GenesWhole genomeSpeciesEukaryoticChromosomalTransposable elementsSequenceCladeHybridsSequencesEnable analysHybridizationGenomicEvolutionaryGenusEvolution2023Haploid genomeDuplicationSeveral taxaCentromereNuclearPhylogeneticHuman chromosomeExperimentally inducedKaryotypeGeneRepetitiveAssembliesAnaphaseMonoploidMetaphaseMeiosisOrganismDivergenceDiploidAssemblyVariantsDifferencesDiversityGenetic materialBiologyHumansCentromeresSister chromatidsResearchersAnalyses2000TelomereAllopolyploidAutosomesSizeSpecimensIsolateHeredityGenerate1902BehaviourRecombinationAccessionsPairsDefenseMolecularBoveriGermplasm
Genes23
- Sex chromosomes and some sex-specific genes have been reported in plants, but the genome sequences have not been compared. (plantsuccess.org)
- Relative to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome had two large insertions each of more than 5 Mb containing more than 400 genes. (plantsuccess.org)
- Many of the genes in the chromosome-specific regions were novel. (plantsuccess.org)
- This suggest that dioecious plants provide a novel source of genes for manipulation of reproductive performance and environmental adaptation in crops. (plantsuccess.org)
- The A. rubrum genome was predicted to have 64644 genes , of which 97.34% were functionally annotated. (bvsalud.org)
- Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes. (usda.gov)
- We find that the potato genome substantially expanded its repertoire of disease-resistance genes when compared with closely related seed-propagated solanaceous crops, indicative of the effect of tuber-based propagation strategies on the evolution of the potato genome. (nature.com)
- The heritable instructions for constructing an organism, or genes, are encoded in DNA and the whole set of instructions is called the genome. (carnivorousplants.org)
- We have a genome of instructions or genes that are like the instruction manual to build an organism and the epigenome which determines which instructions are used and when. (carnivorousplants.org)
- Conclusions: Access to the C. americana genome provides a roadmap for rapid discovery of genes encoding plant-derived agrichemicals and a key resource to understand the evolution of chemical diversity in Lamiaceae. (datadryad.org)
- These genes are joined together in combinations that have never existed in nature, and are then introduced into host species using invasive gene-carriers made of bits of the most infectious viruses and other genetic parasites that have the ability to jump into the genome of the host. (i-sis.org.uk)
- Unfortunately, the genetic engineer has no control whatever as to where in the genome the foreign genes end up. (i-sis.org.uk)
- This random insertion of foreign genes is accompanied by a whole range of collateral damages and unpredictable effects, including cancer in animals and toxins and allergens in plants. (i-sis.org.uk)
- If you can identify the genes that control resistance, and if you know where they are in the genome, you can try to change their regulation. (buffalo.edu)
- The assembly, derived from a combination of short- and long-read sequencing in conjunction with optical mapping, revealed a compact genome of ∼58 Mbp distributed over 19 chromosomes containing 15,274 predicted protein-coding genes. (researcher-app.com)
- Two genes encoding beta-ketolase ( BKT ), the key enzyme synthesizing astaxanthin, were found in the genome, and both were up-regulated by high light. (researcher-app.com)
- The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis ( GASA ) family genes play critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
- Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
- Chromosome 1 likely contains 2,000 to 2,100 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Researchers have identified several possible tumor suppressor genes in the deleted region of chromosome 1, and more research is needed to understand what role these genes play in neuroblastoma development. (medlineplus.gov)
- The chromosomal localization of genes was improved, and Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) notation was used throughout for translocations, insertions, and other gene alterations. (who.int)
- 2423}. Whole-genome sequencing has ing has shown that more than half of all shown that more than half of all cases cases of MDS-MLD carry mutations in of MDS-MLD carry mutations in genes genes that are also mutated in MDS with that are also mutated in MDS with excess excess blasts and acute myeloid leukae- blasts and acute myeloid leukaemia. (who.int)
Whole genome7
- Whole genome duplication analyses revealed three putative events, which together with local tandem duplication events, contributed to gene family expa, American beautyberransion of terpene synthases. (datadryad.org)
- Whole-genome duplication in plants: what is the pathway to success? (tepapa.govt.nz)
- However, debate persists about whether whole genome duplication (polyploidy) is an evolutionary dead-end or a key process fostering diversification and expanded ecological tolerance in lineages. (tepapa.govt.nz)
- Salmonella isolates underwent whole genome sequencing at U.S. public health laboratories and federal agencies, and the resulting sequence data were uploaded to the PulseNet Salmonella National Database and analyzed by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Clade distribution of Candida auris in South Africa using whole genome sequencing of clinical and environmental isolates. (cdc.gov)
