Glossary gene expression. Medical search. Frequent questions

Gene expression refers to the process of making proteins using the instructions from genes. (cdc.gov)
Gene expression is the chemical pathway from genes to the gene products, such as proteins, that organisms can use. (visionlearning.com)
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and modules were constructed to identify hub genes with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and Cytoscape. (researchsquare.com)
These proteins bind to regulatory regions of a gene and increase or decrease the level of transcription. (medlineplus.gov)
Genes are instructions used to make proteins, which are the building blocks of all our cells. (frontiersin.org)
DNA sequences in genes that interact with regulatory proteins (such as transcription factors) to determine the rate and timing of expression of the genes as well as the beginning and end of the transcript. (nationalacademies.org)
It is organized into genes that specify the production of proteins. (corteva.com)
There are several forms of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which conveys the genetic information from genes (encoded by nucleotides) to proteins (encoded by amino acids). (corteva.com)
At the molecular level, glitazones stimulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPARγ, a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that modulates the expression of the gene-regulated proteins which control glucose and lipid metabolism. (cmlsupport.org.uk)
Genes determine the structure and function of all proteins in the body. (mbnf.ca)
They interact with specific intracellular receptor proteins in the target tissues and alter the expression of genes to corticosteroids. (bvsalud.org)

Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes. (corteva.com)
Assemblages of multiple genes are organized into chromosomes. (corteva.com)
Learn more about DNA, genes and chromosomes . (gene.vision)

By integrating two datasets (GSE77459 and GSE92681) in the GEO database using the sva and limma packages of R, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of pulpitis were identified. (researchsquare.com)
Call differentially expressed genes requires to know how to specify the right contrast. (github.io)
Volcano plots and heatmaps are useful representations to visualise differentially expressed genes. (github.io)

A chromosome contains a single, long piece of DNA with many different genes. (cdc.gov)
One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome. (nationalacademies.org)
One of two (or more) alternative forms of a gene found at the same location on a chromosome. (corteva.com)
a gene located in a chromosome region suspected of being involved in a disease. (womenshealthsection.com)
One chromosome contains many genes. (gene.vision)
Naturally occurring genetic variations (present in at least 1% of the population) in a single nucleotide, DNA sequence, gene or chromosome that have no adverse effects on the individual. (gene.vision)
NF1 is caused by a change in a gene on Chromosome 17. (mbnf.ca)
NF2 is caused by a change in a gene on chromosome 22. (mbnf.ca)
A type of concerted evolution where one gene on a chromosome can "paste" its sequence over a neighboring gene of high sequence similarity such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event. (anthropogeny.org)

The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation. (medlineplus.gov)
Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. (medlineplus.gov)
Gene regulation also allows cells to react quickly to changes in their environments. (medlineplus.gov)
Although we know that the regulation of genes is critical for life, this complex process is not yet fully understood. (medlineplus.gov)
Gene regulation can occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription (when the information in a gene's DNA is passed to mRNA). (medlineplus.gov)
The National Human Genome Research Institute provides a definition of gene regulation in their Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms. (medlineplus.gov)
The Khan Academy has an educational unit on gene regulation , including videos about gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes. (medlineplus.gov)
In order to evaluate the regulation, expression or activity of a gene, it is necessary to transfer the gene or its manipulated form into the in vitro systems. (benthamscience.com)
RNA is essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. (corteva.com)
Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation , morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism . (wikidoc.org)
Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) the gene in the organism. (wikidoc.org)
Regulation of gene expression is the cellular control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene. (wikidoc.org)
It also appears to be involved in the regulation of gene expression and in signal transduction. (paullinaprairiemarket.com)

If both parents have one copy of the mutated gene, each child has a 25% chance of having the disease, even though neither parent has it. (cdc.gov)
Dominant" means that a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
By contrast, an autosomal dominant disorder requires only a single copy of the mutated gene from one parent to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)

a collection of DNA sequences that code for genes. (womenshealthsection.com)
A stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. (gene.vision)
In the nucleus, these complexes bind to specific DNA sequences and alter their expression. (bvsalud.org)

DNA mutations in a gene can change what protein is made. (cdc.gov)
Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
A condition caused by harmful mutations in two different genes. (gene.vision)
A group of inherited conditions caused by mutations in any one of more than 300 genes that eventually leads to gradual degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina and subsequent visual loss. (gene.vision)

The process , known as "gene expression," is the chemical pathway leading to the particular enzyme that each type of gene makes, resulting in physical characteristics. (visionlearning.com)
Then, the DEGs were analysed to identify biological pathways of dental pulp inflammation with Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). (researchsquare.com)

