• Glucose transporters were quantitated by measuring glucose‐sensitive cytochalasin B binding and by protein immunoblotting using isoform‐specific antibodies. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • RESULTS: Although mRNA expression of monosaccharide transporters did not significantly differ between newborn and adult samples, luminal fructose transporter GLUT5 protein was absent in 0- to 4-day-old neonates, but expressed in adults. (uzh.ch)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Human newborns lack small intestinal fructose transporter GLUT5 protein expression and small intestinal atresia does not affect the expression of hexose transporters. (uzh.ch)
  • The GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter isoform is a membrane protein present in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)
  • The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
  • The hormone decreases blood sugar levels by moving sugar into cells using a cell membrane transporter called GLUT2, which is an acronym for "glucose transporter protein 2. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • increasing DNA replication and protein synthesis, controlling the cellular intake of glucose in adipose tissue and muscles, fatty acid synthesis, allosteric effect on numerous enzyme, gluconeogenesis, decreased proteinolysis, amino acid uptake, lipolysis and increased glycogen. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Endogenous production of glucose is enhanced by insulin and thyroid hormones since both FT 3 and FT 4 stimulate GLUT4 messenger RNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle and elevate glucose uptake (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Glutathionylation state of uncoupling protein-2 and the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (omicsdi.org)
  • In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
  • Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
  • GLUT1 and GLUT3 are located in the plasma membrane of cells throughout the body, as they are responsible for maintaining a basal rate of glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
  • therefore GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a high affinity for glucose and uptake from the bloodstream is constant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human GLUT2 and GLUT3, members of the GLUT / SLC2 gene family, facilitate glucose transport in specific tissues. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • To identify and characterize potential GLUT2 and GLUT3 ligands, we developed a whole-cell system based on a yeast strain deficient in hexose uptake, whose growth defect on glucose can be rescued by the functional expression of human transporters. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The simplicity of handling yeast cells makes this platform convenient for screening potential GLUT2 and GLUT3 inhibitors in a growth-based manner, amenable to high-throughput approaches. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Furthermore, single amino acid substitutions at specific positions of the transporter sequence appear to positively affect the functionality of both GLUT2 and GLUT3 in yeast. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • We show that these variants are sensitive to known inhibitors phloretin and quercetin, demonstrating the potential of our expression systems to significantly accelerate the discovery of compounds that modulate the hexose transport activity of GLUT2 and GLUT3. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (bioemm.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: In newborn rodents, intestinal maturation involves delayed fructose transporter GLUT5 expression until weaning. (uzh.ch)
  • mRNA expression of the transporters SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and GLUT7 was measured in neonate samples proximal and distal of the atresia as well as in adult duodenum, ileum, and colon. (uzh.ch)
  • Instead, fructose is transported by Glut2 and Glut5 transporters across the cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Although Glut2 can transport both glucose and fructose, Glut5 is a fructose-specific transporter, working only down a concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion). (medscape.com)
  • Consumed fructose enters enterocytes of the intestinal epithelial apical membrane mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • It enters the gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed across the brush border of the small intestine into the enterocytes of the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) or Solute carrier family 2 A5 (SLC2A5). (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • Transgenic mice in which Hnf6 expression is maintained in postnatal islets ( pdx1 PB Hnf6 ) show overt diabetes and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at weaning. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • The peptide hormone insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is critical for maintaining normal blood glucose levels and acts to regulate cellular metabolism and growth by facilitating glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. (karger.com)
  • Hyperthyroidism is also associated with raised levels of growth hormone, glucagon and catecholamine which further impair glucose metabolism (Niki et al. (springeropen.com)
  • We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2 , Khka , and Khkc , and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. (springer.com)
  • These genes increase oxygen availability by inducing erythropoiesis and angiogenesis, and also reduce its demand via regulation of energy metabolism by reducing oxidative phosphorylation and inducing non-oxygen-demanding glycolysis [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • Vanadium influences various aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, including glucose transportation, glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and glycogen synthesis 6 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