- Whole-genome sequencing and genomic surveillance have the potential to bolster C. auris surveillance networks moving forward. (cdc.gov)
- The genomes in this dataset are from well-vetted studies that are supported by multiple lines of evidence, which demonstrate that the whole-genome sequencing data, phylogenetic tree, and epidemiological data are all in agreement. (cdc.gov)
Species38
- However, when complex hybridization scenarios might explain a species' history, or when events are recent enough that coalescent methods cannot be used, haplotype-level information such as is provided by contiguous, chromosome-level assemblies can greatly improve our understanding of these events. (biorxiv.org)
- Holocentric chromosomes have evolved several times during both animal and plant evolution, and are currently reported in about eight hundred diverse species, including plants, insects, arachnids, and nematodes. (wikipedia.org)
- Before molecular methods became available, the presence of holocentric chromosomes was evaluated mostly using cytology and, considering that many species are difficult to study cytologially, it can be surmised that the true presence of holocentrism may be underestimated. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of holocentric chromosomes has been up till now assessed in about 800 species, including insects, plants, arachnids, and nematodes, suggesting that, in general, holocentric chromosomes probably originated by convergent evolution from ancestors possessing monocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- For most of the species, data about holocentrism are related to the analysis of the behaviour of chromosomes during anaphase migration since holocentric sister chromatids migrate in parallel to the spindle poles, in contrast to monocentric ones in which pulling forces are exerted on a single chromosomal point and chromosome arms trail behind. (wikipedia.org)
- Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites, but around 6% of species are dioecious, having separate male and female plants. (plantsuccess.org)
- Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
- In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
- PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Caricaceae include six genera and 34 species, among them papaya, a model species in plant sex chromosome research. (uni-muenchen.de)
- We examined the karyotypes and genome size of species from all genera to test for possible cytogenetic variation. (uni-muenchen.de)
- New and published data were combined with a phylogeny, molecular clock dating, and C values (available for similar to 50% of the species) to reconstruct genome evolution. (uni-muenchen.de)
- A Mexican clade of five species that includes papaya, however, has 2n = 18 (papaya), 2n = 16 (Horovitzia cnidoscoloides), and 2 n = 14 (Jarilla caudata and J. heterophylla;third Jarilla not counted), with the phylogeny indicating that the dysploidy events occurred similar to 16.6 and similar to 5.5 million years ago and that Jarilla underwent genome size doubling (similar to 450 to 830-920 Mbp/haploid genome). (uni-muenchen.de)
- Here we report genome sequences and analyses of 44 diploid potatoes, as well as 2 species in the Etuberosum section. (nature.com)
- Flow cytometry was used to estimate the genome size of Saccharum species, one of the most complex crop plants. (usda.gov)
- Saccharum species are autopolyploid with ploidy level ranging from 5x to 16x, and is considered one of the most complex genomes among crop plants. (usda.gov)
- In this study the flow cytometry technique was used to uncover the genome size and GC contents of 46 Nicotiana species and we compared the genomic changes associated with the hybridization events along evolutionary time scale. (scielo.br)
- The tetraploid species in genus Nicotiana including section Polydiclae , Repandae , Nicotiana , Rustica and Sauveolentes revealed both up and downsizing in their genome sizes when compared to the sum of genomes of their ancestral species. (scielo.br)
- The genome sizes of three homoploid hybrids were found near their ancestral species. (scielo.br)
- These processes have regularly contributed in diversification of plant species. (scielo.br)
- Hybridization and genome size evolution: timing and magnitude of nuclear DNA content increases in Helianthus homoploid hybrid species. (scielo.br)
- The ups and downs of genome size evolution in polyploid species of Nicotiana (Solanaceae). (scielo.br)
- Chromosome number could be but is not considered a defining attribute of a taxonomic species. (carnivorousplants.org)
- Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)
- In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
- Drosera can have anywhere from 8 to 80 chromosomes depending on the species. (carnivorousplants.org)
- There are two factors related to chromosomes and species that work separately and together to make life interesting. (carnivorousplants.org)
- The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
