• Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) generated from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases have many biological functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the CYP pathway, AA is converted to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 20-HETE by CYP epoxygenases and CYP ω-hydroxylases, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • CYP2C11 produced epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) as 61.3%, and CYP2C6 produced midchain HETEs and EETs as 48.3 and 29.4%, respectively, of the total metabolites formed. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) diminishes vasodilatory and neuroprotective ramifications of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by hydrolyzing these to inactive dihydroxy metabolites. (gasyblog.com)
  • 1995) Metabolism of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by cytosolic epoxide hydrolase: substrate structural determinants of asymmetric catalysis. (nih.gov)
  • All EETs are metabolized to the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). (frontiersin.org)
  • All EETs are then further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) forming the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). (frontiersin.org)
  • The supernatant was eliminated and spiked with 12.5 l (containing 12.5 ng) of 20-HETE-(for all those HETEs, EETs, and DHETs), PGD2-as internal requirements. (gasyblog.com)
  • Mobile phone phases contains 0.005% acetic acid, 5% acetonitrile in deionized water (A), and 0.005% acetic acid in acetonitrile (B). HETEs, EETs, and DHETs had been separated by providing cellular stage at 0.5 ml/min at a short combination of 65:35 A and B, respectively. (gasyblog.com)
  • Total operate time per test was 6.4 min for HETEs, EETs, and DHETs and 12 min for many PGs. (gasyblog.com)
  • The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which in turn converts to various leukotrienes (i.e., leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and leukotriene E4 as well as to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) which may then be further metabolized to 5-HETE's more potent 5-keto analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) (also see 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arachidonic acid is a precursor to a wide range of eicosanoids: The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, which in turn may be converted to various prostaglandins, to prostacyclin, to thromboxanes, and to the 17-carbon product of thromboxane metabolism of prostaglandin G2/H2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT). (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) catalyzes oxidation of arachidonic acid to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), which may then be metabolized to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and to hepoxilins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, di-GA inhibited the generation of lymphendothelial gaps by cancer cell spheroid-secreted lipoxygenase metabolites. (nature.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is also a precursor to anandamide. (wikipedia.org)
  • MGL catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2-AG into arachidonic acidity (AA) and glycerol, whereas FAAH catalyzes hydrolysis of anandamide into arachidonic acidity and Panobinostat ethanolamine. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • 1995) Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of an endogenous human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase isoform. (nih.gov)
  • 1995) The rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid metabolic pathway: characterization and significance. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to being involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger involved in the regulation of signaling enzymes, such as PLC-γ, PLC-δ, and PKC-α, -β, and -γ isoforms, arachidonic acid is a key inflammatory intermediate and can also act as a vasodilator. (wikipedia.org)
  • 15-oxo-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE) was formed from 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH)-mediated oxidation of 15(S)-HETE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is not one of the essential fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The domesticated cat (felis catus) is a commonly-cited example of an obligate carnivore, as it is unable to desaturate essential fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bergström stated in his 1982 Nobel lecture that, following the structural assignments of the six PGs, "These 20-carbon prostaglandins have cis -double bonds located as in certain essential fatty acids, when counting from the carboxyl. (jci.org)
  • Gallic acid is also present at high concentrations in gallnuts (name), which are proliferations of plant leaves that become elicited by gall wasp exudates to build up a hatchery for their larvae. (nature.com)
  • Bioactive lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) are involved in the inflammatory functions of T cells in psoriasis, whereas n-3 PUFAs' derivatives are anti-inflammatory metabolites. (bvsalud.org)
  • Arachidonic acid (AA) is a key polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which derives a great number of bioactive mediators that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, this finding shattered a dogma of the time that held that fatty acids played only structural roles in cells, thus opening the way for discovery of the many other important bioactive fatty acid-derived products. (jci.org)
