Genetic human virus avian influenza influenza human. Medical search. Frequent questions

The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
This is the second human case of A(H5N1) ever reported in South America, which includes a January 2023 case reported by Ecuador ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. (who.int)
Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. (who.int)
La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
However, the H5N1 virus continued to circulate and it became endemic in 2008, which led to genetic drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins (4,5). (who.int)
Accordingly, the Egyptian H5N1 viruses diversified into several subclades (classical 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.1a and 2.2.1.2), of which at least two subclades co-circulated between 2008 and 2011 (6-8). (who.int)
The subclades of H5N1 viruses in Egypt are antigenically distinct and most vaccines used are no longer antigenically matched (2,9). (who.int)
Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
Positive lung tissue from the dog that was incubated with phosphate-buffered saline instead of the mouse monoclonal antibody antinucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1, and tissue from the liver and lung of a cat killed by a car served as negative control ( 2 ). (flu.org.cn)
H5N1 viruses were isolated from the dog´s lung tissue and designated A/Dog/Thailand/KU-08/04. (flu.org.cn)
Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
Genetic interactions between avian H5N1 influenza and human seasonal influenza viruses have the potential to create hybrid strains combining the virulence of bird flu with the pandemic ability of H1N1, according to a new study. (healthnewstrack.com)
In laboratory experiments in mice, a single gene segment from a human seasonal flu virus, H3N2, was able to convert the avian H5N1 virus into a highly pathogenic form. (healthnewstrack.com)
Some hybrids between H5N1 virus and seasonal influenza viruses were more pathogenic than the original H5N1 viruses. (healthnewstrack.com)
The H5N1 bird flu virus has spread worldwide through bird populations and has caused 442 confirmed human cases and 262 deaths, according to the World Health Organization. (healthnewstrack.com)
H5N1 virus has never acquired the ability to transmit among humans, which is why we haven't had a pandemic. (healthnewstrack.com)
The worry is that the pandemic H1N1 virus may provide that nature in the background of this highly pathogenic H5N1 virus," says Kawaoka, a professor of pathobiological sciences at the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. (healthnewstrack.com)
However, the new findings raise concerns that H5N1 and pandemic H1N1 viruses could reassort in individuals exposed to both viruses and generate an influenza strain that is both highly virulent and contagious. (healthnewstrack.com)
When tested in mice, the human virus version of PB2 swapped into H5N1 converted the avian virus to a highly pathogenic form. (healthnewstrack.com)
With the new pandemic H1N1 virus, people sort of forgot about H5N1 avian influenza. (healthnewstrack.com)
But the reality is that H5N1 avian virus is still out there," Kawaoka says. (healthnewstrack.com)
Our data suggests that it is possible there may be reassortment between H5 and pandemic H1N1 that can create a more pathogenic H5N1 virus. (healthnewstrack.com)
Bird flu (avian influenza/avian flu) is a disease caused by an influenza virus (H5N1) that primarily affects birds but can infect humans also. (medindia.net)
More than all, the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus called, Bird Flu, is the fear of mankind . (biblesearchers.com)
In recent weeks, a number of wild birds have been found dead with the H5N1 virus heightening fears that Hong Kong will soon record its first human victim. (medindia.net)
Bird flu in Brazil: Authorities are watching if the bird flu virus H5N1 is mutating into a form which can spread amongst humans. (medindia.net)
Bird flu outbreak: New mutation in avian influenza virus (H5N1) could be the next human pandemic, warn health experts. (medindia.net)
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists discovered how the current epizootic H5N1 avian influenza virus (bird flu) gained new genes and greater virulence as it spread west. (news-medical.net)
Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. (feedstuffs.com)
In 2021, the H5N1 virus lineage 2.3.4.4b spread to the Americas, causing high mortality in wild and domestic avian populations. (flu.org.cn)
Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
FAQS: H5N1 influenza. (the-hospitalist.org)
GLOBAL - A. Melidou of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece has summarised the latest situation on H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) worldwide. (thepoultrysite.com)
In an article in Eurosurveillance , A. Melidou writes that the A(H5N1) influenza virus has re-emerged in 2003 in Asia, Africa, the Pacific Region as well as Europe and since then has become endemic in some countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
The article of J.P. Dudley published in the same issue of Eurosurveillance examines the age- and sex-specific rates of infection and mortality for human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt, concluding that they differ markedly from those recorded in other countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
On-going research is focused on the development of appropriate vaccines against A(H5N1) circulating strains for use in humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
Clade 2.2 A(H5N1) influenza viruses that have been associated with human infections in Egypt since September 2008 are the ones with the most geographically disperse distribution and have caused outbreaks in poultry in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (thepoultrysite.com)
While at the moment attention is focused on the recent emergence of a new influenza A(H1N1) virus, other influenza viruses, including the avian influenza A(H5N1) strains, are still a cause for concern. (thepoultrysite.com)
Avian influenza A(H5N1) - current situation. (thepoultrysite.com)
Contemporary H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have been circulating widely globally for years but gaining ground in North American birds and poultry beginning in May of 2022. (cdc.gov)
As of March 10, 2023, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses have been detected in 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Canada. (cdc.gov)
The first human infection with these H5N1 viruses in South America occurred in Ecuador in January 2023. (cdc.gov)
In February, Peru reported H5N1 virus infections in sea lions and pelicans following deaths of hundreds of these animals. (cdc.gov)
CDC's existing influenza surveillance systems are well-equipped to rapidly detect cases of avian influenza A virus infection, including H5N1 virus, in people. (cdc.gov)
An H5 candidate vaccine virus (CVV) produced by CDC is identical or nearly identical to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of recently detected clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses in birds and mammals (including a 2022 H5 outbreak in mink in Spain) and could be used to produce a vaccine for people, if needed, and which would provide good protection. (cdc.gov)
To date, public health departments have monitored more than 6,300 people in more than 50 jurisdictions who were exposed to birds/poultry infected with H5N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
The strain previously considered the greatest threat was H5N1, mostly because of the high associated mortality rate (up to 60%) in infected humans. (medscape.com)
H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)
Just five mutations could make the deadly H5N1 avian influenza into a pandemic virus, controversial research on ferrets suggests. (sciencenews.org)
Since it first appeared widely in humans in 2003, the H5N1 virus has infected more than 650 people in 15 countries, killing nearly 60 percent of them. (sciencenews.org)
These five changes aren't the only ones that could turn H5N1 into a pandemic virus, but may tell researchers the types of mutations they should look out for. (sciencenews.org)
Janies, Wheeler, and colleagues tested Supramap's capability by entering genetic and geographic data on recent isolates of avian influenza (H5N1). (scienceblog.com)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
He says that analyses of the development of this virus "place SARS-2's proximate origins as far south as Guangdong, the province from which both SARS-1 and several avian influenzas, most infamously H5N1, were originally identified. (leftvoice.org)
Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
According to a report in last week's Proceedings of the United States National Academy of Sciences, a new H5N1 virus sublineage in poultry, called Fujian virus, appears to have become the dominant strain of bird flu in parts of Asia. (un.org)
More information on control programmes based on vaccination in countries where the virus is endemic or where there is a high risk of introduction of the virus is needed, they said, calling for more research funding to better understand the epidemiology and genetic changes of the H5N1 virus. (un.org)
Evaluating the impact of environmental temperature on global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry. (flugenome.org)
The emergence and unfold of extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H5N1 in Asia, Europe and Africa has had an enormously socioeconomic influence and presents an vital risk to human well being due to its environment friendly animal-to-human transmission. (flugenome.org)
Many components contribute to the incidence and transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus, however the function of environmental temperature stays poorly understood. (flugenome.org)
Genetic range and phylogenetic evaluation of extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. (flugenome.org)
Extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in Bangladesh since its first isolation in February 2007. (flugenome.org)
Phylogenetic evaluation of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of HPAI H5N1 viruses demonstrated that 25 Bangladeshi isolates together with two human isolates from 2007-2011 together with some isolates from neighbouring Asian nations (India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, China and Vietnam) segregate into two distinct clades (2.2 and a couple of.3). (flugenome.org)
General, the info indicate genetic range amongst circulating viruses and a number of introductions of H5N1 viruses with an elevated threat of human infections in Bangladesh, and institution of H5N1 virus in wild and home fowl populations, which calls for lively surveillance. (flugenome.org)
Pre-exposing Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to a low-pathogenic H1N1 avian influenza virus protects them in opposition to H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
In earlier research we examined the function of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) within the epidemiology of Eurasian extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flugenome.org)
To develop on this and higher perceive how pre-exposure to heterosubtypic low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses may affect the result of H5N1 HPAI an infection, we pre-exposed naïve juvenile Canada Geese to completely different North American wild-bird-origin LPAI viruses. (flugenome.org)
Pre-exposing Canada Geese to both H2N3 or H6N5 viruses didn't shield them in opposition to a deadly H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
In distinction, Canada Geese that had been pre-exposed to H1N1 had been protected in opposition to a deadly H5N1 problem, shed minimal quantities of the virus into the atmosphere, and didn't transmit the an infection to naïve contact birds. (flugenome.org)
Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. (flugenome.org)
Humans can be infected with avian influenza (AI) viruses including AI virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H7N9). (apaci.asia)
The majority of human cases of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) virus infection have been associated with direct or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry. (apaci.asia)
In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
2022. In recent years there has been a change in the primary subtypes and frequency of reports of human A(HxNy) in the region, with a reduction of A(H7N9) and A(H5N1), and conversely an increase of A(H5N6) and A(H9N2). (who.int)
0.05 was considered statisti- a few months of the first wave of H5N1 on the changing epizootology of avian cally significant. (who.int)
However, the H5N1 virus continued ians collected 2383 cloacal and 1877 ble 1). (who.int)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)