  • We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
  • In males, in physiological conditions, testosterone acts via androgen receptors (AR) to increase insulin receptor (IR) expression and glycogen synthesis, and to decrease glucose uptake controlled by liver-specific glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2). (nih.gov)
  • By using sodium-containing (to activate both SGLT1 and GLUT2 glucose transporters) and sodium-free (activating GLUT2 only) conditions, the researchers showed that PPTs inhibit the action of GLUT2 receptors more than SGLT1. (nutraingredients.com)
  • For example, the pancreatic release of insulin in response to glucose is partially mediated by the binding of glucose to sweet-taste receptors on cells of the intestine and subsequent activation of the signaling cascade. (the-scientist.com)
  • The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
  • Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)
  • In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • SGLTs transport sodium and glucose into cells using the sodium gradient created by sodium/potassium ATPase pumps at the basolateral cell membranes. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • The second stage of re-absorption is the transport of glucose through the utilisation of GLUT2 transporters in the basolateral membrane. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Similarly, luminal sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and basolateral GLUT2 were expressed proximal and distal to JIA as visualized by immunofluorescence staining. (uzh.ch)
  • Glucose enters the cell along with sodium, and sodium exits the cell at the basolateral side of the cell, which is sodium-independent and a facilitative transport requiring no energy. (medscape.com)
  • ii) The glucose carriers expressed in the basolateral domain are GULT-1 and GLUT-2 that do not require energy, sodium, or any other ion. (medscape.com)
  • With the exception of glucose transporter GLUT1 that showed highest expression levels in colon, all investigated hexose transporters showed strongest expression in duodenum, lower levels in ileum and lowest in colon. (uzh.ch)
  • The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. (lbl.gov)
  • Genetic contribution of polymorphism of the GLUT1 and GLUT4 genes to the susceptibility to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in different populations. (uchicago.edu)
  • This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 0.01 mM and plasma glucose 0.19 mM [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Repeated high post meal (post-prandial) blood plasma glucose 'spikes' are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Plasma glucose levels have a major influence on insulin release and hyperglycemia is known to cause an immediate rise in blood levels of insulin. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Abnormal thyroid hormone levels have been reported in type 2, but the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and glycaemic indices: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-peptide (C-pep) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA lc ), used in the management of type 2 is not well defined. (springeropen.com)
  • 1993 ). Glycaemic index levels are commonly used for diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus without due attention to the influence of thyroid hormone levels on those indices such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-peptide. (springeropen.com)
  • As plasma glucose concentration increases, there is concordant increase in the filtered load of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The patient is instructed to fast, and plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide levels are measured every 6 hours until the plasma glucose level is less than 65 mg/dL, after which the testing frequency is increased to every 1-2 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Close to the loop of Henle and in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron where much glucose has been reabsorbed into the bloodstream, SGLT1 transporters are found. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 10% of renal glucose re-absorption occurs via SGLT1, and the remaining 90% occurs via SGLT2, which is found in the early proximal tubule. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • They said that PPTs have the potential to "readily affect glucose absorption in the small intestine," ​noting that many polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins can interact with certain sugar transporters - for example, inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1 - an active transport mechanism in which glucose is co-transported with sodium ion) or by inhibition of GLUT2. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Data indicate that the polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins from strawberry and apple are potent inhibitors of GLUT2 and SGLT1 at concentrations predicted after dietary ingestion. (nutraingredients.com)
  • In these cells, GLUT2 catalyzes the transepithelial transport of glucose. (justia.com)
  • The research, published in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research ​, suggests that some polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins extracted from ​apples and strawberries may block the transport of glucose across intestinal tissues, potentially blunting post-meal glucose spikes. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Our results suggest that rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells possess an intracellular storage pool for GLUT‐2, but lack the insulin‐responsive glucose transporter translocation mechanism. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • cells, the level of expression of GLUT2 is low and the intracellular glucokinase activity seems to be the rate-limiting step in the glycolytic pathway (5,11). (justia.com)