That information is organized in the form of genes. (frontiersin.org)

Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule. (lupusresearch.org)
The specific order, or sequence, of these bases determines the exact information carried in each gene (for example, instructions for making a specific protein). (cdc.gov)
A gene is a part of DNA that carries the information needed to make a protein. (cdc.gov)
Changes in gene expression can affect how much of a protein is made, as well as when the protein is made. (cdc.gov)
A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene. (genome.gov)
By controlling the level of transcription, this process can determine when and how much protein product is made by a gene. (medlineplus.gov)
The amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded by the nucleotide sequence of a corresponding gene. (corteva.com)
Gene expression is the process by which the inheritable information in a gene , such as the DNA sequence , is made into a functional gene product , such as protein or RNA . (wikidoc.org)
Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription step and the post-translational modification of a protein. (wikidoc.org)
Non-protein coding genes (e.g. rRNA genes, tRNA genes) are not translated into protein. (wikidoc.org)
Another commonly used method for assaying the amount of a particular protein in a cell is to fuse a copy of the protein to a reporter gene such as Green fluorescent protein , which can be directly imaged using a fluorescent microscope. (wikidoc.org)
Because it is very difficult to clone a GFP-fused protein into its native location in the genome, however, this method often cannot be used to measure endogenous regulatory mechanisms (GFP-fusions are therefore most often expressed on extra-genomic DNA such as an expression vector ). (wikidoc.org)
Fusing a target protein to a reporter can also change the protein's behavior, including its cellular localization and expression level. (wikidoc.org)
Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to post-translational modification of a protein. (wikidoc.org)
A change in one DNA nucleotide which may result in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein produced by a gene. (gene.vision)
Over expression is when a gene is too active and produces too much of the protein it encodes. (eupati.eu)
A protein that is rapidly synthesized in neurons when they become active and therefore is used as a marker of neuron activity and is involved in regulating gene expression. (anthropogeny.org)
A gene in humans that encodes for a transcription factor protein and is involved in the production of speech. (anthropogeny.org)
A gene that encodes a protein in the GATA family of transcription factors. (anthropogeny.org)
The protein expression of PBX2 and RAD52 assessed with immunohistochemistry were prognostic of breast cancer survival outcomes. (cdc.gov)
The mRNA and protein expression of the 26 genes was associated with sensitivity or resistance to 18 NCCN-recommended drugs for treating breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
Huntington disease is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the gene that encodes the protein huntingtin. (medscape.com)

For recessive diseases, both copies of a gene must have the DNA mutation for a person to have one of these diseases. (cdc.gov)
By contrast, an autosomal recessive disorder requires two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
Recessive" means that two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) are required to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
Only an individual with two genes for a defective enzyme will actually show the recessive trait, such as an inherited disease or condition, blue eyes, or a recessive peapod shape. (visionlearning.com)

Dominant diseases can be caused by only one copy of a gene with a DNA mutation. (cdc.gov)
As Mendel observed, 3/4ths of the offspring possess at least one copy of the dominant tall gene T , while 1/4th of the offspring possess two copies of the short gene t . (visionlearning.com)
Genes that are not expressed in the presence of a dominant gene, but can be passed down to offspring. (beekeepingworks.com)
Our results strongly confirm that ITPR1 is the causative gene for SCA15 and suggest that we need to investigate the point mutation in ITPR1 in the patients with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia and tremor. (neurology.org)
Dominant is used to indicate the stronger gene in a pair. (mbnf.ca)

The expression of many genes is regulated after transcription (i.e., by microRNAs or ubiquitin ligases ), so an increase in mRNA concentration need not always increase expression. (wikidoc.org)
A set of 26-gene mRNA expression profiles were used to identify invasive ductal carcinomas from histologically normal tissue and benign lesions and to select those with a higher potential for future cancer development (ADHC) in the breast associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). (cdc.gov)
The mRNA expression patterns of these 26 genes were validated using RT-PCR analyses of independent tissue samples (n = 77) and blood samples (n = 48). (cdc.gov)

The glossary features nearly 250 terms explained in an easy-to-understand way by leading scientists and professionals at the National Human Genome Research Institute. (genome.gov)
Recent advances in microarray technology allow for the quantification, on a single array, of transcript levels for every known gene in the human genome. (wikidoc.org)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
When talking about genetically engineered crops, an "event" is a particular insertion of a gene into a specific location in a genome. (biofortified.org)
Multigenic diseases challenge our understanding of the mechanism behind the genome echoing in our misunderstanding of the concept of gene. (bvsalud.org)

With roughly 30,000 genes in mammalian genomes, fection with a vector encoding MyoD (Tapscott et al. (lu.se)