In contrast, highly pathogenic tial maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the HA avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of certain H5 and H7 strains gene was conducted as described ( 5 ) and the evolutionary cause high death rates in poultry with substantial economic analyses performed by using MEGA6 ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
HPAI (H5N8) virus in poultry and migratory birds since sequences from China, Japan, South Korea, Germany, and early 2014 ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
It is known that influenza tends to strike during the winter months, and the second wave, which began in October, was fanned by a surge in poultry production timed for Lunar New Year feasts that began at the end of January. (wikipedia.org)
The H7N9 virus does not kill poultry, which makes surveillance much more difficult. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic characterisation of avian influenza A(H7N9) shows that the H7N9 virus that infects human beings resulted from the recombination of genes between several parent viruses noted in poultry and wild birds in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
Gene-editing offers a promising route towards permanent disease resistance, which could be passed down through generations, protecting poultry and reducing the risks to humans and wild birds. (ed.ac.uk)
Dr. King] We've all heard a lot in the news over the last few years about avian influenza in humans, poultry, and in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
Fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (LPMWs) and local community residents (CRs) to face the challenges of LPAI and HPAI is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. (biomedcentral.com)
This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it is important to verify that these phenomena remain sporadic and that the viruses that have acquired this ability to cross into mammals are not detected on poultry farms. (anses.fr)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Exposure to live or dead poultry contaminated with avian influenza A virus results in the increase of human cases of avian influenza infection. (medindia.net)
Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is considered a global threat to both human health and the poultry industry. (flu.org.cn)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
Additionally, AIV is an important zoonotic disease and increased circulation of the virus may facilitate the emergence of strains that can pass from wild birds to domestic poultry and to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
Whole genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from humans and poultry in Burkina Faso. (cdc.gov)
Some 24 million poultry birds like chicken and turkeys have already been lost, either because they died from the virus or were killed to prevent its spread. (wxpr.org)
That's because this particular flu virus seems capable of hanging around in populations of wild birds, which can pass the virus on to poultry farms. (wxpr.org)
We're concerned with any avian influenza virus that's circulating in domestic poultry or wild birds," says Todd Davis , an expert on animal-to-human diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (wxpr.org)
March 14, 2023 - With avian influenza A H5 outbreaks in wild birds and poultry spreading to Latin America and the Caribbean, public health and animal experts are gathering in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil this week to talk about improving the region's capacity to detect and respond to these outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Human-to-human transmission is limited, most cases are acquired from animals, typically poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
A reported change in the bird flu virus comes as no surprise but underscores the need to assess regularly vaccines currently in use for poultry, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said today. (un.org)
OIE Director-General Bernard Vallat and FAO's Chief Veterinary Officer Joseph Domenech warn that with new antigens developing continually in avian influenza viruses, vaccines currently in use for poultry need to be assessed regularly," FAO said in a news release. (un.org)
Ongoing circulation of some avian influenza viruses in poultry, such as A(H5) and A(H7) viruses, are of public health concern as these viruses cause severe disease in humans and the viruses have the potential to mutate to increase transmissibility among humans. (apaci.asia)
During 1997, 1.5 million poultry were culled and destroyed in Hong Kong within 3 days, which would have averted a human pandemic. (vetcos.com)
Wild and domestic birds (poultry and captive birds) and notifiable under the International Health Regulations other mammalian species play an important role in the (IHR 2005) 4 and animal cases are notifiable to the World emergence, evolution and transmission of different AI Organisation for Animal Health under the Terrestrial subtypes A(HxNy) to humans. (who.int)

