Glutamate receptors kainic acid. Medical search. Frequent questions

Vertical cryostat sections through central retina were double labeled with immunohistochemical markers for bipolar cell types and with antibodies to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 to 4, kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7, and the NR1C2' subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. (nih.gov)
For all bipolar cell types, immunoreactive puncta for the AMPA receptor subunits GluR2, 2/3, and 4 were colocalized at highest densities, whereas GluR1-immunoreactive puncta were expressed at very low densities. (nih.gov)
Willardiine specifically agonizes non-NMDA glutamate receptors: AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Willardiine analogs have been developed that have different binding affinities for the AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
While willardiine and its analogs have not been explicitly studied as therapeutics, there are a variety of neurological disorders characterized by alterations in glutamate signaling, and ligands for AMPA and kainate receptors are often studied as potential therapeutics. (wikipedia.org)
Willardiine naturally exists as two isomers: (S)-Willardiine (R)-Willardiine Only the (S) isomer has binding affinity for the AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
AMPA receptors are tetrameric transmembrane proteins with distinct amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domains (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
Passage of calcium through the AMPA receptor ("calcium permeability") is based on the presence of the edited GluA2 subunit (See: Glur2 RNA editing). (wikipedia.org)
The ion pore region of GluA2 mRNA is edited during translation to render it calcium impermeable in over 99% of AMPA receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Like AMPA receptors, kainate receptors are tetrameric, transmembrane, ionotropic glutamate receptors on glutamatergic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
However, unlike AMPA receptors, external ions also bind to kainate receptors at the ion binding pocket on the extracellular domain. (wikipedia.org)
When administered i.p., 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), an (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid HBr/kainate (AMPA/KA) antagonist, completely blocked hyperalgesia. (biopsychiatry.com)
When injected intrathecally (i.t.), kainic acid itself failed to induce hyperalgesia and AMPA/KA antagonists given i.t. also failed to attenuate the hyperalgesic effect of kainic acid administered i.p., indicating that the spinal cord is not the primary site of action. (biopsychiatry.com)
Together these data suggest that a persistent hyperalgesia results from the transient activation of AMPA/KA receptors that are located outside the spinal cord, perhaps on the distal projections of primary afferent fibers. (biopsychiatry.com)
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) can be categorized as ionotropic or metabotropic and subcatergorized by their agonist preferences (NMDA, AMPA or Kainic acid). (labmal.com)
Tetrameric or pentameric combinations of different subunits contributes to the functional diversity of AMPA receptors. (labmal.com)
In general, AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic current at most excitatory synapses, with stoichiometry characterized by subtype composition. (labmal.com)
Although subunit composition of AMPA receptors varies, they must contain at least one edited GluR2 subunit to be calcium impermeable. (labmal.com)
Relative calcium permeability in AMPA receptor channels may be significant in pathological neurotoxic damage and long term changes in nervous system responses. (labmal.com)
Extrasynaptic glutamate spillover profoundly recruits AMPA receptors (AMPARs) with little effect on KARs, indicating that KARs are targeted at the synapse more precisely than AMPARs. (elsevierpure.com)
Application of glutamate, N-methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA), or kainic acid (KA), but not AMPA, resulted in increased mIPSC frequency in most neurons. (uky.edu)
Inhibition of AMPA/KA receptors reduced mIPSC frequency, but selective antagonism of AMPA receptors did not alter GABA release, implicating the presence of presynaptic KA receptors on GABAergic terminals. (uky.edu)
The effect of NMDA was prevented by AMPA/KA receptor blockade, suggesting indirect involvement of NMDA receptors. (uky.edu)
The stimulatory effect of capsaicin on GABA release was prevented when AMPA/KA or NMDA, but not AMPA receptors were blocked. (uky.edu)
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolopropionic acid receptor ( AMPA receptor ) is an ionic glutamate (iGluR) transmembrane receptor. (immune-system-research.com)
Besides, AMPA receptors are responsible for most of the rapid excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. (immune-system-research.com)
Now, we will introduce a selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist, CP-465022 . (immune-system-research.com)
At first, CP-465022 is a potent, and selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsant activity. (immune-system-research.com)
CP-465022 provides a new tool to investigate the role of AMPA receptors in physiological and pathophysiological processes. (immune-system-research.com)
Domoic acid has been found to be about 100 times as potent as glutamate in its affinity for glutamate receptors in the brain, particularly the a-amino-5-methyl-3-hydroxyisoxazolone-4-propionate (AMPA) and kainate subtypes. (calpoison.org)
We will also inject KA, NMDA or AMPA into the hippocampus and record EEG activity to elucidate differences in seizure onset, frequency and duration in the presence of increased glutamate uptake (Specific Aim 1). (grantome.com)
The l-glutamate analogue 18, which showed high affinity as a displacer for kainate and AMPA binding, was also examined for agonist potency for CA1 pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal slice preparation. (umn.edu)
It rivaled AMPA as one of the most potent agonists for depolarizing pyramidal neurons in medium containing 2.4 mM Mg +2 ions in which kainate/AMPA receptors are active but NMDA receptors are inhibited (IC 50 = 1.1 μM). (umn.edu)
It was 1 order of magnitude less potent for depolarizing pyramidal neurons under conditions in which kainate/AMPA receptors were inhibited by 10 μM CNQX but NMDA receptors were active in 0.1 mM Mg -2 -containing medium (IC 50 = 10 μM). (umn.edu)
Selective GluR2 lacking AMPA receptor blocker. (abcam.com)
RS)-2-Amino-3-(4-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)propionic acid (Bu-HIBO, 6) has previously been shown to be an agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors and an inhibitor of CaCl2-dependent [3H]-(S)-glutamic acid binding (J. Med. (ku.dk)
To elucidate the pharmacological significance of this latter binding affinity, which is also shown by quisqualic acid (3) but not by AMPA, we have now resolved Bu-HIBO via diastereomeric salt formation using the diprotected Bu-HIBO derivative 11 and the enantiomers of 1-phenylethylamine (PEA). (ku.dk)
In EAE, excitotoxicity and axonal damage appear to contribute to the pathology of the disease, since -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists of GluRs can ameliorate the neurological deficits associated with the progression of the disease [14]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
This affect may in part be due to injury of OLs and OPCs which express GluRs of the AMPA and kainate classes and are also susceptible to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity [15]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Modulation of glutamate transmission has been studied extensively in neurons in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid, an N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, selectively affect medium-sized GABA-ergic spiny projection neurons, sparing the striatal interneurons and closely mimicking the neuropathology seen in HD. (medscape.com)
Kainate receptors (KARs) contribute to postsynaptic excitation in only a select subset of neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
The presence of functional ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) on GABAergic terminals that rapidly alter GABA release onto DMV motor neurons has been suggested previously, but the receptor subtypes contributing to the response are unknown. (uky.edu)
therefore we have investigated alterations of neurofilaments, major cytoskeletal components of neurons, in the rat hippocampus after the kainic acid (ka) administration, an experimental model for the temporal lobe epilepsy . (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)

