
  • Glucokinase is among four members from the hexokinase category of enzymes. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • Hexokinase I, the pacemaker of glycolysis in brain tissue, is composed of two structurally similar halves connected by an alpha-helix. (rcsb.org)
  • Hexokinase is the initial enzyme of glycolysis, catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose by ATP to glucose-6-P. It is one of the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis. (raiseupwa.com)
  • Hexokinase, the enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycolysis, is inhibited by its product, glucose 6-phosphate. (raiseupwa.com)
  • In the liver, the first committed step is not hexokinase beacuse just converting to G-6P, though it traps glucose in the cell, does not determine which pathway it will go down (glycolysis or glycogen synthesis). (raiseupwa.com)
  • Therefore, we inferred there was regulation of hexokinase activity through phosphorylation, in addition to its regulation at the transcriptional level during early pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia due to hexokinase deficiency has been shown to be caused by mutations in the HK1 gene , which cause at least a partial deficiency of the enzyme hexokinase. (raiseupwa.com)
  • The decrease of glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 1 accelerates tumor malignancy via deregulating energy metabolism but sensitizes cancer cells to 2-deoxyglucose. (oncotarget.com)
  • To investigate whether attenuated glycolytic activity modulates tumor progression, the effects of silencing the first and rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK) isozymes HK1 and HK2 were examined. (oncotarget.com)
  • It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Magnetic Luminex Assay Kit for Hexokinase 2 (HK2) ,etc. (uscnk.com)
  • Several hexokinase isoenzymes that provide different functions can occur in a single species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinases I, II, and III are referred to as low-Km isoenzymes because of a high affinity for glucose (below 1 mM). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase II (HKII) is one of 4 mammalian Hexokinase isoenzymes catalyzing the first obligatory step of glucose metabolism. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Klassischerweise gehört die Hexokinase II (HKII) zu den vier Hexokinase Isoenzymen, die den ersten obligatorischen Schritt im Glukosestoffwechsel von Säugetieren katalysieren. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Hexokinase II (HKII) is the predominant hexokinase isozyme expressed in insulin-responsive tissues. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hexokinase IV is monomeric, about 50kDa, displays positive cooperativity with glucose, and is not allosterically inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • These hexokinases are allosterically inhibited by their own product, G-6P. (raiseupwa.com)
  • A hexokinase is an enzyme that irreversibly phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • After entering the muscle cell, glucose is immediately and irreversibly phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinases (HK) I and II. (ku.dk)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: a role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression. (duke.edu)
  • There are four important mammalian hexokinase isozymes (EC 2.7.1.1) that vary in subcellular locations and kinetics with respect to different substrates and conditions, and physiological function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase I/A is found in all mammalian tissues, and is considered a "housekeeping enzyme," unaffected by most physiological, hormonal, and metabolic changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes that encode hexokinase have been discovered in every domain of life, and exist among a variety of species that range from bacteria, yeast, and plants to humans and other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase II/B constitutes the principal regulated isoenzyme in many cell types and is increased in many cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • No changes of GLUT4 protein and hexokinase activity were detected after 6 h of hyperinsulinemia in either skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Hexokinases I and II follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics at physiological concentrations of substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kinetics and Inhibition of Hexokinase Hexokinase activates glycoloysis by phosphorylating glucose. (raiseupwa.com)
  • G6P inhibits hexokinase by binding to the N-terminal domain(this is simple feedback inhibition). (raiseupwa.com)
  • Tissues where hexokinase is present use glucose at low blood serum levels. (raiseupwa.com)
  • In most organisms, glucose is the most important substrate for hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate is the most important product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase possesses the ability to transfer an inorganic phosphate group from ATP to a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase III/C is substrate-inhibited by glucose at physiological concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase IV's activity is mostly regulated by blood glucose levels themselves. (raiseupwa.com)
  • Labelled blood samples were collected into coagulant tubes and then sent to the clinical laboratory to measure fasting blood glucose levels using a routine hexokinase method. (who.int)
  • A highly specific method for determining the concentration of glucose in serum or plasma by spectrophotometrically measuring the NADP formed from hexokinase-catalyzed transformations of glucose and various intermediates. (raiseupwa.com)
  • In contrast, mechanism-driven co-targeting hexokinase 2 (HK2)-mediated Warburg effect with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and ULK1-dependent autophagy with chloroquine (CQ) selectively kills cancer cells through intrinsic apoptosis to cause tumor regression in xenograft, leads to a near-complete tumor suppression and remarkably extends survival in Pten. (umn.edu)
  • In the state of ischemic tolerance Hexokinase II is upregulated by Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). (fu-berlin.de)
  • Hexokinase IV is present in the liver, pancreas, hypothalamus, small intestine, and perhaps certain other neuroendocrine cells, and plays an important regulatory role in carbohydrate metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, hexokinase activity increased by two- to eightfold in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. (thermofisher.com)
  • In addition, hexokinase 2 (HK2) activity was assessed using a colorimetric assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mutant hexokinases bind both glucose 6-phosphate and glucose with high affinity to their N and C-terminal halves, and ADP, also with high affinity, to a site near the N terminus of the polypeptide chain. (rcsb.org)
  • It is the hexokinase found in muscle and heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • The GLUT4 glucose transporter and type II hexokinase are predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • What is hexokinase method? (raiseupwa.com)
  • Glucose concentration was determined by a hexokinase method. (cdc.gov)
  • The method also applies to beans and to the animal digestive contents because it involves the hexokinase system for the final glucose determination. (iso.org)
  • The relative specific activity of hexokinase II increases with pH at least in a pH range from 6.9 to 8.5. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, nuclear localization of MondoA:Mlx depends on the enzymatic activity of hexokinases. (duke.edu)
  • hexokinase transcript abundance and enzyme activity were significantly higher during diestrus and pregnancy than estrus and anestrus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, despite similar relative transcript abundance, hexokinase activity was significantly greater in the pregnant versus diestrous endometrium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whenever the concentration of glucose6-phosphate in the cell rises above its normal level, hexokinase is temporarily and reversibly inhibited, bringing the rate of glucose-6phosphate formation into balance with the rate of its utilization and reestablishing the steady state. (raiseupwa.com)
  • Crystal structures of mutant forms of recombinant human hexokinase I, presented here, reveal the enzyme monomer for the first time. (rcsb.org)
  • This suggests an evolutionary origin by duplication and fusion of a 50kDa ancestral hexokinase similar to those of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each consists of two similar 50kDa halves, but only in hexokinase II do both halves have functional active sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is hexokinase active when phosphorylated? (raiseupwa.com)
  • The alternative names hexokinases I, II, III, and IV (respectively) proposed later are widely used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase is the enzyme that catalyzes this phosphoryl group transfer. (raiseupwa.com)