  • Therefore, the concentration gradient of glucose opposes its reabsorption, and energy is required for its transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence reabsorption of glucose is dependent upon the existing sodium gradient which is generated through the active functioning of the NaKATPase. (wikipedia.org)
  • indeed, renal glucose reabsorption has been considered to have a pathophysiological role in diabetes [1]. (faksignaling.com)
  • The main site for glucose reabsorption is the early S1 segment of the proximal tubule and this process is largely mediated by the high-capacity transporter sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) [2]. (faksignaling.com)
  • Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
  • Reabsorption of glucose predominantly occurs on the brush border membrane of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • The percentage of PAS-positive glycogen areas were correlated with the immunoexpression of GLUT-2, serum levels of T and DHT were correlated with GLUT-2, IR, and AR transcript levels, and serum glucose concentration was correlated with the age of animals and with the GLUT-2 mRNA by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. (nih.gov)
  • Glucose as such cannot be stored, but it can be polymerized to glycogen in the liver and in skeletal muscle. (helmberg.at)
  • However, the amount of energy that can be stored in this way is limited: for their hydroxyl groups, glucose units are very hydrophilic: 1 g of glycogen binds 2.7 g of water. (helmberg.at)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)
  • 1997 ). In hyperthyroidism, increased level of thyroid hormones leads to increase GLUT4 and consequently increase hepatic output of glucose resulting in hyperglycaemia. (springeropen.com)
  • rate of glucose entry is proportional to blood glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is reduced rate of glucose production in hypothyroidism, a consequence of decreased production of GLUT4 (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • As the rate of glucose entering the nephron rises above 260-350mg/1.73m 2 /min (14.5-19.5mmol/1.73m 2 /min), the excess glucose exceeds the reabsorptive capacity of proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine (i.e. glucosuria). (medscape.com)
  • SGLT2, a high-capacity, low-affinity transporter of glucose and sodium is found in high concentration at the brush border membrane of the S1 and S2 segment of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Therefore, while GLUT2 levels are unchanged or even upregulated in several tissues such as the liver and the intestine during the hyperglycemic conditions observed in diabetes, the same gene undergoes a drastic dysregulation only in the pancreatic islets. (justia.com)
  • 1997 ). Hypothyroidism has been recognized as insulin-resistant state due to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. (springeropen.com)
  • In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
  • It produces glucose by gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). (medscape.com)
  • Gluconeogenesis in the kidneys exceeds renal glucose consumption. (medscape.com)
  • Following meals , large amounts of glucose are taken up by the small intestine , and gluconeogenesis is therefore inhibited: in hepatocytes, insulin causes phosphorylation and breakdown of the transcription factor Foxo1. (helmberg.at)
  • Otherwise, Foxo1 drives the transcription of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK, glucose-6-phosphatase). (helmberg.at)
  • SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of oral drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently in phase III studies. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • 5,6 Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are well tolerated, but are merely weight neutral. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • SGLT2 inhibitors represent a novel 'glucuretic' therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and are currently in phase III trials. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8. (lbl.gov)
  • GLUT4 transporters are insulin sensitive, and are found in muscle and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • As muscle is a principal storage site for glucose and adipose tissue for triglyceride (into which glucose can be converted for storage), GLUT4 is important in post-prandial uptake of excess glucose from the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)
  • Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
  • Interestingly, EC and DHBA did not modify the levels of SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, and modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via AKT leading to a diminished glucose production. (faksignaling.com)
  • Glucose and galactose share the same carrier, SGLT-1, which transports one molecule of the monosaccharide and one molecule of sodium (Na) in a secondarily active transport, energized by Na-activated and potassium (k)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase). (medscape.com)
  • Secondary active transport occurs in the intestine and the kidney tubules (predominantly proximal tubule) and is mediated by members of the SGLT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • i) The apical transporters are SGLT-1 (type 1) and SGLT-2. (medscape.com)
  • Once inside the epithelial cells, glucose reenters the bloodstream through facilitated diffusion through GLUT2 transporters. (wikipedia.org)
