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ViremiaHepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis AHepatitis B virusHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitisHepatitis C, ChronicHepatitis, Viral, HumanHepatitis B, ChronicHepatitis A virusHepatitis B VaccinesHepatitis B AntibodiesHepacivirusHepatitis, ChronicHepatitis AntibodiesHepatitis B Core AntigensHepatitis A VaccinesHepatitis B e AntigensHepatitis C AntibodiesHepatitis EHepatitis B AntigensHepatitis E virusHepatitis, Viral, AnimalHepatitis A AntibodiesHepatitis, AutoimmuneHepatitis A Virus, HumanHepatitis VirusesHepatitis DAntiviral AgentsHepatitis Delta VirusHepatitis, AnimalRNA, ViralViral Hepatitis VaccinesViral LoadHepatitis C AntigensMurine hepatitis virusDNA, ViralHepatovirusInterferon-alphaVirus ReplicationLiver CirrhosisRibavirinAlanine TransaminaseHepatitis A AntigensHepatitis delta AntigensHepatitis B Virus, DuckHepatitis AntigensHepatitis, AlcoholicHIV InfectionsHepatitis B Virus, WoodchuckViral Nonstructural ProteinsLiverAntibodies, ViralCarcinoma, HepatocellularLamivudineMolecular Sequence DataGenotypeMarmotaLiver NeoplasmsPolyethylene GlycolsViral Core ProteinsHIV-1FlaviviridaeMacaca mulattaSimian immunodeficiency virusSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeHepatitis D, ChronicLiver TransplantationSeroepidemiologic StudiesGenome, ViralPolymerase Chain ReactionBase SequenceBlood DonorsOrganophosphonatesPan troglodytesDrug Therapy, CombinationCarrier StateFlaviviridae InfectionsAcute DiseaseGB virus CViral Envelope ProteinsHepatocytesRecombinant ProteinsDrug Resistance, ViralPrevalenceLiver Function TestsLiver DiseasesCD4 Lymphocyte CountAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveTime FactorsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousCytomegalovirus InfectionsVaccinationAnti-HIV AgentsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesAspartate AminotransferasesDucksDNA Virus InfectionsAdenine
GenotypeIncluding hepatitis C virSurface antigenSeroprevalenceHBsAgAntigenAcute hepatitisHepatocellularVirusesAntibodies20192020DetectablePrevalenceTransfusionPatientsSerumDonorsFulminant hepatitisSymptomatic hepatitisChronic hepatitis C virForm of viral hepatitisHBeAgPerinatalAdultsBloodborneNecrosisDiagnosisLaboratory-confirmed hepatitisAntiviralInterferonSerologyVirus antibodyRates of hepatitisViral infectionOccultOutbreaksMaternal hepatitis2018Incubation periodUndetectableClinicalEntericLogistic regression analysisSymptomsCasesFecal-oralAsymptomaticInfectious Diseases
Genotype11
  • Does hepatitis C viremia or genotype predict the risk of mortality in individuals co infected with HIV? (aighd.org)
  • Conclusion: HLA genotype influences the host capacity to clear HCV viremia. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Histological severity and hepatitis C (HCV) viraemia and genotype in patients with bleeding disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Importance of minimal residual viremia for relapse prediction in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study demonstrates that a more precise prediction of the individual relapse risk in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection can be obtained by kinetics of minimal residual viremia at weeks 4, 8, and 12 in combination with levels of baseline viremia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Impact of IFNL4 Genetic Variants on Sustained Virologic Response and Viremia in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3 Patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 is very prevalent in Europe and Asia and is associated with worst outcomes than other genotypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, using a large cohort of 1,759 patients infected with HCV genotype 3, we explore the role of genetic variants on the response to interferon (IFN) and direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens and viremia in a combined candidate gene and genome-wide analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our results provide evidence for a role of genetic variants on HCV viremia and SVR, notably DAA-based, in patients infected with HCV genotype 3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The current study was undertaken to assess HDV genotype distribution and determine clinical characteristics of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) among HBsAg positive individuals in Shanghai. (researchsquare.com)
  • Particularly poor results were seen in those infected with viral genotype 1, which accounts for 65% of US cases of hepatitis C - including the bulk of Caucasian and the vast majority of American Black patients [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Including hepatitis C vir1
  • Exposure to hepatitis viruses has long been recognized as an occupational risk for health care personnel (HCP), and recommendations previously were established for managing occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) ( 1 ) (Supplementary Figure, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/90288 ). (cdc.gov)
Surface antigen4
  • Complete Cure: Elimination of all traces of hepatitis B including loss of surface antigen and HBV DNA. (hepb.org)
  • Functional Cure: the loss of hepatitis B surface antigen and undetectable HBV DNA levels, although trace amounts of HBV DNA may persist in the liver. (hepb.org)