- Findings: We report the chromosome-scale genome assembly of Callicarpa americana L. (American beautyberry), a species within the early diverging Callicarpoideae clade of the Lamiaceae, known for its metallic purple fruits and use as an insect repellent due to its production of terpenoids. (datadryad.org)
- Highly virulent in a wide range of host plant species. (kegg.jp)
- To test this, we aligned 97 protein sequences consisting of homologs of UMAMIT clade I from 27 plant species and created sequence logos containing the 51 residues identified in the structural analysis ( Supplementary Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- We needed to sequence the avocado genome to make the species accessible to modern genomic-assisted breeding efforts," says Luis Herrera-Estrella, President's Distinguished Professor of Plant Genomics at Texas Tech University, who conceived of the study and completed much of the work at LANGEBIO, where he is emeritus professor, prior to joining Texas Tech University. (buffalo.edu)
- The avocado belongs to a relatively small group of plants called magnoliids, which diverged from other flowering plant species about 150 million years ago. (buffalo.edu)
- Many ferns and flowering plants have accumulated multiple sets of chromosomes from past hybridisation between species, or from genome duplication within species. (tepapa.govt.nz)
- Paris japonica ( キヌガサソウ , Kinugasasō , canopy plant ) is a Japanese species of plants in the genus Paris in the family Melanthiaceae . (wikipedia.org)
- An octoploid and suspected allopolyploid hybrid of four species, it has 40 chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- The GASA/GAST gene family is found in a variety of plant species and includes a signal peptide at the N-terminus and a conserved domain with 12 cysteine residues known as the GASA domain (PF02704) at the C-terminus, [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, our study systems often include multiple plant- and insect species that form small interaction networks. (lu.se)
- Several nuclear genome assemblies of C. auris have been published representing different clades and continents, yet until recently, the mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA chromosomes) of this species and the closely related species of C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii, and C. pseudohaemulonii had not been analyzed in depth. (cdc.gov)
Eukaryotic4
- The ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes are hidden in nucleoprotein structures called telomeres, and loss of the telomere structure causes inappropriate repair, leading to severe karyotypic and genomic instability. (nih.gov)
- Eukaryotic sex chromosomes are believed to have evolved from ancestral autosomes. (usda.gov)
- This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
- The largest eukaryotic genome of them all? (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal11
- and ii) possess multiple kinetochores dispersed along the entire chromosomal axis, such that microtubules bind to the chromosome along its entire length and move broadside to the pole from the metaphase plate. (wikipedia.org)
- As a consequence of their diffuse kinetochores, holocentric chromosomes may stabilize chromosomal fragments created by accidental double-strand breaks, preventing loss of the fragments and favouring karyotype rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
- Indeed, in phytophagous insects (such as aphids and lepidopterans), holocentrism could be an evolved defense against the production by plants of compounds able to induce chromosomal breakages (clastogens), whereas in other cases, holocentrism may constitute a defense against DNA damage resulting from desiccation and/or other chromosome-breaking factors. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite these differences, holocentric chromosomes present intrinsic benefits since chromosomal mutations, such as fissions and fusions, are potentially neutral in holocentric chromosomes with respect to monocentric ones. (wikipedia.org)
- Centromere loss and relocation in chromosome regions with otherwise conserved collinearity can be explained by conventional mechanisms of chromosome rearrangements or, as newly available phylogenomic and cytogenomic data suggest, by centromere inactivation through epigenetic chromatin modifications and/or intra-and inter-chromosomal recombination. (muni.cz)
- CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of outgroup comparison, 2n = 18 is the ancestral number, and repeated chromosomal fusions with simultaneous genome size increase as a result of repetitive elements accumulating near centromeres characterize the papaya clade. (uni-muenchen.de)
- The chromosomal region that is permanently heterozygous without recombination would accumulate deleterious recessive mutations and fix deleterious Y-linked mutations as favorable mutations are selected on the Y chromosome. (usda.gov)
- Evolutionary consequences associated with hybridization events have been studied at various levels such as chromosomal rearrangements, repetitive DNA sequence evolution, genome size change, and diploidization ( Hegarty and Hiscock, 2008 HEGARTY, M.J. and HISCOCK, S.J., 2008. (scielo.br)
- If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
- The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 1. (medlineplus.gov)