Here, we investigated whether different types of bipolar cells are associated with different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the inner retina of a New World primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. (nih.gov)
Willardiine is a partial agonist of Ionotropic glutamate receptors. (wikipedia.org)

The glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid [21] and the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine [22] are commonly used in SE models. (jle.com)
Domoic acid is a kainate receptor agonist. (tocris.com)
Intrastriatal injections of kainic acid, an agonist of a subtype of glutamate receptor, produce lesions similar to those seen in HD. (medscape.com)
Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. (medlink.com)
A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool. (lookformedical.com)
A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. (lookformedical.com)
Treatment of OPCs with an EP1/EP3 agonist 17 phenyl-trinor PGE2 reversed protection from a COX-2 inhibitor while inhibition of EP3 receptor protected OPCs from excitotoxicity. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Domoic acid has been associated with necrosis of the glutamate-rich hippocampus and amygdala in autopsied cases. (medscape.com)
Altered distribution of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subunit GluR2(4) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
Immunohistochemical distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes mGluR1b, mGluR2/3, mGluR4a and mGluR5 in human hippocampus. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
Decrement of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents in dentate granule cells in epileptic hippocampus. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
More recently we have demonstrated that C/EBPβ regulates the expression of several genes involved in inflammatory processes and brain injury [ 14 ] and mice lacking C/EBPβ showed a reduced inflammatory response after kainic acid injection and exhibited a dramatic reduction in pyramidal cell loss in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The NMDA receptor subunit NR1C2' was specifically colocalized with flat midget and DB3 axons. (nih.gov)
Watkins et al (1990) Experiments with kainate and quisqualate agonists and antagonists in relation to the sub-classification of 'non-NMDA' receptors. (tocris.com)
aspartate (NMDA), and kainic acid (KA) increased c-fos mRNA level in a concentration-dependent manner. (kyobobook.co.kr)
The glutamate, NMDA and KA, at a concentration of 0.25 mM, did not affect the basal c-fos and c-jun mRNA levels, and also did not affect forskolin- and PMA-induced responses. (kyobobook.co.kr)
The KA, NMDA, and glutamate did not affect forskolin- induced increase of ERK and CREB phosphorylation. (kyobobook.co.kr)
The KA decreased PMA-induced increase of phosphorylation of ERK and CREB proteins, whereas glutamate and NMDA did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB proteins induced by PMA. (kyobobook.co.kr)
Whereas NMDA application increased mIPSC frequency, blocking NMDA receptors was without effect, indicating that presynaptic NMDA receptors were present, but not activated by ambient glutamate levels in the slice. (uky.edu)
Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)