We entered genome sequences on quatic birds are considered to be the natural reservoir of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data EpiFlu low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses of subtypes database ( 7 ) under accession nos. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (wikipedia.org)
In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
The authors found antibodies to a variety of influenza subtypes, like H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1 viruses, these with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
The potential exists for coinfection of multiple subtypes of influenza virus and with genetic reassortment and the creation of possible new strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The viral subtypes that dominate in gulls and shorebirds are not often found in ducks and geese [ 8 ], suggesting that these species may harbor a separate pool of AIV genetic diversity [ 1 ] and might thereby increase the potential for the emergence of new reassortant strains. (biomedcentral.com)
The virus originates from birds, which are known carriers of all influenza A subtypes, with new strains emerging and infecting mammalian species, such as humans. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The team proposed that such a vaccine could be derived from the influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e), which is ideal because it is the most conserved protective epitope (a small structural element or small peptide that is recognized by the binding site of an antibody) in all influenza A subtypes. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
2022. During this period, there were 1972 human infections with nine different A(HxNy) subtypes notified in the WPR. (who.int)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)

On November 16, 2014, an outbreak of HPAI Germany/MV-R2472/2014 (H5N8) as the closest match, (H5N8) virus was confirmed on a duck breeding farm in at 99.8% similarity. (cdc.gov)
HPAI virus was isolated in 9- to10-day-old uted to 2 nonsynonymous mutations coding for amino acid specific pathogen-free embryonated hens' eggs after incu- substitution S181P and H273Y (HA numbering based on bating 2 days as described ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
This strain has drawn more attention than other HPAI strains because of ongoing reports of bird-to-human transmissions that result in severe disease in the human host. (medscape.com)
In 2004, an outbreak of an HPAI H7N3 in Canada resulted in mild human disease. (medscape.com)

Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus designation of H7N9 identifies it as having HA of the H7 subtype and NA of the N9 subtype. (wikipedia.org)
These data indicate that the novel reassortant H2N3 subtype virus has the ability to infect various mammalian hosts, suggesting a potential to transmit to humans. (usda.gov)
Influenza viruses of the H2N3 subtype have not previously been isolated from swine. (usda.gov)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)
All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
We chosen H1, H2, and H6 hemagglutinin subtype viruses based mostly on their higher-order evolutionary relatedness to the H5 hemagglutinin. (flugenome.org)
The case fatality rate for A(H5) and A(H7N9) subtype virus infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. (apaci.asia)
Avian influenza subtype A(HxNy) viruses are zoonotic and may occasionally infect humans through direct or indirect contact, resulting in mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)

For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
If you haven't heard of swine flu - Influenza A H1N1 - by now. (science20.com)
However, after challenge with a swine influenza virus (H1N1), no protection was observed in the vaccinated groups compared with the non-vaccinated control group. (microbiologyresearch.org)
However, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, we've also experienced another pandemic relatively recently: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (healthline.com)
Let's look at some of the similarities between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can be transmitted in similar ways. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 are respiratory infections that share many symptoms in common. (healthline.com)
The 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can range from mild to severe. (healthline.com)
The groups at risk for complications from 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 have significant overlap. (healthline.com)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
2 Instead, in 2009 the H1N1 influenza pandemic struck viciously. (the-hospitalist.org)
MANILA, Philippines Virgin coconut oil or VCO could be the country s weapon against the deadly H1N1 flu virus, a new party-list representative said yesterday. (bio-asli.com)
This was previously observed in 2009 when an influenza A H1N1 virus with swine, avian, and human genes emerged, causing the first pandemic in 40 years. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
This article reviews what is known as of 2018 about avian influenza A and its genetic makeup, from its relationship with the 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain, to epidemics in birds, to zoonoses. (hhs.gov)
nonetheless, sera from H1N1-infected birds diminished virus plaque dimension however not quantity compared with H2N3, H6N5, or unfavourable sera, suggesting that antibodies directed in opposition to the neuraminidase might have had a job within the protecting results noticed. (flugenome.org)

The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
The researchers say surveillance of viral populations is critical to monitor the potential emergence of highly pathogenic viral variants due to reassortment of avian and human influenza viruses. (healthnewstrack.com)
Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Changes in the virus genetics from mutation or reassortment make it very difficult to anticipate how influenza viruses will spread through a population and whether current vaccines will be suitable for the strains that are circulating, Pirbright announced. (feedstuffs.com)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Co-infection of both human and avian viruses within the same pig can lead to genetic reassortment, which results in mixing of influenza viral segments, and new influenza A strains. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
The authors describe the virus's origin, reassortment, and evolution of avian influenza. (hhs.gov)

Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Almost all confirmed cases have been sporadic, with no epidemiologic link to other human cases, and are presumed to have resulted from exposure to infected birds ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds. (wikipedia.org)
H7 influenza infections in humans are uncommon, but have been confirmed worldwide in people who have direct contact with infected birds. (wikipedia.org)
H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, H7N9 has previously been isolated only in birds, with outbreaks reported in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States. (wikipedia.org)
When the ANP32A gene-edited chickens were exposed to a normal dose of the H9N2-UDL strain of avian influenza virus - commonly known as bird flu - nine out of 10 birds remained uninfected and there was no spread to other chickens. (ed.ac.uk)
The research team then exposed the gene-edited birds to an artificially high dose of avian influenza virus to further test their resilience. (ed.ac.uk)
Scientists found that in the ANP32A gene-edited birds, the virus had adapted to enlist the support of two related proteins - ANP32B and ANP32E - to replicate. (ed.ac.uk)
Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The increase in such viral transfers from birds to mammals in different countries calls for vigilance, as they could facilitate the possible transfer to humans. (anses.fr)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Researchers monitored the continuing avian flu pandemic to gauge its evolving risk to both humans and birds. (medindia.net)
Because of this, there is a year-round risk of avian influenza, which can increase depending on the disease status in a region and the migration season of wild aquatic birds. (feedstuffs.com)
A new study has found that bird flu virus could survive for up to two years in the carcasses of buried birds. (abc.net.au)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
Wild aquatic birds serve as the natural reservoir for avian influenza virus (AIV), a disease with significant implications for avian and mammalian health. (biomedcentral.com)
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are adapted to avian species, and aquatic birds are the natural hosts and reservoir species, as a consequence of that there is extensive genetic diversity in aquatic birds [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists believe that wild migratory birds brought this virus to North America a few months ago. (wxpr.org)
And they have worried about the possible threat these viruses might pose to American birds. (wxpr.org)
The last time a dangerous bird flu entered the country, Richards says, "the number of instances where we picked that particular virus up in wild birds was very, very limited. (wxpr.org)
In contrast, this latest bird flu virus is being detected in sick and dying birds all over. (wxpr.org)
The avian flu has primarily affected birds in Asia, but it has the potential to spread to humans across the globe, and could kill millions of people. (voanews.com)
Two birds had mixed NDV infections (V.3/VII.2 and VII.2/XIII.1.1), and nine were coinfected with viruses of families Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, and Reoviridae. (bvsalud.org)
Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
Although well over 200 million birds have died worldwide from either the virus or preventive culling, there have so far been only 256 human cases, 152 of them fatal, since the current outbreak started in South East Asia in December 2003, and these have been ascribed to contact with infected birds. (un.org)
The influenza virus's adaptability to a variety of animals-dogs, horses, seals, birds, among others-means "these viruses are comprised of a broad array of different genotypes of variable and often unpredictable human pathogenicity," the researchers wrote in the September bioRxiv paper. (smithsonianmag.com)
Influenza viruses, with the vast silent reservoir in aquatic birds, are impossible to eradicate. (apaci.asia)
This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
Major difficulties with this expression exist, largely because it is ambiguous, and because all influenza A viruses have a host in birds. (bvsalud.org)
The expression is not always used consistently by authors: sometimes it (correctly) describes the disease in birds, while other times it refers to a disease and potential pandemic in humans. (bvsalud.org)

On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Chinese public health officials have investigated human contacts of patients with confirmed H7N9. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
An H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (wikipedia.org)
A 5th epidemic of the H7N9 virus began in October 2016 in China. (wikipedia.org)
The CDC estimates that the H7N9 virus has the greatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemic, although the risk is low because, like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (wikipedia.org)
It has been established that many of the human cases of H7N9 appear to have a link to live bird markets. (wikipedia.org)
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus is a subgroup among this larger group of H7 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Until the 2013 outbreak in China, no human infections with H7N9 viruses had ever been reported. (wikipedia.org)
Evidence so far suggests that the new H7N9 virus might have evolved from at least four origins. (wikipedia.org)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
Animal health officials in Tennessee yesterday announced that a second H7N9 avian flu outbreak has been detected at a farm in Giles County in the southern part of the state, but tests show the virus is low pathogenic, not the highly pathogenic strain found recently in neighboring Lincoln County. (umn.edu)
Routine screening identified avian influenza in the flock on Mar 6, and tests at state and federal labs confirmed low-pathogenic H7N9 in the samples. (umn.edu)
Tennessee officials reiterated that genetic tests on a virus isolated from the Lincoln County outbreak revealed that all gene segments are from North American wild bird lineages, with no connection to the H7N9 circulating in China and causing cases in people. (umn.edu)
In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
Wu YL, Shen L-W, Ding Y-P. Preliminary success in the characterization and management of a sudden breakout of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus. (apaci.asia)
Most recent A(H5) and A(H7N9) viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs (e.g. amantadine and rimantadine) and are therefore not recommended for monotherapy. (apaci.asia)

So to determine whether foxes were susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the investigators infected three foxes intratracheally. (cdc.gov)
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. (feedstuffs.com)
The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
Funk M, de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Richard M . In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)
De Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M . Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. (erasmusmc.nl)
It is essential during outbreaks that pathogens, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, be isolated from clinical cases and that any changes in the character of the virus be monitored to ensure that vaccine manufacturers are producing vaccines complying with OIE standards which are effective against virus strains in circulation, FAO's Chief Veterinary Officer Joseph Domenech warned. (un.org)

