• Dalton HR , Bendall R , Ijaz S , Banks M . Hepatitis E: an emerging infection in developed countries. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • While the molecular biology of the two viruses has been characterized in great detail, the absence of robust cell culture models for HBV and/or HDV infection has limited the investigation of virus-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • Thus, the incidence of infection with these five viruses is generally lowest in industrialized and developed countries and highest in less-developed regions. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In the United States, 2,890 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported to CDC in 2011, and an estimated 18,800 new cases of hepatitis B occurred after accounting for underreporting of cases and asymptomatic infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the rate of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections have declined approximately 89% during 1990-2011, from 8.5 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 population in the United States, the risk for occupationally acquired HBV among HCP persists, largely from exposures to patients with chronic HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In a minority of cases, HEV causes acute and chronic hepatitis, but infection is commonly asymptomatic or unrecognized. (nature.com)
  • Extra-hepatic manifestations of autochthonous hepatitis E infection. (nature.com)
  • Acute hepatitis E infection acquired in California. (nature.com)
  • Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Europe is changing very rapidly since the main source of contamination was blood transfusion and the use of surrogate markers allowed to diminish dramatically the number of patients contaminated through HCV post transfusion hepatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer , efforts to understand the pathogenesis of HCV infection have been limited by the low abundance of viral proteins expressed within the liver , which hinders the detection of infected cells in situ. (bvsalud.org)
  • We combined 2-photon microscopy with virus -specific, fluorescent, semiconductor quantum dot probes to determine the proportion of hepatocytes that were infected with virus in frozen sections of liver tissue obtained from patients with chronic HCV infection . (bvsalud.org)
  • This review investigated outbreaks of hepatitis B and C virus in outpatient settings and found that transmission was uniformly caused by failures to follow basic principles of infection control. (ahrq.gov)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus infection appears to adversely affect all stages of hepatitis C infection, leading to increased viral persistence and accelerated progression of HCV-related liver disease. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In turn, hepatitis C may affect the management of HIV infection, increasing the incidence of liver toxicity caused by antiretroviral medications. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The majority of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection suffer from disabling fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and quality of life reduction. (bmj.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that humanized mice dually engrafted with components of a human immune system and a human liver supported HBV infection, which was partially controlled by human immune cells, as evidenced by lower levels of serum viremia and HBV replication intermediates in the liver. (princeton.edu)
  • HBV infection resulted in priming and expansion of human HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells, which acquired an activated phenotype. (princeton.edu)
  • Background: Studies of natural hepatitis B virus infection must be restricted to humans or primates due to viral species-specificity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • There are about 350 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in worldwide and these chronic carriers are responsible for one to five percent of infection spreading [1]. (scielo.br)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is often mentioned as a serious public health issue which attacks 350-400 million people [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, HBV/HDV co-infection leads to the most severe form of viral hepatitis with an accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (researchsquare.com)
  • China is one of the countries with the highest number of hepatitis B virus infections in the world, however, no nationwide cohort study has been conducted to assess the prevalence of HDV infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • It has been reported that as many as 80% of HCC cases can be attributed to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, in the absence of historical and archaeological records of infection, the evolution of HCV and other human hepatitis viruses can only be inferred indirectly from their epidemiology and by genetic analysis of contemporary virus populations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes severe liver disease and affects more than 160 million individuals worldwide. (princeton.edu)
  • Primary human immunodeficiency virus infection (PHI) may take place without symptoms or may be associated with mononucleosislike illness. (journalmc.org)
  • The presentation of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection (PHI) is highly variable, and may have a variety of symptoms, including flulike syndrome, lymphadenopathy, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, cutaneous lesions, aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis and hepatitis [ 1 , 2 ]. (journalmc.org)
  • 3 Chronic HCV infection develops in about 70% of patients exposed to the virus. (cmaj.ca)
  • Background/Aims: Chronic HBV infection, a world-wide epidemic, can lead to chronic hepatitis and eventually to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (huji.ac.il)
  • Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