- 1q21.1 microdeletion is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of the long (q) arm of chromosome 1 is deleted in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Transposable elements2
- We find that 57% of the genome comprises transposable elements (TEs), some of which may be actively transposing during the life cycle. (doe.gov)
- The second factor has only been known since the middle of the 20 th century but it was not until the 1980's that the full impact of transposable elements in the genome have been appreciated. (carnivorousplants.org)
Sequence4
- We now report the genome sequence of male and female jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ) plants, revealing a very large difference in the sex chromosomes. (plantsuccess.org)
- This technique is valuable in aiding the selection of which clones with the smaller genome to sequence. (usda.gov)
- The genome has uniform gene density over chromosomes, low repetitive sequence content (∼6%), and a high fraction of protein-coding sequence (∼39%) with relatively long coding exons and few coding introns. (researcher-app.com)
- repetitive sequence elements in the members had been in contact with bacterial genome have shown con- patients for several hours. (who.int)
Clade4
- Although some reference genomes are available for this clade, few are at the chromosome level, inhibiting high-resolution genomic studies. (biorxiv.org)
- Here we assemble 44 high-quality diploid potato genomes from 24 wild and 20 cultivated accessions that are representative of Solanum section Petota , the tuber-bearing clade, as well as 2 genomes from the neighbouring section, Etuberosum . (nature.com)
- We used reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing to obtain a de novo reference assembly of the mitochondrial genome of the C. auris clade I isolate B8441 from Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
- The mitochondrial genome revealed a generally low genetic variation within clades, although the South Asian clade displayed two sub-branches including strains from both Pakistan and India. (cdc.gov)
Hybrids7
- Our findings provide insights into the alteration of potato genomes during the evolution of tuberization, and will enable genome design for new diploid hybrids. (nature.com)
- In this study, the genome sizes of 28 S. spontaneum accessions, 15 S. officinarum accessions, 28 S. robustum accessions, and 12 Saccharum Hybrids were analyzed using flow cytometry. (usda.gov)
- Hybrids bring together genomes and epigenomes that have evolved in different directions and recombines them. (carnivorousplants.org)
- Chromosomes and hybrids. (carnivorousplants.org)
- The fate of plant hybrids in nature depends very much on the compatibility of the chromosomes of the parents, which parent is the seed parent, and the exact circumstances of the event. (carnivorousplants.org)
- As long as the plants can physically interbreed and do they will form hybrids. (carnivorousplants.org)
- The more different the chromosomes of the hybrids are the more likely hybridization will result in a speciation event. (carnivorousplants.org)
Sequences6
- We report a papaya primitive Y chromosome with a small male-specific region, the MSY, that is about 10% of the chromosome showing severe suppression of recombination and degeneration of DNA sequences. (usda.gov)
- Introns sequences account for about 30% of the genome. (blogspot.com)
- By scanning the available genome sequences, Demuth et al. (blogspot.com)
- for transcriptome analysis has emerged as a powerful tool to identify novel transcript/gene sequences in non-model plants like okra. (intechopen.com)
- The clades of the phylogenetic tree we obtained from the aligned mtDNA sequences were consistent with those derived from the nuclear genome. (cdc.gov)
- has been identified as the 2nd most consensus (ERIC) sequences which · 60 environmental samples were tak- frequent organism causing ventilator- are common to Gram-negative enteric en throughout the ICU, including associated pneumonia, the 4th most bacteria [11,12]. (who.int)
Enable analys1
- In order to enable analyses of genome structure and evolution we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly using genetic linkage as well as (end) sequencing of long DNA fragments. (doe.gov)
Hybridization1
Genomic7
- PCR-based markers and cytogenetic analysis with genomic in situ hybridisation were applied to identify alien chromatin in four genetically diverse populations of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) lines incorporating chromosome segments from Thinopyrum intermedium and Secale cereale (rye). (nature.com)
- Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. (osti.gov)
- Different variants of FISH can be used to retrieve information on genomes from (almost) base pair to whole genomic level, as besides only second and third generation sequencing approaches can do. (frontiersin.org)
- Although genomic changes associated with these events has been studied at various levels but the genome size and GC content variation is less understood because of absence of sufficient genomic data. (scielo.br)
- Genomic clues to the evolutionary success of polyploid plants. (scielo.br)