  • For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • Finally, free amino acids are taken up by enterocytes through specific Na-linked carrier systems (5 carriers with selective affinities for groups of amino acids are described), whereas dipeptides and tripeptides are translocated into the absorptive epithelial cells by the peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), which is a carrier with a broad specificity linked to H entry. (medscape.com)
  • Transports D-glucose, dehydroascorbate, arsenite and the flavonone, quercetin, via one pathway and water via a distinct channel. (lbl.gov)
  • They surmised that the high concentration of fructose in the brain was due to a metabolic pathway called the polyol pathway that converts glucose to fructose. (hypothes.is)
  • High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Additionally, the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is correlated with the biology of cancer types, neurons and immunity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Glucose Transporter 3 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for developing both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease). (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • It is divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which account for 5-10% and 90-95% of DM cases resepectively. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (uchicago.edu)
  • The population association of glucokinase gene with type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Chinese. (uchicago.edu)
  • Mutations in the glucokinase gene are not a major cause of late-onset type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. (uchicago.edu)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are also more common across type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. (karger.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to many extraskeletal outcomes, including higher risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, autoimmunity, pregnancy complications, and many other pathologies. (karger.com)
  • Researches indicate that there is increased incidence of type 2 globally, highlighting increased incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (Jin et al. (springeropen.com)
  • During fasting, some GLUT4 transporters will be expressed at the surface of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon reaching the plasmalemma, the vesicles fuse with the membrane, increasing the number of GLUT4 transporters expressed at the cell surface, and hence increasing glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexose transporter 6. (lbl.gov)
  • Hexose transporter 1. (lbl.gov)
  • The major hexose transporter, Htr1 (mediates the active uptake of hexoses by sugar:H+ symport. (lbl.gov)
  • Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
  • The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glucose-stimulated insulin release remains controversial because ROS have been shown to both amplify and impede insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
  • SGLT2 binds to sodium and glucose in the filtrate and these compounds are translocated across the apical cell membrane, an active process driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient between tubular filtrate and the cell. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the columnar epithelia, co-transporting glucose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glucose is then transported passively by GLUT2 along its concentration gradient into the interstitium. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Facilitative transport occurs in essentially all cell types and is driven by the concentration gradient across cellular membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Polyphenols and phenolic acids from strawberry and apple may decrease glucose uptake by blocking transport through human intestinal cells, according to a new study. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The liver homogenates were used in qRT-PCR to assess GLUT2, IR, and AR mRNA expression. (nih.gov)
  • The mRNA expression of the 5 tested monosaccharide transporters was unchanged distal from the JIA relative to proximal. (uzh.ch)
  • Glucose enters at the luminal side of the proximal tubular cells by an active carrier-mediated transport process that requires energy provided by the sodium gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments generated by sodium-potassium ATPase. (medscape.com)
  • We assessed in human newborns, the impact of intestinal maturation and obstruction on mucosal monosaccharide transporter expression. (uzh.ch)
  • High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose. (lbl.gov)
  • 1995). "Human and rat beta cells differ in glucose transporter but not in glucokinase gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • When tested in vitro, IB1 bound specifically to the GTII cis element of the GLUT2 gene and to an homologous regulatory sequence of the insulin promoter termed RIPE3. (justia.com)
  • Genetic variants in the calpain-10 gene and the development of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. (uchicago.edu)
  • Mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
  • Two means of glucose transport are noted: facilitative and secondary active transport. (medscape.com)
  • Almost all of this is re-absorbed into the circulation via sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • We show that functional expression of GLUT2 in yeast requires the deletion of the extended extracellular loop connecting transmembrane domains TM1 and TM2, which appears to negatively affect the trafficking of the transporter in the heterologous expression system. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