  • Bellien and Joannides, 2013 ), which acts by opening epoxides to diols by the addition of water, forming the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Further elucidation from the complexities of endocannabinoid fat burning capacity, along with simultaneous measurements of endocannabinoids, their precursors and metabolites, should improve our understanding of the physiological assignments of the lipid mediators in the anxious program. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • This made us suspect that these naturally occurring acids might be precursors" (see ref. 5 and references within). (jci.org)
  • Digalloyl-resveratrol (di-GA) is a synthetic compound aimed to combine the biological effects of the plant polyhydroxy phenols gallic acid and resveratrol, which are both radical scavengers and cyclooxygenase inhibitors exhibiting anticancer activity. (nature.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is freed from phospholipid by hydrolysis, catalyzed by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). (wikipedia.org)
  • Arachidonic acid for signaling purposes appears to be derived by the action of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, 85 kDa), whereas inflammatory arachidonic acid is generated by the action of a low-molecular-weight secretory PLA2 (sPLA2, 14-18 kDa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid which is released from the sn2 position of membrane phospholipids by the activity of phospholipases (PLs) and among them it is noteworthy the role of cytosolic(c)PLA 2 . (frontiersin.org)
  • 1993) Regio- and enantiofacial selectivity of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid hydration by cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. (nih.gov)
  • N-6 PUFA lipid mediators were strongly measured in psoriatic substitutes, namely, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). (bvsalud.org)
  • A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurements of AA and 15 of its P450 metabolites. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The formation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C6, and CYP2C11 major metabolites followed an atypical kinetic profile of substrate inhibition. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The FMT results showed that apple consumption reduced 12(S)-HETE metabolite levels in the cecal contents, improved the intestinal structure, and reduced the levels of proinflammatory factor expression by altering the cecal microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the role of CYP epoxygenases and of the metabolites generated in cancer progression may limit the use of these drugs in humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • Olsalazine sodium is a yellow crystalline powder, which melts with decomposition at 240°C. It is the sodium salt of a weak acid, soluble in water and DMSO, and practically insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether. (nih.gov)
  • Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the phospholipids (especially phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositides) of membranes of the body's cells, and is abundant in the brain, muscles, and liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • AA is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid which is released from the sn2 position of membrane phospholipids by the activity of cPLA 2 . (frontiersin.org)
  • The added EPA elevated the amounts of EPA, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the epidermal and dermal phospholipids. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is structurally related to the saturated arachidic acid found in cupuaçu butter. (wikipedia.org)
  • The remaining 98 to 99% of an oral dose will reach the colon, where each molecule is rapidly converted into two molecules of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) by colonic bacteria and the low prevailing redox potential found in this environment. (nih.gov)
  • An increase in membrane damage, measured by monitoring the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release, was observed only in sperm treated with H(2)O(2), ADP and FeSO(4). (propoleo.cl)
  • Chemical structures of ( A ) gallic acid (GA) and ( B ) digalloyl-resveratrol (di-GA). (nature.com)
  • A commercial source of arachidonic acid has been derived, however, from the fungus Mortierella alpina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, evidence obtained with isotopically labeled 20-carbon fatty acids incubated with sheep vesicular glands, an abundant source of PGs, confirmed this assumption. (jci.org)
  • Psoriatic skin substitutes produced with or without T cells presented increased epidermal and dermal linolenic acid (LA) and AA levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • Skeletal muscle is an especially active site of arachidonic acid retention, accounting for roughly 10-20% of the phospholipid fatty acid content typically. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the present study, fresh apples (10 g kg-1) were added to the diet of Wistar rats, and changes in the microbiota and metabolite content of the cecum were analyzed after 28 days of feeding, and changes in the 12S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) content and indicators related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were detected. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we sought to evaluate the influence of a supplementation of the culture media with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the lipid profile of a psoriatic skin model produced with polarized T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms associated with reversing glucotoxicity's effect in C2C12 cells by arachidonic acid (AA). (bvsalud.org)