  • Cellular immune responses are known to be important in the containment of HCV genotype 1 infection, and many genotype 1 T cell targets (epitopes) that are presented by host human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) have been identified. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection resolves in most patients uneventfully within weeks from the onset of the disease. (elsevier.es)
  • Here we present a case of a 36-year-old female patient who developed severe pruritus and jaundice three weeks after initially uncomplicated hepatitis A. A relapse of the infection was excluded. (elsevier.es)
  • Context: Thyroiditis is one of the most common extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine is included in routine childhood immunization vaccines to prevent chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation of the liver in humans due to infection by viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • abstract = "In the United States, an estimated 200,000 persons are infected with both hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The genotypes HEV-1 to HEV-8 belong to the genus Orthohepevirus A of which at least HEV-1 to HEV-4 can infect humans. (nature.com)
  • Hepatitis E is hyperendemic in many developing countries in Asia and Africa, and is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2, which are spread via the faecal-oral route by contaminated water. (nature.com)
  • In such geographical settings, hepatitis E is caused by HEV genotypes 3 and 4, and is mainly a porcine zoonosis. (nature.com)
  • The genotypes have a distinct geographical distribution and are used in tracing the evolution and transmission of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Divergent adaptation of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 3 to human leukocyte antigen-restricted immune pressure. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: There is little overlap in HLA-associated polymorphisms in the nonstructural proteins of HCV for the two genotypes, implying differences in the cellular immune pressures acting on these viruses and different escape profiles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ACIP also recommends that vaccinated HCP receive postvaccination serologic testing (antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen [anti-HBs]) 1-2 months after the final dose of vaccine is administered (CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen (HBsAg), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • It consists of: HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we report a strategy for genetic transformation of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) using the surface antigen HBsAg of hepatitis B virus. (scielo.br)
  • The expression of serum miR‑101 in patients with HBV‑related HCC was significantly higher than that in the healthy controls, and this increase correlated with hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, HBV DNA levels and tumor size. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Anonymous and unlinked blood samples of 230 pregnant women delivered between the period of March 1998 and October, 1999 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Nigeria were tested for HIV-1 and total antibody to Hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg). (ajol.info)
  • HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is the main structural protein of HBV icosahedral nucleocapsid and it has function in replication of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • HBeAg (hepatitis B envelope antigen) can be found between the icosahedral nucleocapsid core and the lipid envelope, but is considered "nonparticulate" and is secreted and accumulates in serum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication of hepatitis B virus and viral gene expression was determined by analysis of blood and transplanted tissues with viral DNA and hepatitis B core antigen expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus replicated in transplanted 2.2.15 cells as shown by hepatitis B core antigen expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • High proportion of asymptomatic infections in an outbreak of hepatitis E associated with a spit-roasted piglet, France, 2013. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • There is a rising prevalence of blood borne infections such as Hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV worldwide, especially in developing countries. (ajol.info)
  • This study was conducted to establish the prevalence rate of HIV and Hepatitis B infections and to determine the risk to which Health workers and neonates are exposed in our centre. (ajol.info)
  • The prevalence of Hepatitis B and HIV-1 observed in this study has obvious implications related to nosocomial and vertical transmission of these infections. (ajol.info)
  • Visualizing hepatitis C virus infections in human liver by two-photon microscopy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The medical management of hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons remains controversial, in part because of the complexity of both infections and potential drug interactions, but chiefly because there is so little published information. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Instead, the management of hepatitis C today must be based on data generated on persons without HIV and an understanding of both infections. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Men who have sex with men (MSM) are considered to be at significant risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and bloodborne viruses including viral hepatitis types B, C, and D (HBV, HCV, and HDV) and human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV 1&2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and correlates of hepatitis B, C and D virus and anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies among MSM, a high-risk population in Burkina Faso. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We would like to thank Nili Daudi for culture of primary human hepatocytes and Dr Amal Bishara for supplying anti-MHC-I antibodies. (huji.ac.il)