In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
The objectives of this workshop are to identify aspects of preventing, detecting, and responding to zoonotic flu, particularly avian flu, that participating groups should focus on strengthening. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, the workshop will help to develop a series of specific recommendations for work on zoonotic flu in humans and animals for prevention, surveillance, and emergency response, based on successful examples. (cdc.gov)
What Fauci obscures, and what socialists should consider, is the underlying cause for the increase in new zoonotic diseases (diseases that have jumped the species barrier to humans). (leftvoice.org)
Factory farming and habitat loss have given rise to a whole series of zoonotic diseases, including Swine flu, avian flu, SARS, Ebola, MERS, and many others. (leftvoice.org)
Zoonotic influenza infection in humans will continue to occur. (apaci.asia)
Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic) Fact Sheet. (apaci.asia)
Avian influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic but Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases and Public Health occasionally infect humans through direct or Emergencies (APSED III). (who.int)

The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
The report notes the persisting threat of an influenza pandemic, the incidence of sporadic human cases of avian influenza, with high mortality, and the difficulties encountered in developing an effective vaccine. (who.int)
Vaccination against the virus poses a number of challenges, with significant practical and cost issues associated with vaccine deployment. (ed.ac.uk)
However, sharing such virus samples with the world's health regulatory body can definitely help develop a vaccine before the virus further mutates and becomes transmissible between humans. (medindia.net)
It will take scientists four to six months to develop a vaccine that protects against the pandemic virus, by which time thousands could have died. (biblesearchers.com)
All vaccines induced an antibody response against M2e, and the M2eNP DNA vaccine additionally induced an influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferation response. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The always capricious genetic mutations of viral combinations outwitted vaccine manufacturers, offering little protection, resulting in an estimated 12,469 deaths, tragically many of them children, young, and middle-aged people. (the-hospitalist.org)
U.S. researchers have announced they have developed an experimental vaccine for the avian, or bird, flu virus. (voanews.com)
Dr. Fauci says indications are the vaccine could protect human populations if the current bird flu outbreak becomes a pandemic, something health experts and government officials fear may be looming. (voanews.com)
If the virus mutates to a form that can be passed easily from person to person, it could quickly cause a global epidemic, known as a pandemic, says Dr. Bruce Gellin, Director of the National Vaccine Program Office and Chairman of the Influenza Preparedness Task Force at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (voanews.com)
Because flu viruses are constantly changing, CDC continually analyses viruses to identify genetic changes that suggest these viruses might spread more easily to and between people, and cause serious illness in people, or for changes that suggest reduced susceptibility to antivirals, as well as changes in the virus that might mean a new vaccine virus should be developed. (cdc.gov)
Researchers in China develop a novel vaccine that could pave the way to preventing cross-species transmission of influenza A. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The team therefore developed a vaccine based the capside protein of PCV2-a structural protein that is part of the complex forming the protective shell around the nucleic acids of the virus-which self-assembles to form virus-like particles (see figure). (advancedsciencenews.com)
M2e‐ and PCV2‐specific immune responses were observed in mice inoculated with the new vaccine, and it was shown to protect them from a lethal challenge of various swine, human, and avian influenza A viruses. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The surveillance system collects 200,000-400,000 specimens and tests more than 20,000 influenza viruses annually, which provides valuable information for World Health Organization (WHO) influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2000, China enhanced earlier influenza surveillance efforts by establishing an influenza-like illness (ILI) and virological surveillance system to report ILI cases and isolate viruses for seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognizing the importance of high-quality influenza surveillance in China, from 2004, China CDC and USCDC established influenza and global disease detection (GDD) Cooperative Agreements to improve the ILI and virological surveillance system in mainland China, and to expand CNIC's role from contributing to seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations to conducting early detection and response to novel influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
The vaccine, known as BPL-1357, was developed by experts at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and contains four strains of non-infectious, chemically inactivated avian influenza, thought to be not highly pathogenic. (smithsonianmag.com)
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced on Tuesday that a universal flu vaccine has moved to phase I clinical trials, where scientists will test for human safety and appropriate dosage sizes. (smithsonianmag.com)
With the BPL-1357 vaccine, especially when given intranasally, we are attempting to induce a comprehensive immune response that closely mimics immunity gained following a natural influenza infection," says Matthew Memoli, a NIAID investigator leading the vaccine trial, in a statement. (smithsonianmag.com)
The phase I trials allow researchers to see if the vaccine can induce a wide and durable response against the flu virus in people, per Gizmodo , as opposed to the often incomplete protection offered by traditional vaccines that need to be received every year . (smithsonianmag.com)
The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (bvsalud.org)
BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
There is currently no vaccine for the prevention of avian influenza available and it is difficult to develop a vaccine for AI because the virus is always changing. (apaci.asia)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)

The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
Flu virus strains are categorized by the combination of the two proteins found on the outside of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) -- for example, H5N6 or H9N2. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
She completed her PhD in 2010 in France under the supervision of Prof. Bruno Lina studying the resistance of influenza A viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. (erasmusmc.nl)
Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)

However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Supari told a rapturous crowd at a book discussion last week that rich nations were creating "new viruses" and sending them to developing nations in order create markets for drug companies to sell vaccines. (medindia.net)
Then the virus is turned into vaccines (that are sent to) Indonesia and Indonesia has to buy them and if they don't buy them, it turns and turns again, and in the end developed countries make new viruses which are then sent to developing countries," she said. (medindia.net)
Subandrio, who has supported Supari in trying to extract a change in WHO rules to allow developing nations to secure supply of and revenue from vaccines taken from their virus strains, said withholding samples was nonetheless risky. (medindia.net)
Avian flu vaccines developed in advance will have little impact on the pandemic virus. (biblesearchers.com)
In mice, vaccines inducing antibodies to the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) can confer protection to influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In this study, the protection conferred by vaccines inducing antibodies to M2e was evaluated in a challenge model for swine influenza in pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
Australian scientists have found that two different vaccines used to control an infectious disease in chickens can recombine to create new lethal virus strains. (abc.net.au)
The most effective weapons against viruses are vaccines, but tese are used to prevent disease, not treat it. (bio-asli.com)
Vaccines used dead or weakened viruses that are injected into the body. (bio-asli.com)
Viruses are continually mutating and new strains emerging, so vaccines for most of them aren t available. (bio-asli.com)
Most human influenza vaccines do not protect people from viruses circulating in pigs, and given the high mutation rates of influenza A viruses, current vaccines only provide protection against matched strains. (advancedsciencenews.com)
This is very different than nearly all other vaccines for influenza or other respiratory viruses, which focus on inducing immunity to a single viral antigen and often do not induce mucosal immunity. (smithsonianmag.com)
Influenza vaccines that can provide long-lasting protection against a wide range of seasonal influenza viruses, as well as those with pandemic potential, would be invaluable public health tools," says NIAID director Anthony S. Fauci in a statement. (smithsonianmag.com)
We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)