- The goal of this project is to try and understand the genomic changes underlying these transitions by studying a fascinating group of plants within the genus Wikstroemia (after the Swedish botanist Johan Emanuel Wikström) which have been evolving in the Hawaiian islands. (lu.se)
- Therefore, we established an empirical outbreak benchmark dataset consisting of 23 C. auris genomes to help validate comparisons of genomic analyses and facilitate communication among surveillance networks. (cdc.gov)
Evolutionary8
- We hope these genomes will aid in further evolutionary and conservation research of this iconic group of mammals. (biorxiv.org)
- Functional centromeres, ensuring regular chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis, are a prerequisite for the evolutionary success of pre-existing and new chromosome variants. (muni.cz)
- The rapid progress in plant comparative genomics and cytogenetics brings new insights into the evolutionary fate of centromeres and mechanisms of chromosome number reduction (descending dysploidy). (muni.cz)
- Over time, these evolutionary processes would cause the Y chromosome to degenerate and diverge from its homolog over most or all of its length. (usda.gov)
- Furthermore, the effects of the evolution of a clonal reproduction strategy on potato genomes and the evolutionary mechanisms of tuberization are largely unexplored. (nature.com)
- It is a single plant" that has been able to grow uninterrupted, senior researcher Elizabeth Sinclair, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, told Live Science. (livescience.com)
- Our analyses will answer key evolutionary questions on the role of polyploidy in the diversification of vascular plants within New Zealand, and allow comparisons to other island systems. (tepapa.govt.nz)
- Eco-evolutionary models of spatiotemporal dynamics of plant-pollinator communities. (lu.se)
Genus3
- Here, we assemble genomes from three members of the genus, the tiger ( Panthera tigris ), the snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ), and the African leopard ( Panthera pardus pardus ), at chromosome or near-chromosome level. (biorxiv.org)
- It is concluded that genome size change appeared in either direction whereas the GC contents were found more homogenous in genus Nicotiana . (scielo.br)
- Drosera paleacea , a pygmy Drosera with the lowest number of chromosomes in the genus. (carnivorousplants.org)
Evolution6
- proposed that holocentrism can be easily acquired during plant and animal evolution by a slight difference in the kinetochore origin. (wikipedia.org)
- Tracing the Evolution of Shiitake Mushrooms Understanding Lentinula genomes and their evolution could provide strategies for converting plant waste into sugars for biofuel production. (doe.gov)
- Genome evolution analysis indicated that A. rubrum diverged from A. yangbiense â ¼6.34 million years ago. (bvsalud.org)
- So far, relatively few studies have examined the genome evolution and diversity of wild and cultivated landrace potatoes, which limits the application of their diversity in potato breeding. (nature.com)
- However, the minor portion of biodiversity in the Petota section that is captured by these genomes is insufficient to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the potato genome and tuber evolution. (nature.com)
- In these networks, we study plant and insect trait evolution, and the role of trait diversification for gene flow and local adaptation. (lu.se)
Haploid genome1
- With 150 billion base pairs of DNA in the haploid genome (50 times larger than that of a human haploid genome) [2] [3] . (wikipedia.org)
Duplication2
- Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
- In plants, the most dramatic form of mutation is polyploidization, the duplication of the chromosome set. (lu.se)
Several taxa2
- In addition, there are several taxa whose chromosomes are still uncharacterized, though their phylogenetic position suggests that they should have holocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Those of higher plants evolved recently and independently in several taxa. (usda.gov)
Centromere2
- Holocentric chromosomes are chromosomes that possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear6
- The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
- Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
- To advance understanding of its biology and facilitate commercial development, we present a C. zofingiensis chromosome-level nuclear genome, organelle genomes, and transcriptome from diverse growth conditions. (researcher-app.com)
- The life cycle of animals and plants involves changes in chromosome number (nuclear phase) and sometimes even the karyotype, and consequently the DNA content of a nuclear genome is not static in time. (cas.cz)
- The previously proposed distinction between 'holoploid' (C) and 'monoploid' (Cx) genome size covers the most frequent states of plant and animal nuclear genomes. (cas.cz)
- In this revision, haplophase individuals (i.e., 'haploid' animals and 'haploid' spontaneous or experimentally induced land plant sporophytes) have chromosome number n (not 2n, as is the current tradition) and thus nuclear DNA contents based on 1C. (cas.cz)
Phylogenetic1