The seedlings of these plants contain enzymes capable of complex chemical substitutions that result in the formation of free amino acids (See: #Synthesis). (wikipedia.org)
Willardiine was first discovered in 1959 by R. Gmelin, when he isolated several free, non-protein amino acids from Acacia willardiana (another name for Mariosousa willardiana) when he was studying how these families of plants synthesize uracilyalanines. (wikipedia.org)
The family of willardiine compounds (see: #Analogs) all have a uracil or substituted uracil as the primary amino acid side chain. (wikipedia.org)
Excitatory Amino Acids and Synaptic Plasticity. (tocris.com)
We have studied the effects of excitatory amino acids on the expression of the c-fos and c-jun mRNA in rat C6 glioma cells. (kyobobook.co.kr)
Excitotoxicity refers to the neurotoxic effect of excitatory amino acids in the presence of excessive activation of postsynaptic receptors. (medscape.com)
Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
Domoic acid is an amino acid similar to kainic acid, another naturally occurring toxin and glutamate, the main excitatory signaling molecule in the central nervous system (CNS). (calpoison.org)
The syntheses of several novel N-(hydroxydioxocyclobutenyl)-containing analogues of γ-aminobutyric acid and l-glutamate were undertaken to test the hypothesis that derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (squaric acid), such as 3-amino-4-hydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, could serve as a replacement for the carboxylate moiety in neurochemically interesting molecules. (umn.edu)
His Glutamate receptor research includes themes of Amino acid, Glutamic acid, Neurotransmitter, Biophysics and Dopamine. (research.com)
The various areas that Frode Fonnum examines in his Glutamate receptor study include Amino acid, Glutamine, Neurotransmitter, Neuroscience and Metabolism. (research.com)
His Choline acetyltransferase research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Glutamate decarboxylase, Acetylcholinesterase, Choline, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and Nucleus. (research.com)
In the course of study, every non-polar amino acid in the model is replaced by glycine, whereupon the biochemical characteristics of polar amino acids should become more distinguished. (go.jp)
The DEV analyses of the models select four amino acids ( H, D, S and C ) as the essential members of the functional system. (go.jp)
The first three amino acids are coincide with the active sites of trypsin (40- H , 84- D and 177- S ). When the area of triangle made up of a combination of three amino acids out of the above four is measured, the triangle of HDS is found to be the minimum among those made of other combinations investigated, suggesting that they are closely located each other. (go.jp)

His Glutamic acid study combines topics in areas such as Free nerve ending, Calcium metabolism, Mammalian brain, Receptor and Aspartate binding. (research.com)

Wondolowski, J & Frerking, M 2009, ' Subunit-dependent postsynaptic expression of kainate receptors on hippocampal interneurons in area CA1 ', Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 563-574. (elsevierpure.com)
Meanwhile, the number and subunit composition of AMPARs at the synapse determines the dynamics of rapid glutamate signaling. (immune-system-research.com)

Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)

Willardiine binds to glutamate receptors at the glutamate binding site in the extracellular ligand binding domain (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
In addition, repeated MCLR significantly elevated the membrane expression of kainate receptor GluK2 subunits, p-pan-protein kinase C (PKC), and p-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) at 1â ¯h after KA. (bvsalud.org)
Glutamate transport maintains extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels and loss of transporter protein is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. (grantome.com)