  • A nationwide serosurvey among adults in 2015 showed 2.9% prevalence for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and 25.9% for antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc). (cdc.gov)
  • HBV) DNA loss with d detection of antibodies against HBeAG) or - until Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) seroconversion or - until loss of efficacy (see section 4.4). (who.int)
Seroprevalence2
  • Blood donor samples from five Scottish blood centres, the minipools for routine HEV screening and liver transplant recipients were tested for HEV antibodies and RNA to determine seroprevalence and viraemia. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In 2021, HBsAg prevalence among children was well below the 0.5% hepatitis B control target of the European Region and met the0.1% HBsAg seroprevalence target for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HBV. (cdc.gov)
HBsAg6
  • If a patient has risk factors for hepatitis, she should be tested for HBs antigen (HBsAg) at the start of pregnancy. (thieme-connect.de)
  • If a patient has risk factors for hepatitis, she should be tested for HBsAg at the start of pregnancy and additional testing to exclude other sexually transmissible infections should also be considered. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Testing for the following can be done to detect possible maternal infection with hepatitis B: HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, IgM anti-HBc. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Both subsequently developed HBsAg and acute hepatitis. (karger.com)
  • One case of acute OBI showed a peak viremia of 15,000 IU/ml HBV DNA and sub-borderline HBsAg, suggesting a ratio of virions to subviral particles of 1:10, whereas 'normal' cases show at peak viremia a ratio of 1:3,000. (karger.com)
  • The HDV virions possess an outer layer containing hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) and host lipid surrounding the inner nucleocapsid that consists of viral RNA. (researchsquare.com)
Antigen3
  • Studies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and their relation with hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia have had conflicting results. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical status in Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic HBV-infected pregnant women and to correlate the findings with the presence or absence of viremia. (nursingcenter.com)
  • In patients who are positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg-positive patients) without cirrhosis, treatment should be continued - for at least 6-12 months after confirmed BeAG seroconversion (i.e. (who.int)
Acute hepatitis6
  • In August 2004, 399 serum samples were generally causes selftlimited acute hepatitis collected from consecutive, voluntary, apt associated with high mortality in pregnant parently healthy, male blood donors attendt woman where the mortality rate can be as ing the blood transfusion centre in the city high as 20% [ 6 ]. (who.int)
  • What is the case definition for acute hepatitis A? (cdc.gov)
  • Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Publication Acute hepatitis C Newly acquired symptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • What are the types of acute Hepatitis? (freezingblue.com)
  • A recent article published in Transplant Infectious Disease describes a case of acute hepatitis in a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipient likely caused by HHV-6B, and reviews the current literature on HHV-6B associated hepatitis. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • The article describes a 23-year-old male CMV+ patient with severe sickle cell disease who underwent a match-related myeloablative HCT and subsequently developed acute hepatitis. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Hepatocellular3
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes liver inflammation that can progress over time to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Which Hepatitis viruses cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma? (freezingblue.com)
  • Moreover, HBV/HDV co-infection leads to the most severe form of viral hepatitis with an accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (researchsquare.com)
Viruses16
Antibodies1
  • The second option is to test the source patient for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), then if positive, test for HCV RNA. (cdc.gov)
20191
  • We sought to compare the hepatitis C care cascade among patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in Georgia between 2015 and 2019 and to identify factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) in hepatitis C care among patients with TB. (cdc.gov)
20204
  • After annual increases since 2015, hepatitis A cases began to decrease in 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • For more information about assessing risk for hepatitis A, refer to Table 3 in Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020 . (cdc.gov)
  • In 2020, it was extended as the West Virginia Hepatitis Academic Mentorship Program. (medscape.com)
  • CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults-United States, 2020. (cdc.gov)
Detectable1
  • Conversely, all patients who experienced treatment failure in PEDS-C had persistently detectable HCV viremia -- that is, they did not spontaneously clear the virus later. (hivandhepatitis.com)
Prevalence3
Transfusion3