- Using genome-wide analysis, 20 GASA s were identified in lettuce including, three groups of LsGASA proteins based on the phylogenetic analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Human chromosome1
- Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome, spanning about 249 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and representing approximately 8 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Experimentally induced1
- A detailed molecular analysis of the structure of holocentric chromosomes is currently available only for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas the presence of true holokinetic nature has also been confirmed in other taxa by the evidence that experimentally induced chromosome fragments continue to attach to the spindle and segregate correctly. (wikipedia.org)
Karyotype1
- The family was held to have a conserved karyotype with 2n = 18 chromosomes, an assumption based on few counts. (uni-muenchen.de)
Gene3
- Among the natural sources, the gene pool of rye Secale cereale (2n=14, genomes RR) and the perennial wheat grasses, Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey syn. (nature.com)
- He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
- Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Repetitive1
- Like mammalian genomes, the sea urchin genome contains a lot of junk DNA, especially repetitive DNA. (blogspot.com)
Assemblies1
- These results have implications for ongoing genome assemblies in Caricaceae. (uni-muenchen.de)
Anaphase1
- [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
Monoploid2
- The average monoploid genome size of S. officinarum is 985 Mb, and that of S. spontaneum is 843 Mb. (usda.gov)
- A revision of the current usage of the holoploid chromosome number n was necessary to maintain the intimate link between n and C-value and between the monoploid chromosome number x and Cx-value. (cas.cz)
Metaphase2
- Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
Meiosis1
- However, holocentric chromosomes may also present limitations to crossing over, causing a restriction of the number of chiasma in bivalents, and may cause a restructuring of meiotic divisions resulting in an "inverted" meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
Organism3
- Over generations, the genome and epigenome coevolve and change as an organism adapts to its environment. (carnivorousplants.org)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Paris japonica may possess the largest known genome of any living organism. (wikipedia.org)
Divergence2
- The wide divergence of the sex chromosomes suggests a long period of adaptation to diverging sex-specific roles. (plantsuccess.org)
- 2009): Haplotype divergence in Beta vulgaris and microsynteny with sequenced plant genomes. (boku.ac.at)
Diploid1
- Reinventing potato from a clonally propagated tetraploid to a true seed-propagated diploid has the potential to considerably accelerate genetic improvement, and would enable the genome design of a crop that has been highly recalcitrant to the use of molecular breeding and genomics approaches 3 , 6 , 7 . (nature.com)
Assembly1
- The male genome assembly was 832 Mb and the female 822 Mb. (plantsuccess.org)
Variants2
Differences1
- This was explained by the large size differences in the Y chromosome (37.6 Mb) compared with the X chromosome (26.9 Mb). (plantsuccess.org)
Diversity1
- Background: Plants exhibit wide chemical diversity due to production of specialized metabolites which function as pollinator attractants, defensive compounds, and signaling molecules. (datadryad.org)
Genetic material3
- The genome is just the totality of all the genetic material organised into structures called chromosomes. (i-sis.org.uk)
- 1p36 deletion syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material from a specific region in the short (p) arm of chromosome 1. (medlineplus.gov)
- A 1q21.1 microduplication is a copied (duplicated) segment of genetic material at position q21.1 on one of the two copies of chromosome 1 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Biology3
- Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. (osti.gov)
- Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
- It combines approachable narrative with extensively tested lab exercises that illustrate key concepts of genome biology in humans, invertebrates, and plants. (cshlpress.com)
Humans2
- In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
- Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Centromeres1
- Holocentric chromosomes were described for the first time by Franz Schrader in 1935, who identified chromosomes with a diffuse kinetochore (or with a diffuse kinetochore activity), making these chromosomes able to bind to microtubules along their entire length rather than at a single primary constriction, as is typical of chromosomes with centromeres. (wikipedia.org)
Sister chromatids1
- Holocentric chromosomes are also termed holokinetic, because, during cell division, the sister chromatids move apart in parallel and do not form the classical V-shaped figures typical of monocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers4
- Genome Insider: Methane Makers in Yosemite's Lakes Meet researchers who sampled the microbial communities living in the mountaintop lakes of the Sierra Nevada mountains to see how climate change affects freshwater ecosystems, and how those ecosystems work. (doe.gov)