  • Hepatitis B virus replication was susceptible to conventional antiviral drug therapy, such as lamivudine, as well as experimental antiviral gene therapy with a synthetic mimic of an antiviral cellular microRNA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cochrane Abstracts , Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/Cochrane/438607/all/Antiviral_treatment_for_chronic_hepatitis_C_in_patients_with_human_immunodeficiency_virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Design: The antiviral activity of curcumin and its derivatives was evaluated using HCV pseudo-particles (HCVpp) and cell-culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. (princeton.edu)
  • The objective of this research was to investigate the potential use of bromelain enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme contained in the flesh and stem of a pineapple fruit, as antiviral agent against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) that causes AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) that causes cervical cancer. (medwelljournals.com)
  • Bromelain enzyme originating from the flesh and the stem of pineapple fruit has been shown to have the potential to be utilized as antiviral agent againstviral borne diseases which include HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C and HPV that could cause cervical cancer. (medwelljournals.com)
  • There is no maximum dosage of GamaSTAN S/D for Hepatitis A vaccine at the age-appropriate dose is preferred to hepatitis A prophylaxis ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • S/D might interfere with live-virus vaccines such as measles, other chronic medical conditions may receive IG simultaneously mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and varicella vaccine with hepatitis A vaccine at a separate anatomic injection site. (cdc.gov)
  • Although a high proportion of healthy vaccine recipients in clinical trials respond to hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination, the proportion of responders can be lower among the general population, particularly among persons with chronic medical conditions ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. (nature.com)
  • Hepatitis D virus requires HBV envelope particles to become virulent. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 240 million people throughout the world are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and approximately 15-25 million are co-infected with hepatitis D virus (HDV), a satellite virus which requires HBV envelope proteins for particle assembly and spread [1] . (researchsquare.com)
  • However, studies have found that, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the diagnosis, parvovirus B19 and human herpesvirus 6 are the most frequent pathogens in patients with acute myocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Here you will find information on different pathogens in humans and animals. (ages.at)
  • Each belongs to an entirely different family of viruses, and they have very little in common except the target organ they affect, the liver, and a certain degree of shared epidemiology. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Changes in human ecology and behavior have had discernable effects on the epidemiology of the hepatitis viruses in different ways and to different degrees. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa, very few data exist on hepatitis B, C, and D as well as on HTLV 1&2 epidemiology among MSM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate the expression of microRNA-122 (miR-122) in the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus- (HBV-) infected liver diseases, thus determining the role of serum miR-122 as a marker of HBV-caused liver injury. (hindawi.com)
  • Lu L , Li C , Hagedorn CH . Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • There is evidence that clearly demonstrates that, apart from genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, the dysregulation of miRNAs may also contribute to the aberrant activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in human carcinogenesis ( 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Robert H. Purcell is head of the Hepatitis Viruses Section of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This report contains CDC guidance that augments the 2011 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for evaluating hepatitis B protection among health-care personnel (HCP) and administering post-exposure prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
  • Brazilian National Immunization Program presents a good schedule viewing hepatitis B immunization for infants, adolescents, and adults. (scielo.br)
  • Explicit guidance is provided for persons working, training, or volunteering in health-care settings who have documented hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination years before hire or matriculation (e.g., when HepB vaccination was received as part of routine infant [recommended since 1991] or catch-up adolescent [recommended since 1995] vaccination). (cdc.gov)
  • This report emphasizes the importance of administering HepB vaccination for all HCP, provides explicit guidance for evaluating hepatitis B protection among previously vaccinated HCP (particularly those who were vaccinated in infancy or adolescence), and clarifies recommendations for postexposure management of HCP exposed to blood or body fluids. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a widespread human pathogen, is dependent on a highly structured 5'-untranslated region of its mRNA, referred to as internal ribosome entry site (IRES), for the translation of all of its proteins. (nih.gov)