  • After routine blood screening for HBV, the parenteral route or blood transfusion, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human imt have been suggested [ 7,8 ]. (who.int)
  • However, in 3 recipients, who were immunosuppressed at the time of transfusion, fatal fulminant hepatitis B developed. (karger.com)
  • Viremia occurs during the incubation period and the early acute phase of hepatitis A, and transmission by transfusion or recently by contaminated commercial factor VIII ( 3 ) has been reported, but such blood-borne transmissions are rare. (nationalacademies.org)
Patients22
  • The main objective of the study was to determine proportion of Hepatitis B viremia in ART-naïve and ART-experienced co-infected Ghanaian patients and factors associated with HBV viremia after at least 36 weeks of lamivudine with or without tenofovir containing ART. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis B and HIV co-infected patients who were ART-naïve or had received at least 9 months of lamivudine-containing ART were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In multivariate analysis of all patients, being ART-naïve (OR 10.1, 95 % CI 4.6 - 21.9) and elevated ALT (OR 3.7, 95 % CI 1.8 - 7.9) were associated with Hepatitis B viremia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In treatment experienced patients, elevated ALT (OR 4.8 CI 2.0 - 12.1) and male sex (OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.0 - 4.2) were associated with Hepatitis B viremia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An abnormal serum ALT was significantly associated with hepatitis B viremia in HBV and HIV co-infected patients irrespective of treatment status. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To assess whether patients might have had a previous positive HCV test result unknown to the referring physicians, the date of the first positive HCV-antibody test of a subset of patients (24 men) was confirmed by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene through review of the hepatitis registry of HCV surveillance data. (cdc.gov)
  • Median peak ALT level was 665 U/L (range: 72--5,291 U/L). No other cause for the patients' elevated ALT levels was found (e.g., no new infection with hepatitis A or B virus and no new drug therapy). (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis E has many similarities with hepatitis A . Hepatitis E has been associated with chronic hepatitis in solid-organ transplant recipients, patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in an individual on rituximab treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Of the 158 recruited patients (mean age 62.9 years, 84.2% male, 82.9% viral hepatitis), 58.2% ( n = 92) and 41.8% ( n = 66) received potentially curative and non-curative therapy, respectively. (springer.com)
  • Nowhere has this been more apparent than in our ability to simplify the care of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). (medscape.com)
  • Anti-HCV screening is followed by the testing of positive patients for viremia, usually conducted by the primary care team. (medscape.com)
  • Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a report on six cases with high plasma viremia. (nih.gov)
  • While direct-acting antiviral agents are bringing about a revolution in the treatment of hepatitis C in adults, these new drugs have not yet been tested in children, and interferon-based therapy remains the standard of care for pediatric hepatitis C patients. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Viraemic samples from blood donors (2016) and chronic hepatitis E transplant patients (2014-16) were sequenced. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The article was written by a team from the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and concludes that HHV-6-associated hepatitis may be an underappreciated entity in HCT patients. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • For example, Buyse et al found that 38.5% of 26 liver samples from patients with graft hepatitis had high levels of HHV-6 in the tissue and identified a pattern of periportal confluent necrosis. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Of interest, many of these patients did not have evidence of abnormal HHV-6 viremia (Buyse 2013). (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • In a study of liver dysfunction in patients with blood cancers (some of whom had undergone BMT) HHV-6 viremia was found in 35% of patients, which was markedly increased compared to EBV (14%), CMV (8%), and HHV-7 (3%) (Ito 2013). (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Chuaypen N, Jinato T, Avihingsanon A, Chirapongsathorn S, Cheevadhanarak S, Nookaew I, Tanaka Y, Tangkijvanich P. Improvement of Gut Diversity and Composition After Direct-Acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients With or Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection . (hivnat.org)
  • Patients coinfected with HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) have a greater risk of HCC and cirrhosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Following acquisition of infection, 70 to 85% of patients will develop persistent viremia, usually for the duration of their lives. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients presenting with jaundice during pregnancy often require a workup to differentiate obstructive gall bladder or bile duct disease, severe preeclampsia, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, low platelet count), or acute fatty liver of pregnancy from viral hepatitis. (medscape.com)