Viral RNA obtained from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from the patient has been sequenced and genetically analyzed by the National Influenza Centre in Chile (Instituto de Salud Pública) and by the Influenza Division/CDC. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
When two different species' influenza strains (for example pig and human) recombine, the novel viral strain that emerges potentially has a better chance of evading the immune system and persisting in the host organism than the pre-existing viral strains. (science20.com)
The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
The increased virulence seen in the new study seems to arise from one of the eight genes in the viral genome, called PB2, which is known to affect how well the bird flu virus grows in mammalian hosts, including humans. (healthnewstrack.com)
Discovery of a novel arterivirus in Amazonian rodents sheds light on viral communities and raises concerns about potential transmission to humans. (news-medical.net)
If new viral strains are transmitted to humans and spreads from person-to-person, a new influenza pandemic can occur. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The reason we now see it in humans is due to mutations that have occurred in the original animal viral. (healthin30.com)
She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
Thesis title: The PDZ-ligand and Src-homology type 3 domains of epidemic avian influenza virus NS1 protein modulate human Src kinase activity during viral infection. (unipv.eu)
The criterion standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)

Here, we report the characterization of two novel reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs with respiratory disease. (usda.gov)
Avian influenza viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tract while human influenza viruses replicate in the respiratory tract-as conveyed by their differential genetic makeup. (science20.com)
Analysis of cellular receptors shows that raccoons have avian and human type receptors with a similar distribution as found in human respiratory tracts. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune response of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Respiratory droplets containing virus can land on things like countertops and doorknobs. (healthline.com)
Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease that commonly affects people and has an important impact on public health. (flu.org.cn)
Influenza A viruses are highly infectious respiratory pathogens that can infect many species. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The nanovaccine also significantly reduced infection in pigs' respiratory tract and blocked the transmission of influenza A between animals used in the study, demonstrating its dual protection against influenza A and PCV2. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The new study shows that in order to spread via air between ferrets, the virus required changes to both its replication machinery and to the protein it uses to latch onto cells in the animals' respiratory tract. (sciencenews.org)
In recent years, the collection of genomic sequences of the coronavirus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome (SARS) and various strains of the influenza A virus have become an vital part of fighting outbreaks of these infectious diseases. (scienceblog.com)
Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) underscored the importance of influenza detection and response in China. (biomedcentral.com)
It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
Avian influenza virus infections in humans may cause disease ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection (fever and cough), early sputum production and rapid progression to severe pneumonia, sepsis with shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. (apaci.asia)

This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
Every 10 to 15 years, influenza undergoes a dramatic genetic change ( antigenic shift ) which as described, is responsible for epidemics/pandemics. (science20.com)
In between epidemics, minor influenza genetic changes occur (antigenic drift). (science20.com)
With studies such as the one presenting data from Egypt the importance of constant monitoring of the geographic spread and epidemiology of circulating strains, and the determination of their genetic and antigenic characteristics is highlighted. (thepoultrysite.com)
Of the coinfecting viruses, complete genome sequences of two avastroviruses (a recombinant chicken astrovirus antigenic group-Aii and avian nephritis virus genogroup-5) and two infectious bronchitis viruses (a turkey coronavirus-like recombinant and a GI-19 virus) were determined. (bvsalud.org)
V) in HA protein of some clade 2.2 Bangladeshi viruses together with the human isolates , suggesting there was antigenic drift in clade 2.2. (flugenome.org)

Their results, including identification of the PB2 segment as a key to enhanced virulence, offer information likely to be useful in the event of a pandemic caused by a hybrid avian-human influenza strain. (healthnewstrack.com)
A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)
This strain of bird flu virus has turned up in everything from crows to pelicans to bald eagles. (wxpr.org)
And there is a genetic process whereby the genetic material from both flus could be exchanged in such a way to create a new strain of flu that is highly transmissible and highly pathogenic -- that is, can cause a person to become very ill and even die. (voanews.com)
According to the CDC , the swine flu strain infecting humans is not pure swine flu but actually a genetic mix of swine flu, influenza virus or human flu, and avian (bird) flu. (healthin30.com)
The strain normally infected pigs and was rarely seen in humans. (popsci.com)
In addition, all of the cases recorded across the state were more than 99.5 percent similar to one another genetically, indicating that it was just one flu strain that took residence in humans and swine alike. (popsci.com)
In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)

Softpedia News - 'As the Western Pacific Regional meeting of the World Health Organization started today in Noumea, public health officials from more than 20 countries gathered to discuss ways to prevent a possible deadly outbreak of bird flu in humans and contain some other possible large epidemics. (biblesearchers.com)
Hong Kong has had no human cases of bird flu in the current outbreak, but CHP director Leung Pak-yin warned that the threat was increasing. (medindia.net)
The outbreak was the first known instance of the virus jumping the species barrier. (medindia.net)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
This outbreak in the wild bird population is a lot more extensive than we saw in 2014 and 2015," says David Stallknecht , an avian influenza researcher with the University of Georgia. (wxpr.org)
A new genetic study finds just how closely related human and pig flu viruses were during a 2012 outbreak. (popsci.com)
Samples of flu viruses taken from pigs and from people in Ohio during the 2012 outbreak were genetically close to one another, according to the study, which involved swabbing the insides of 834 pigs's noses. (popsci.com)
In a related development, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Mar 8 said it is working with federal and state officials to minimize any human health risks posed by the outbreak developments. (umn.edu)
The Lincoln County event is the first highly pathogenic avian flu outbreak in the United States this year. (umn.edu)
During this outbreak, there were signs of human-human transmission of the disease - a rare event. (vetcos.com)