Domoic acid (DA) is structurally similar to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. (medscape.com)
Domoic acid is produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens . (medscape.com)
Domoic acid (Cat. (tocris.com)
Be the first to review Domoic acid and earn rewards! (tocris.com)
Have you used Domoic acid? (tocris.com)
Amnesic shellfish Poisoning (ASP) is a potentially deadly illness caused by the toxin domoic acid. (calpoison.org)
Domoic acid is produced by the diatom pseudo-nitzschia, an algae species, and shellfish that eat this algae bioaccumulate domoic acid. (calpoison.org)
What can be done in the preparation of food contaminated with domoic acid to prevent the development of amnesic shellfish poisoning? (calpoison.org)
What treatment options or antidotes are available for domoic acid toxicity? (calpoison.org)
Since the last outbreak, authorities established a safety limit on domoic acid levels in shellfish. (calpoison.org)
Since the establishment of safe levels, there have been no major outbreaks of domoic acid poisoning reported in humans. (calpoison.org)
In 1998, the first case of domoic acid toxicity was diagnosed in a sea lion. (calpoison.org)
That same year over 400 sea lions along California's central coast died, and many more developed neurologic symptoms due to an algae bloom and resultant domoic acid toxicity. (calpoison.org)
This past year, record numbers of sea lion pups have been found washed up on shore and stranded due to their mothers developing domoic acid toxicity. (calpoison.org)
The California Department of Health (CDPH), Oregon Department of Agriculture, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife all maintains routine monitoring programs along the coast for domoic acid. (calpoison.org)
When levels of domoic acid are high enough, quarantines and public warnings are issued. (calpoison.org)
CDPH also conducts monthly seawater monitoring to assess for harmful algae blooms that can produce domoic acid. (calpoison.org)

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, including the cortex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (jneurosci.org)
These receptors are found at excitatory synapses and bind glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter) and structurally similar ligands, such as willardiine. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and as such plays a key role in neurological diseases involving hyperexcitability and excitotoxic cell death. (grantome.com)
Since glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, we hypothesize that increased glutamate transport will blunt network excitability in most, if not all, CNS models of seizure-related hyperexcitability. (grantome.com)

Ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits also show a stratified distribution in the inner plexiform layer. (nih.gov)
The kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 were predominantly associated with diffuse bipolar (DB6) and rod bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
Immunohistochemical analysis of kainate receptor expression using antibodies recognizing glutamate receptor subunits 5, 6, and 7 demonstrates that 28% of unmyelinated axons in normal digital nerve are positively labeled. (utmb.edu)
Following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant, a significant increase in glutamate receptor subunits 5, 6, and 7-labeled axons occurs at 2 days (40%), but not 7 (31%) or 14 days (28%) post-complete Freund's adjuvant. (utmb.edu)

More potent and possibly more selective than kainate at kainate receptors, as demonstrated in electrophysiological studies. (tocris.com)

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. (jneurosci.org)
and the effects of EP3 receptor agonists and antagonists on OPC viability were examined. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Isomer-specific binding affinity is a result of steric effects between (R)-Willardiine and the binding site on the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

Ionotropic glutamate antagonist. (abcam.com)
Injection of the non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3- dione (0.1mM) reverses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced mechanical sensitivity through a local effect. (utmb.edu)

Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)

An endogenous ligand, either kainic acid or glutamate, binds to the ligand binding site. (wikipedia.org)
Okadaic acid binds to intestinal epithelial cells and increases their permeability. (medscape.com)
Allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) are described as compounds that can increase the activity of some Sig1R ligands that compete with (+)-pentazocine, one of the classic prototypical ligands that binds to the orthosteric Sig1R binding site. (frontiersin.org)

Using this analogy as a framework for the role of COX-2 in death of oligodendrocytes (OLs), we showed that COX-2 is induced in OLs and OPCs following glutamate receptor (GluR) activation and renders these cells more susceptible to excitotoxic death [8]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)
We have tested the hypothesis that glutamate transporters play a key role in preventing cell death in limbic seizures, by generating a transgenic mouse model of astrocytic EAAT2 (Glt-1) overexpression. (grantome.com)
These data, taken together with recent findings from other investigators, indicate that in addition to maintaining low steady-state concentrations of glutamate around the synaptic cleft, transporters may mediate a more rapid control of synaptic efficacy. (grantome.com)

To extend our preliminary studies we will examine the acute actions of the glutamate analogue kainic acid using two in vitro slice preparations (hippocampal and piriform cortex) to determine if increased glutamate transport alters the threshold, frequency or duration of epileptiform activity. (grantome.com)
previously named ML3000) is a substrate analogue of arachidonic acid which inhibits cyclooxygenase type 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), decreasing prostaglandins and leukotrienes production. (j-epilepsy.org)
It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). (mcw.edu)

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether astaxanthin confers a neuroprotective effect against glutamate stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia-induced apoptotic or necrotic cell death in primary cultures of rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (molvis.org)

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. (lookformedical.com)

Capsaicin, which activates transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors and increases mIPSC frequency in the DMV via an iGluR-mediated, heterosynaptic mechanism, was also applied to assess GABA release subsequent to capsaicin-stimulated glutamate release. (uky.edu)
AMPAR, together with other members of the ionic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors and kainic acid receptors (NMDARs and KARs), is a cationic permeable receptor tetramer. (immune-system-research.com)