  • The two ways in which glucose uptake can take place are facilitated diffusion (a passive process) and secondary active transport (an active process which on the ion-gradient which is established through the hydrolysis of ATP, known as primary active transport). (wikipedia.org)
  • 5 The inflammatory state in the development of DM and CKD may be closely related to intestinal mucosal barrier. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • They added that their study is the first to show an inhibition of glucose transport across intestinal tissue by phenolic ​fruit extracts, and further characterize the contribution of individual phenolic components for their role in the inhibition of glucose transport. (nutraingredients.com)
  • "There is recent evidence that some bioactive compounds, in particular polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins (PPTs), can affect the shape of the blood glucose curve … Some studies have shown that these compounds may result in an altered pattern of intestinal glucose uptake, possibly due to interactions between compounds and sugar transporters," ​ said the authors. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. (silverchair.com)
  • Its use as a therapeutic target is limited by side effects from malabsorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • and lactase splits lactose into glucose and galactose. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequent entry of the final monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) into the enterocytes through the brush border occurs via carrier molecules. (medscape.com)
  • galactose transporter. (lbl.gov)
  • Galactose, glucose uniporter, Gal2. (lbl.gov)
  • In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
  • Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
  • Functioning in conjunction, these two secondary active transporters ensure that only negligible amounts of glucose are wasted through excretion in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
  • These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
  • 1 mM in nasal ASL [ 8 ] and mean± sd 0.4±0.2 mM in the lower respiratory tract, 12.5 times lower than plasma concentrations, which are normally maintained at ∼5 mM [ 9 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
  • Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Transcriptional activator Islet-Brain 1 (IB1) is disclosed which is involved in the control of the GLUT2 and insulin genes by interacting with homologous cis-regulatory elements of the GLUT2 and insulin promoters, and to materials and methods deriving from this work. (justia.com)
  • The present invention is based on successful expression cloning of a transcription factor that binds to the GTII element of the GLUT2 and insulin genes from a differentiated insulin-secreting cDNA library. (justia.com)
  • Identification of type 2 diabetes genes in Mexican Americans through genome-wide association studies. (uchicago.edu)
  • In contrast, culturing on Laminin-421 induced the expression of β-cell genes, including Ins1 , MafA , and Glut2 , and significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (nature.com)
  • The increasing incidence of type 2 is compounded by reports of the coexistence of thyroid dysfunction with diabetes (Udiong et al. (springeropen.com)
  • overexpression of CYP2B6 hindered IRS phosphorylation and translocation of GLUT2 to membranes, which ultimately exacerbated IR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
  • Glucose diffusion is determined by epithelial permeability to glucose, the transepithelial glucose gradient and surface area. (ersjournals.com)
  • They inhibit glucose re-absorption in the proximal renal tubules providing an insulin independent mechanism to lower blood glucose. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Part of the glucose absorbed in the intestine is transported into the hepatocytes with the help of the insulin-independent transporter GLUT2 (KM 15-20 mM). (helmberg.at)
  • Under normal physiological conditions, approximately 180 g of glucose is filtered by the kidney daily. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Under normal circumstances, the kidney filters and reabsorbs 100% of glucose, approximately 180 g (1 mole) of glucose, each day. (medscape.com)
  • Failure to maintain an optimal circulating blood glucose concentration results in diabetes, a disease with varying etiologies. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers found cerebral fructose levels rose significantly in response to a glucose infusion, with minimal changes in fructose levels in the blood. (hypothes.is)
  • The magnitude of oxidative stress is significantly influenced by acute glucose fluctuations. (ijpsr.com)
  • It is only recently that we and others have begun to investigate glucose transport as an important mechanism for maintaining a nutrient-depleted environment in the lung lumen to limit the growth of pathogenic organisms. (ersjournals.com)
  • Our previous study indicated that this mechanism may be impaired by finasteride, a popular drug used in urology and dermatology, inhibiting 5α-reductase 2, which converts testosterone (T) into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). (nih.gov)
  • 5 The anorexigenic effect of monoamine serotonin is also mediated by the 5HT-2C receptor in POMC neurons. (nature.com)
  • SNpc dopaminergic neurons are more vulnerable to oxidative stress compared to other brain cell types, but the reasons for this are not precisely known. (frontiersin.org)
  • Early assessments of energy use in gray matter signaling suggested that 95% was attributed to neurons and 5% to astrocytes. (atozwiki.com)
  • It is well documented that enzymes accelerate the digestion of ingredients and improve the assimilation of less digestible feed as a result of catalysts secreted by cells in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers [ 4 , 5 ]. (ejast.org)
  • The blastocyst/testis glucose transporter, Glut8 (Doege et al. (lbl.gov)