Serum6
  • We aimed to determine the correlation between maternal serum and umbilical cord blood HBV DNA levels in infants delivered by chronic HBV-infected mothers and to describe the effect of cord blood viremia on vertical transmission. (nus.edu.sg)
  • Viremia in serum of Ad AdrAwt-treatedmice was reduced significantly compared with that in Ad AdrA mut-injected mice. (unav.edu)
  • Interestingly, albeit less pronounced than in wt mice, in IFNAR(-/-) and Enbrel-treated wt mice, a reduction of serum viremia was achieved-an observation that was lost in anti-TNF-alpha-treated IFNAR(-/-) animals. (unav.edu)
  • The differentiation of hepatitis A, then called infectious hepatitis, from hepatitis B, then called serum hepatitis, came principally from studies in volunteers in Europe and the United States from the 1940s through the 1960s. (nationalacademies.org)
  • HA516 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: · compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. (who.int)
  • HA516 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age and weighing at least 35 kg with: · compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum ALT levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. (who.int)
Donors2
Fulminant hepatitis1
Symptomatic hepatitis1
Chronic hepatitis C vir1
  • This guideline on testing for and diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was developed by the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (NYSDOH AI) to guide primary care providers and other practitioners in New York State in identifying individuals with chronic HCV infection for treatment. (hivguidelines.org)
Form of viral hepatitis1
  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is the second most common form of viral hepatitis in the United States. (medscape.com)
HBeAg2
  • HBeAg +ve mothers were younger with higher HBV and cord viremia. (nus.edu.sg)
  • Infants delivered by HBeAg positive mothers and mothers with high HBV DNA of more than 6 LOG IU/mL (1 x 106 IU/mL) have increased relative risk of cord blood viremia. (nus.edu.sg)
Perinatal3
  • Cases meeting the CDC case definition for acute or chronic (New York State) or chronic (New York City) confirmed or probable cases of HCV, including perinatal hepatitis C. There may be duplication of individuals both within and between the New York State and City HCV surveillance systems, and the total cases reported in this table should not be interpreted as numbers of unique individuals reported with HCV. (hivguidelines.org)
  • The major risk factor of perinatal transmission of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the level of maternal HBV-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during the third trimester of pregnancy. (nursingcenter.com)
  • In 50% of cases, it results in perinatal infection, leading to chronic hepatitis B infection of children in up to 90% of cases if no adequate vaccination (active and passive) is carried out. (thieme-connect.de)
Adults3
  • Since 2016, the United States experienced hepatitis A outbreaks in multiple states that were caused by person-to-person spread primarily among adults who use drugs and experience homelessness. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite promising findings such as these, advocates continue to push for pediatric studies of new direct-acting hepatitis C drugs, which are much more effective and better tolerated in adults. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Screening, treatment and preventive interventions among adults, and sustained high immunisation coverage among children, can help eliminate hepatitis B in Georgia by 2030. (cdc.gov)
Bloodborne1
Necrosis1
  • The resulting inflammatory response leads to hepatitis and necrosis and appears to be T-cell mediated. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis1
  • The differential diagnosis includes other forms of viral hepatitis including mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, autoimmune disease, and widespread systemic infection with liver failure. (medscape.com)
Laboratory-confirmed hepatitis1
Antiviral2
  • The potential antiviral activity of AdrAwas addressed in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-transgenic and adenovirus-associated virus (AAV)-HBV mouse models. (unav.edu)
  • These drugs are the first-line treatments for hepatitis B. Antiviral treatments like entecavir and tenofovir are incredibly effective in suppressing HBV viremia and preventing progression of the virus from becoming cancerous. (hepb.org)
Interferon3
  • Children with hepatitis C treated with interferon-based therapy continued to show undetectable HCV viral load up to 7 years after achieving sustained virological response in the PEDS-C trial, researchers reported at Digestive Disease Week this month in Chicago. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Based on these findings, the researchers concluded, 'The SVR achieved during treatment with [pegylated interferon + ribavirin] in children with chronic hepatitis C has excellent long-term durability. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Treatment of hepatitis C was unsuccessful until interferon alfa was introduced in the 1980s. (biomedcentral.com)
Serology4
Virus antibody1