  • The virus is divided into four major serotypes (adr, adw, ayr, ayw) based on antigenic epitopes present on its envelope proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternative hepadnavirus animal models, e.g., woodchuck hepatitis virus in captive woodchucks, are not convenient, while in transgenic mice hepatitis B virus or viral proteins are expressed permanently through integrated genomes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, the E2 protein induced production of several heat shock proteins including HSP60, HSP70p12A, and HSP10, in human primary thyrocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Administration of routine childhood vaccinations (eg, hepatitis, polio, and meningococcal vaccines) is often prioritized over specific travel vaccines, as these diseases are still prevalent in many underdeveloped countries. (medscape.com)
  • Sagnelli C, Martini S, Pisaturo M, Pasquale G, Macera M, Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli E. Liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: Diagnostic methods and clinical impact. (wjgnet.com)
  • CHB patients frequently present with viral coinfection, including HIV and hepatitis delta virus. (princeton.edu)
  • Information concerning the protection of workers against acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while performing job duties, the virus that causes AIDS, is presented here. (cdc.gov)
  • The detection of HCV markers prior to blood transfusion allowed to detect asymptomatic carriers of HCV, some of them with latent chronic hepatitis which can be predicted by the detection of HCV RNA in the serum. (nih.gov)
  • Although it has been sought, arthropod-borne or other vector-mediated transmission of the blood-borne hepatitis viruses has not been found. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Viremia occurs during the incubation period and the early acute phase of hepatitis A, and transmission by transfusion or recently by contaminated commercial factor VIII ( 3 ) has been reported, but such blood-borne transmissions are rare. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the modes of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the workplace, an assessment of the risk of transmission under various assumptions, principles underlying the control of risk, and specific risk-control recommendations for employers and workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Nonhospital health care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States, 1998-2008. (ahrq.gov)
  • It is primarily given as a 3-dose series, with the first dose given ideally within 24 hours of birth to prevent perinatal or early postnatal transmission of the virus. (medscape.com)
  • In the region of the Americas 3.9 million people live with chronic hepatitis B and 7.2m with chronic hepatitis C, killing over 125 000 people each year, a result of liver cancer and liver disease (cirrhosis). (bvsalud.org)
  • The differentiation of hepatitis A, then called infectious hepatitis, from hepatitis B, then called serum hepatitis, came principally from studies in volunteers in Europe and the United States from the 1940s through the 1960s. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The peak of the serum miR-122 expression normally occurs in the early stage of the progression from the HBV carrier phase to chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, this molecular approach will add incrementally to our current knowledge of the HEV-genome organization and pathogenesis in chronic hepatitis E. (nature.com)
  • Non-travel-associated hepatitis E in England and Wales: demographic, clinical, and molecular epidemiological characteristics. (nature.com)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Setting: Human thyroid cell lines ML-1 and human thyrocytes in primary cell culture were treated with HCV recombinant E2 protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The spread and origins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human populations have been the subject of extensive investigations, not least because of the importance this information would provide in predicting clinical outcomes and controlling spread of HCV in the future. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Following inoculation of the mice with the virus, initial replication of the virus occurred, with maximum replication within 3-5 days. (medscape.com)
  • Aims: We examined whether transplantation of human cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice will generate an appropriate mass of cells with hepatitis B virus replication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • however, some mice showed ongoing, worsening inflammation similar to that seen in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses similar to hepatitis B have been found in all apes (orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, gorillas and chimpanzees), in Old World monkeys, and in New World woolly monkeys (the woolly monkey hepatitis B virus), suggesting an ancient origin for this virus in primates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenovirus and Ebstein-Barr virus have been considered the most common viruses that cause myocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor acts as the receptor for the 4 most common viruses that cause human myocarditis: type C (type 2 and type 5) adenovirus and coxsackievirus B3 and B4. (medscape.com)
  • Two of the viruses [hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV)] are spread principally by fecal-oral means and three [hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV)] are spread principally by exposure to blood, although HBV is frequently spread by unprotected sex. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The virus remains infectious for prolonged periods on environmental surfaces and is transmissible in the absence of visible blood ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A myriad of agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusions, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (medscape.com)
  • The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood samples containing HIV, HCV and HPV Virus were contacted with solutions that contained bromelain enzyme. (medwelljournals.com)
  • Although dedicated studies in large cohorts of patients are needed to confirm this observation, we speculate that patients carrying procholestatic hepatobiliary transporter variants may benefit from vaccination against hepatitis A. (elsevier.es)