Influenza A infects approximately 10% of the population in the US each year and causes approximately 35,000 deaths annually. (science20.com)

Avian influenza A H7 viruses normally circulate amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
Convergent amino acid signatures in polyphyletic Campylobacter jejuni sub-populations suggest human niche tropism. (cdc.gov)
Spread to humans was contained by culling domestic bird populations. (msdmanuals.com)
Finally, the article describes the ongoing risk to human health and how control in domestic bird populations can mitigate the risks. (hhs.gov)
To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every human infection and risk-based pandemic planning are essential. (apaci.asia)

The ancestor of the viruses from con- thotype was confirmed by RT-PCR, then Sanger sequenc- tinental Europe, Japan, and Korea occurred 13 months ing of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene as described ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)

What is accepted by all, the greatest threat to human beings at this time is the unrelenting march of the threatening Avian Flu Pandemic. (biblesearchers.com)
WHO released a Global Influenza Strategy for 2019-2030 aimed at protecting people in all countries from the threat of influenza. (flu.org.cn)
LPAI generally does not pose a significant health threat to humans. (usgs.gov)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control. (cdc.gov)
The introduction of avian flu poses a threat to the region, requiring both animal and human health sectors to be involved in surveillance and response preparations. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
However, the observed changes in A(HxNy) trends reinforce the need for effective and rapid identification to mitigate the threat of a pandemic from avian influenza if person-to-person transmission were to occur. (who.int)

Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
In other words, the host organism's immune system doesn't have antibodies for viruses indigenous to other species and thanks to the original virus that is indigenous to the host, molecular features necessary for "optimal" host infection are retained. (science20.com)
What researchers don't know is if viruses that jump the species barrier are already compatible with the new host or if they evolve compatibility after the fact. (science20.com)
The study reports documented cases of A (H3N8) avian influenza viruses crossing species boundaries and affecting a range of mammals, including dogs and horses. (medindia.net)
The resulting viruses can potentially have different characteristics than the original strains, such as the ability to replicate in different species, including people, the institute added. (feedstuffs.com)
Animal flu Have you have wondered about flu infections in species other than humans? (abc.net.au)
A wider survey of Svalbard avian species is warranted to establish knowledge on the extent of AIV exposure on Svalbard and to determine whether active infections are present. (biomedcentral.com)
Through human evolution, our brain wave frequencies have been tuned by the specific natural electromagnetic frequencies of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum, known as the Earth's natural pulse, its also called Schumann's resonance as has every other animal species with a brain. (blogs.com)
As the virus moves across the country, and potentially settles in for the long haul, it will encounter new animal species that could get infected. (wxpr.org)
In a recent report , Professor Gaiping Zhang of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and coworkers propose that effective control of swine influenza viruses is a key strategy for reducing the probability of cross-species transmission and future influenza outbreaks. (advancedsciencenews.com)
These results indicate that the PCV2 and universal influenza A nanovaccine is an economical and promising synergistic tool with the potential to block cross‐species transmission, and hopefully minimize future pandemics. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Her team is developing innovative culture methods for avian primary epithelial and endothelial cells to study the understanding of the host species-specificity of HPAIVs genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)

However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
Then, in 2012, healthcare workers across the U.S. reported 309 human cases of influenza A (H3N2) variant, also known as H3N2v. (popsci.com)
Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)

To prevent the emergence of escape viruses - viruses that adapt to evade the gene edit and cause infection - the research team next targeted additional sections of DNA responsible for producing all three proteins - ANP32A, ANP32B and ANP32E - inside lab-grown chicken cells. (ed.ac.uk)
This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
This application integrates genetic sequences of pathogens with geographic information so that researchers can track the spread of a disease among different hosts and follow the emergence of key mutations across time and space. (scienceblog.com)
In his new book, Dead Epidemiologists, published in October, Wallace applies both a standard scientific method as well as a broader social/political/economic analysis to explain the emergence of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes Covid-19. (leftvoice.org)

The HA protein revealed a Q226L mutation when compared with the putative parental avian HA protein, indicating a preferential binding to SA'2,6Gal, the mammalian influenza receptor. (usda.gov)
Influenza A is a RNA virus and in general, RNA viruses have a very high rate of mutation, a short generation time and yield a high production of virions after replication in the host's cells. (science20.com)
Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
The evolutionary tree, based on 239 sequences of a specific gene, polymerase basic 2, shows that host shifts are highly correlated with a specific mutation (in E627K) that allows avian viruses to adapt to mammalian hosts. (scienceblog.com)
It neither made a single mutation and then jumped from pangolins to humans in the wet market in Wuhan, nor was it developed in a lab in that province from which it accidentally escaped (or, as conspiracy theorists would have you believe, was deliberately released). (leftvoice.org)
Each has 'hotspots' that display an unusual tendency to change as a result of mutation of the virus RNA during imprecise replication sometimes. (vetcos.com)
New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)

It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
Developed by researchers that include scientists at the American Museum of Natural History, Supramap ( supramap.osu.edu ) is a new, powerful, web-based application that maps genetic mutations like those among the different strains of avian influenza onto the globe. (scienceblog.com)