- But with two projects, communities are forming to generate high quality genomes to benefit researchers. (doe.gov)
- The researchers found that the P. australis clone was expanding through a process known as "horizontal rhizome extension," in which a plant creates a genetically identical offshoot via an underground stem, or rhizome, which then develops its own roots and stem. (livescience.com)
- The researchers suspect that another part of the P. australis success story can be attributed to an unusual genetic superpower among plants that enables them to make an additional copy of their genome, which doubles the amount of DNA they can utilize to adapt to extreme changes in environmental conditions. (livescience.com)
Analyses1
- These analyses are fundamental in the design of control specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of campaigns because their results will help determine the their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. (cdc.gov)
20001
Telomere1
- These results uncover a new role for the CST complex in repressing the ATR-dependent DDR pathway in plant cells and show that plant cells use two different DNA damage surveillance pathways to signal telomere dysfunction. (nih.gov)
Allopolyploid1
- Moreover, okra genome is allopolyploid in nature and possess a large number of chromosomes (2n = 56-196) which makes it more complicated. (intechopen.com)
Autosomes2
- This finding provides direct evidence for the origin of sex chromosomes from autosomes. (usda.gov)
- pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY in Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, males, XX in females) (8). (cdc.gov)
Size8
- The genome size of A. rubrum was 1.69 Gb with an N50 of 549.44 Kb, and a total of 39 pseudochromosomes were generated with a 99.61% genome . (bvsalud.org)
- The genome size of S. robustum and S. spontaneum was variable due to ploidy level. (usda.gov)
- The genome size was correlated to chromosome number. (usda.gov)
- The estimated genome sizes of S. officinarum accessions ranged from 7.50 to 8.55 Gb with an average size of 7.88 Gb. (usda.gov)
- We are integrating novel and published data on chromosome number, genome size, phylogenetics, environmental factors, and common garden experiments for several study genera. (tepapa.govt.nz)
- The sea urchin genome is 814,000 kb or about 1/4 the size of a typical mammalian genome. (blogspot.com)
- One of the things that Gregory works on is the correlation between cell size and genome size. (blogspot.com)
- It turns out that the size of the nucleus is related to the size of the cell, such that large genomes give rise to large nuclei and large cells. (blogspot.com)
Specimens1
- When viewed from the surface - in this case, the sandy seafloor - the seagrass clumps look like separate specimens, but on a genetic level they are the same plant. (livescience.com)
Isolate1
- Isolate genomes were screened for resistance determinants and assigned predicted resistance patterns using ResFinder † drug keys as part of surveillance through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. (cdc.gov)
Heredity2
- It was not until the early 20 th century that it was demonstrated that chromosomes contain the material of hereditary and it took until the middle 20 th century to determine that DNA in chromosomes was the principle coding molecule of heredity. (carnivorousplants.org)
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Generate2
- In particular, they hypothesized that if the direction of kinetochore origin turns by 90° and occurs along the chromosome axes up to the telomeric regions, it is possible to "generate" holocentric chromosomes without any further step. (wikipedia.org)
- We also find that benign abiotic conditions, low degree of competition, and high interactive range between the plants and antagonistic herbivores or mutualistic pollinators can generate a higher level of diversification in both herbivores and pollinators. (lu.se)
19021
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
Behaviour1
- Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Recombination1
- Most alien wheat lines carry whole chromosome arms, and it is notable that these lines showed intra-arm recombination within the 1BS arm. (nature.com)
Accessions1
Pairs3
- Paris japonica has the largest genome of any plant yet assayed, about 150 billion base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
- Two copies of chromosome 1, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
- 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Defense1
- Glucosinolates are key defense compounds of plants in Brassicales order, and their accumulation in seeds is essential for the protection of the next generation. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular1
- This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. (osti.gov)
Boveri1
- Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
Germplasm2
- The results will facilitate directed chromosome engineering producing agronomically desirable WSMV-resistant germplasm. (nature.com)
- The estimates of genome sizes of Saccharum germplasm clarified some mislabeled clones and yielded information critical for sugarcane breeding and genome sequencing programs. (usda.gov)