  • and 4) a NAT for HCV RNA is recommended for perinatally exposed infants and children aged 7-17 months who previously have not been tested, and a hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) test followed by a reflex NAT for HCV RNA (when anti-HCV is reactive) is recommended for perinatally exposed children aged ≥18 months who previously have not been tested. (cdc.gov)
Rates of hepatitis2
  • Because of substantial issues with injection drug use , this Appalachian region has some of the highest rates of hepatitis C in the United States . (medscape.com)
  • CHIPO is made up of organizations and individuals who are interested in addressing the high rates of hepatitis B infection among African communities in the U.S. and globally. (hepb.org)
Viral infection1
  • Sometimes the name of the related viral infection is listed to further describe cases of viremia, such as HIV-viremia or West Nile-viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Occult1
Outbreaks2
  • HEV is a viral pathogen, transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route and responsible for large outbreaks of hepatitis worldwide. (usp.br)
  • BACKGROUND: Late relapsing hepatitis after yellow fever (LHep-YF) during the convalescent phase of the disease has been described during recent yellow fever (YF) outbreaks in Brazil. (stanford.edu)
Maternal hepatitis2
  • These statements and recommendations should provide appropriate information about maternal and fetal routes of infection, screening, detection of risk factors, diagnostic procedures, treatment, birth planning and peripartum and postpartum management of maternal hepatitis infection and offer pointers for prenatal counselling and routine clinical care on delivery wards. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Maternal hepatitis B infection is a relevant viral disease in pregnancy. (thieme-connect.de)
20181
  • The Kentucky Hepatitis Academic Mentorship Program was established in 2018 by the KRHA with the goal of building an expanded workforce of local providers, trained by experts, to screen, diagnose, and treat persons with HCV. (medscape.com)
Incubation period1
Undetectable1
  • Although the viral load was initially quite high in this acute case, other studies have identified cases of HHV-6 infection with persistently low or undetectable levels of viremia in spite of high viral loads in the tissue biopsy or autopsy specimens. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Clinical4
  • This report establishes new CDC guidance that includes recommendations for a testing algorithm and clinical management for HCP with potential occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV). (cdc.gov)
  • Health care providers can use this guidance to update their procedures for postexposure testing and clinical management of HCP potentially exposed to hepatitis C virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Provide evidence-based clinical recommendations to support the goals of the New York State Hepatitis C Elimination Plan (NY Cures HepC) . (hivguidelines.org)
  • Research to find an optimal and functional cure for hepatitis B is ongoing and clinical trials have been very successful in advancing research pertaining to the cure. (hepb.org)
Enteric2
  • It was discovered during electron microscopy of feces contaminated with enteric non-A, non-B hepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis E is considered the most common transmissible enteric hepatitis in the world, and is currently considered a major public health problem. (usp.br)
Logistic regression analysis1
  • Factors associated with viremia were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms4
  • The symptoms of viremia often depend on the cause of the infection, but many viral infections cause a similar set of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In some cases, a doctor may diagnose viremia by comparing a person's symptoms with those of other viral infections that someone has potentially been exposed to. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis A virus infection? (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms of hepatitis A usually last less than 2 months, although 10%-15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease for up to 6 months ( 9 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Cases5
  • Minor cases of viremia can be relatively harmless and resolve on their own. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many cases of viremia are mild or harmless, but if the infection becomes severe or affects the vital organs, it may lead to organ failure or sepsis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In 2021 , a total of 5,728 cases of hepatitis A were reported in the United States, but due to underreporting, the actual number of cases is likely around 11,500. (cdc.gov)
  • The global disease burden of hepatitis E has been reported to be at least 20 million cases/year with 70,000 fatalities and 3,000 stillbirths. (medscape.com)
  • 2 ] The current treatment recommendation for fulminant HSV hepatitis in pregnancy is intravenous (IV) acyclovir, with the addition of foscarnet for acyclovir-resistant cases. (thieme-connect.de)
Fecal-oral1
  • Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. (cdc.gov)
Asymptomatic2
Infectious Diseases1
  • Clinicians are advised to refer frequently to HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C , the most recent recommendations of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA). (medscape.com)