These analogs have been used to study the structure of these receptors, as well as the functional significance of receptor activation in different brain regions. (wikipedia.org)
13. Kang, Q. and Barnes, G.N. (2013) A common susceptibility factor for autism and epilepsy: functional deficiency of GABAA receptors, J. Autism Develop. (uoflautism.org)

Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)

A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. (lookformedical.com)

Finally we will use two kindling models of status epilepticus to determine if increased glutamate transport activity lowers the threshold, rate of kindling acquisition, molecular plasticity or degree of cell death in PAAT2 transgenic mice compared with age-matched wild-type animals Specific Aim 3). (grantome.com)

His primary scientific interests are in Biochemistry, Reactive oxygen species, Glutamate receptor, Apoptosis and Cyclosporin a. (research.com)
In this study, we investigate the influence of AST against glutamate- and hypoxia-induced apoptosis, as well as oxidative stress-induced necrosis, in primary rat RGC cultures. (molvis.org)

Receptor activation leads to influx of positive ions into the neuron, resulting in neural depolarization (See: #Structure and Activity). (wikipedia.org)
Thus, we tested the possibility that activation of these receptors alters nociception. (biopsychiatry.com)
Furthermore, activation of kainate receptors following intraplantar injection of 1.0mM kainate in normal animals results in a mechanical sensitivity similar to that observed in inflamed animals. (utmb.edu)

In a kainic acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy, increased glutamate transport results in an 80 percent decrease in hippocampal cell death compared to the level of cell death following KA-induced seizures in a wild-type age-matched animals. (grantome.com)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)

The results suggest that exposure to GLA, even in low doses, during infantile period in the rat induces alterations in the kainic acid receptor in the brain. (go.jp)

Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Results of these studies indicate that presynaptic NMDAR and KA receptors regulate GABA release in the DMV, representing a heterosynaptic arrangement for rapidly modulating parasympathetic output, especially when synaptic excitation is elevated. (uky.edu)
These data demonstrate that SRSs in this IAK model of MTLE are pharmacoresistant to two representative sodium channel-inhibiting ASDs (phenytoin and carbamazepine) and partially sensitive to GABA receptor modulating ASDs (diazepam and phenobarbital) or a mixed-mechanism ASD (valproate). (bvsalud.org)

Binding causes a conformational change that opens the receptor and allows for positively charged ions, Na+ and/or Ca2+ to enter the cell** (Figure 3). (wikipedia.org)

We investigated spatial and temporal expression of Cln8 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) using in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern blotting. (biomedcentral.com)

We studied modulation of glutamate-evoked calcium rises in primary astrocyte cultures using fura-2 ratiometric digital calcium imaging. (jneurosci.org)
However, their studies do not address the potential contribution of PG receptors towards modulation of OPC viability and remyelination. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

examined the role of PGE2 receptor signaling in EAE and identified a role for EP2 and EP4 in peripheral immune response and increase of bloodCbrain barrier permeability in the initiation and progression of monophasic EAE using global knockouts of PG receptors [13]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Surprisingly, we also found that increased glutamate uptake in the EAAT2 transgenic blunted network excitability and immediate early gene responses. (grantome.com)
Glutamate uptake is reduced in prefrontal cortex in Huntington's disease. (neurotree.org)

The EP3 receptor was identified as a candidate contributing to OPC excitotoxic death based on pharmacological evidence. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
2, 3] and [4] following induction of glutamate-receptor-mediated excitotoxic death. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
In this study, we examined whether prostanoids (PGs) such as PGE2 and their receptors contribute to excitotoxic death of OPCs. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

Anatomy30

Organisms8

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs80

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

AMPA39

Neurons11

Ionotropic glutamate receptors2

Agonist7

Hippocampus5

NMDA8

Amino16

Glutamic Acid1

Subunit2

Neuroscience1

Extracellular3

Domoic acid17

Major excitatory neurotransmitter5

Subunits4

Selective1

Agonists2

Affinity2

Antagonist2

Postsynaptic2

Binds3

GluR1

Transporters3

Analogue3

Ganglion cells1

Modulate1

IGluR2

Functional2

Glycine1

Mediate1

Status Epilepticus1

Apoptosis2

Activation3

Temporal lobe epi1

Axon terminals1

Induces1

Antibodies3

GABA2

Ions1

MRNA1

Modulation2

Permeability1

Uptake2

Excitotoxic3