In addition to low-throughput methods, transcript levels for many genes at once can be measured with DNA microarray technology or "tag based" technologies like Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) or the more advanced version SuperSAGE, which can provide a relative measure of the cellular concentration of different messenger RNAs . (wikidoc.org)
In the present set of experiments, using gene-expression microarray technology that allowed us to quantify the expression of ~25,000 genes simultaneously, we assessed the gene expression profiles of the best and worst learners from a sample of 60 mice (in two replications). (rutgers.edu)

Internal State and Gene Expression (Transcription and its Control). (nhbs.com)
Gene expression analysis was performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. (neurology.org)

The cell reads the sequence of the gene in groups of three bases. (lupusresearch.org)
Offer gene synthesis of 100% sequence guarantee, free codon optimization, DNA synthesis in as fast as 4 days. (genscript.com)

If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous for the gene. (cdc.gov)
Here, we report a patient with locally advanced dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the retroperitoneum harboring a heterozygous germline inactivation mutation in the WRN gene, who was treated with a classic regimen of ifosfamide and doxorubicin and developed exacerbated and prolonged hematological and renal toxicities. (bvsalud.org)

By integrating different datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we analysed a merged expression matrix of pulpitis, aiming to identify biological pathways and diagnostic biomarkers of pulpitis. (researchsquare.com)
Although we are all biological organisms, we also exist in an environment that is incredibly important in determining not only when and how our genes express themselves, but also in what combination. (coursehero.com)
So while it is true that genes provide the biological blueprints for our cells, tissues, organs, and body, they also have significant impact on our experiences and our behaviors. (coursehero.com)

In another approach to gene-environment interactions, the field of epigenetics looks beyond the genotype itself and studies how the same genotype can be expressed in different ways. (coursehero.com)

A phenomenon where the two alleles of a given gene are expressed at different levels, either due to epigenetic inactivation of one of the two alleles, or because of genetic variation in the regulatory regions. (gene.vision)
Many cancers arise through the over expression of key regulatory genes. (eupati.eu)

The related concept of Longevity Determination , however, is the result of a species-specific genomic expression during early development that positions the somatic tissues of an organism to survive long after its reproductive period has been completed. (agemed.org)
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism. (corteva.com)

I address these questions in two steps: firstly, I discuss epistemological implications of the development of Genomics, understood as a data-intensive science, by delving into the theoretical commitments of the concept of gene and the notion of circular causality. (bvsalud.org)

Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)

Genes affect more than our physical characteristics. (coursehero.com)

A total of 470 DEGs comprising 394 upregulated and 76 downregulated genes were found in pulpitis tissue. (researchsquare.com)
Expression of a (trans)gene in a tissue where, or developmental stage when, such expression is not expected. (nationalacademies.org)
The expression-defined model achieved an overall accuracy of 94.05% (AUC = 0.96) in classifying invasive ductal carcinomas from histologically normal tissue and benign lesions (n = 185). (cdc.gov)

Responding to the Environment (Signal Processing and its Relationship to Cell Structure, Metabolism and Gene Expression). (nhbs.com)

The methylation of the DNA in this way switches genes off. (frontiersin.org)
Methylation of a gene switches it off. (frontiersin.org)

An allele is the version of the gene that is present. (cdc.gov)

Sustaining and Changing the Internal State (The Interrelationship between Gene Expression and the Cell?s Current Composition and Functional State). (nhbs.com)

Another perspective on the interaction between genes and the environment is the concept of genetic environmental correlation . (coursehero.com)
This relationship was further verified through a quantitative PCR analysis where we demonstrated a significant correlation between the expression of these prefrontal dopamine genes and the general learning abilities of 48 mice. (rutgers.edu)

Not only do our genes and environment interact, as in range of reaction, but they also influence one another bidirectionally. (coursehero.com)

In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

Each cell expresses, or turns on, only a fraction of its genes at any given time. (medlineplus.gov)
Genes are turned on and off in different patterns during development to make a brain cell look and act different from a liver cell or a muscle cell, for example. (medlineplus.gov)
Targeted Gene Expression technology focuses on a selected panel of relevant targeted genes which are directly enriched from a Chromium single-cell RNA-seq library prior to sequencing. (10xgenomics.com)
Targeted Gene Expression is fully compatible with both the Chromium single-cell 3' gene expression and 5' gene expression solutions (including Feature Barcode Technology), and relies on the same underlying Cell Ranger analysis software. (10xgenomics.com)
The cell- ations in these signals (see Table 1 for a glossary of terms). (lu.se)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
process usually involving changes in gene expression by which a precursor cell becomes a distinct specialized cell type. (wormclassroom.org)
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene define a subset of non-small cell lung cancers highly sensitive to small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)

The way that genes translate into physical traits has to do with the particular enzyme that each type of gene makes, a discovery that was made by two scientists by way of the mutant bread mold they created, winning them the Nobel Prize in 1958. (visionlearning.com)

There is currently no gene expression assay that can assess if premalignant lesions will develop into invasive breast cancer. (cdc.gov)

The resulting BAM files are used to generate a count table for use in differential expression analyses. (github.io)
The most consistent pattern of differential expression was found in the prefrontal cortex, here a set of genes associated with the efficacy of dopamine functioning (i.e. (rutgers.edu)

Genes are also associated with temperament and a number of psychological disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia. (coursehero.com)

states'' or gene expression patterns. (lu.se)
Based on the consistent expression patterns associated with patient survival outcomes and in tumors vs. normal lung tissues, 10 miRNAs were considered to be putatively tumor suppressive and 4 miRNAs were deemed as oncogenic in lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

Each person has two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. (cdc.gov)
If the alleles of a gene are the same, the person is homozygous for the gene. (cdc.gov)
It can also refer to the alleles that a person has for a specific gene. (cdc.gov)

To identify the deletion, we conducted gene dosage analysis and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis. (neurology.org)

The information stored in genes must be used to make products, such as enzymes, that cells need to perform different functions. (visionlearning.com)
Can genes be turned on and off in cells? (medlineplus.gov)
However, cells do not express all genes at all times, so our cells need a control system to tell them which genes to express (switch on) and which to switch off. (frontiersin.org)
Since the mammalian cells do not uptake the foreign DNA efficiently, the availability of effective methods for introducing genes into the cells is essential. (benthamscience.com)

From the list of genes that were targeted by the 73 diagnostic miRNAs, DGKE and WDR47 had significant associations with responses to both systemic therapies and radiotherapy in lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. (cdc.gov)

The process by which one gene of a pair causes the expression of a trait or disorder. (mbnf.ca)

The relative amount by which the average fitness of a POPULATION is lowered, due to the presence of GENES that decrease survival, compared to the GENOTYPE with maximum or optimal fitness. (bvsalud.org)

A copy number variation (CNV) is when the number of copies of a gene or other section of DNA is different between people. (cdc.gov)

Since organisms have two genes for everything, even If one gene of a pair produces a defective enzyme or no enzyme at all, the other gene in the pair will make enough enzyme to do its job. (visionlearning.com)

This glossary of artificial intelligence is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to the study of artificial intelligence, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. (wikipedia.org)

This gene signature classified cancer development in ADH tissues with an overall accuracy of 100% (n = 8). (cdc.gov)
Based on this gene expression signature, the VEGFR inhibitor ZM-306416 was discovered as a new drug for treating breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVES: Gene fusions are becoming more evident in cancer scenario for either being the driver alterations, or for the great therapeutic target potential in many cases. (bvsalud.org)

The pattern of detection of a gene or gene product may be described using terms such as facultative , constitutive , circadian , cyclic , housekeeping , or inducible [1] . (wikidoc.org)

DNA has the same structure in every gene and in almost all living things. (cdc.gov)

Normally a variety of molecular mechanisms ensures that genes are expressed at the appropriate levels at the right times. (eupati.eu)
Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). (bvsalud.org)

One cannot deny that the development of biotechnologies allows the identification of monogenic diseases, i.e., diseases which are highly probable to be caused by the expression of a single gene (for example, cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease). (bvsalud.org)

The genes that a person inherits from his or her parents can determine many things. (cdc.gov)
Range of reaction asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall. (coursehero.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs24

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science7

Health Care5

Proteins11

Chromosomes4

Differentially expressed genes3

Chromosome9

Regulation13

Copy of the mutated gene3

Sequences3

Mutations4

Pathway2

Form of genes1

Protein22

Recessive4

Dominant5

MRNA3

Genome5

Genomes1

Microarray technology2

Transcription2

Sequence2

Heterozygous2

Biological3

Epigenetics1

Regulatory2

Organism2

Genomics1

Characterization1

Characteristics1

Tissue3

Metabolism1

Methylation2

Allele1

Functional1

Correlation2

Interact1

Somatic1

Cell8

Scientists1

Assay1

Differential expression2

Psychological1

Patterns2

Alleles3

Genomic1

Cells4

Lung1

Abbreviations1

Process1

Decrease1

Copies1

Produces1

Definitions1

Cancer3

Terms1

Structure1

Molecular2

Huntington's1

Determine2