Researchers were able to restrict - but not completely block - the virus from infecting chickens by altering a small section of their DNA. (ed.ac.uk)
However, the gene edit did provide some protection, with the amount of virus in the infected gene-edited chickens much lower than the level typically seen during infection in non-gene-edited chickens. (ed.ac.uk)
The gene edit also helped to limit onward spread of the virus to just one of four non-gene-edited chickens placed in the same incubator. (ed.ac.uk)
Our work shows that stopping the spread of avian influenza in chickens will need several simultaneous genetic changes. (ed.ac.uk)
Scientists say they have discovered another H7-type virus lurking in chickens in China. (abc.net.au)
While chickens and turkeys with the virus quickly sicken and die, some waterfowl can remain healthy with the virus and carry it long distances. (wxpr.org)
Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs from 2049 adult backyard chickens collected at 12 live bird markets, two each in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Mbeya, Morogoro and Tanga regions of Tanzania were screened for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR). (bvsalud.org)
Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
Curiously, the 2 human isolates had been carefully associated to the clade 2.2 Bangladeshi hen isolates indicating that they've originated from chickens. (flugenome.org)

Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
Swine are susceptible to avian, human and swine flus, and these virus can circulate inside pigs for varying lengths of time with no signs of illness. (popsci.com)

Six internal genes originated with at least two H9N2 chicken viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Currently Circulating in South China. (otwobio.com)

However, influenza A's most advantageous feature is its segmented genome which consists of eight different linear RNA strands. (science20.com)
The institute explained that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and when they replicate, small errors called mutations are copied into their genome. (feedstuffs.com)
However, the segmented genome also has the potential to allow re-assortment of genome segments from different strains of influenza in a co-infected host. (medscape.com)
Wallace reviews a series of papers that examine the genome (genetic material) of the virus and compare it to other SARS viruses. (leftvoice.org)

That's arguably a good year considering Influenza A also makes a recurring appearance every 10 to 15 years as a highly virulent form that is responsible for epidemics. (science20.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza pandemics are epidemics that affect a large proportion of the world due to a novel virus. (apaci.asia)

The epidemic is the largest since the first epidemic in 2013 and accounts for about one-third of human cases ever reported. (wikipedia.org)
Another six confirmed human deaths occurred in Vietnam during a resurgence of the epidemic during the summer of 2004, as this report was being prepared (ProMED-mail, 2004a,b). (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza interaction with cocirculating pathogens and its impact on surveillance, pathogenesis, and epidemic profile: A key role for mathematical modelling. (cdc.gov)
This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)

Phylogenetic analysis showed 99.9%-100% similar- avian influenza viruses of wild bird origin. (cdc.gov)
Scientists have used gene-editing techniques to identify and change parts of chicken DNA that could limit the spread of the bird flu virus in the animals. (ed.ac.uk)
In rare instances, mutations in the bird flu virus allow it to infect people and cause serious illness. (ed.ac.uk)
Is Indonesia Going too Far by Still Refusing to Share Bird Flu Virus Samples? (medindia.net)
Indonesia has borne the brunt of the avian influenza (bird flu) with more than 50pct of the victims coming from this Asian nation. (medindia.net)
Bird flu scientists abroad and in Indonesia have raised concerns that while Supari seeks to reshape the global order, time is being wasted in understanding a virus that could potentially kill millions if it mutates into a form transmissible between humans. (medindia.net)
The minister of health is keeping the virus in the laboratories but they are giving no access to Indonesian scientists at the moment," said Amin Subandrio, the head of the national bird flu committee's expert panel. (medindia.net)
Hong Kong witnessed the first-ever human cases of bird flu in 1997 when 18 people were infected, of whom six died. (medindia.net)
Avian influenza , commonly known as 'bird flu,' is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. (feedstuffs.com)
Bird flu viruses are just a few genetic steps away from the flu virus that caused the deadly 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, a new study shows. (abc.net.au)
Experts agreed to publish mutant bird flu paper only after author explained that the virus was 'much less lethal' than previously feared. (abc.net.au)
This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)
Waterfowl and the raptors that dine on them, like this bald eagle and snow goose, have both been killed by the new bird flu virus. (wxpr.org)
But since related bird flu viruses have repeatedly jumped into people in the past, public health experts are watching for any signs of genetic changes that could make the virus able to move into humans. (wxpr.org)
This virus doesn't have genetic features previously associated with related bird flus that have infected humans. (wxpr.org)
Tests showed this deadly bird flu virus had made it across the Atlantic. (wxpr.org)
The big fear is that the more people who are exposed to it, the greater chance that an individual will simultaneously have the bird flu and a human flu. (voanews.com)
A minimum of five genetic alterations are needed to make the bird flu into a virus that can infect ferrets - lab stand-ins for people - through the air, report Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and colleagues in the April 10 Cell . (sciencenews.org)
Previous work by Fouchier's and another group led, because of fears of misuse of research, to a temporary hold on publication of two scientific papers and a year-long moratorium on research that transforms bird viruses into airborne germs capable of infecting mammals ( SN: 6/2/12, p. 20 ). (sciencenews.org)
First human case of bird flu infection occurred in May 1997, in a 3 year old boy who died of the disease. (vetcos.com)
The Vet did not take any medication against bird flu or human flu. (vetcos.com)
Again in 2003 bird flu virus A (H7N7) infected 80 people in Netherlands killing one. (vetcos.com)
The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)

All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)

Sequence comparisons based on 1,608 nt of the HA viruses in turkey, chicken, and duck farms since early No- gene from each of the 3 duck isolates identified A/turkey/ vember 2014. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses have eight separate gene segments. (cdc.gov)
Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
In cell cultures in the lab, growth of the virus was successfully blocked in cells with the three gene edits. (ed.ac.uk)
Although we haven't yet got the perfect combination of gene edits to take this approach into the field, the results have told us a lot about how influenza virus functions inside the infected cell and how to slow its replication. (ed.ac.uk)

Week 32 of 2023, China reported a human case of avian influenza A(H9) in Sichuan Province. (flu.org.cn)
Week 32 of 2023, China reported a human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) in Chongqing Municipality. (flu.org.cn)

The virus is usually highly pathogenic and is associated with high morbidity and overall mortality rates that reach 61 per cent. (thepoultrysite.com)

In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
A workshop organized jointly by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), will help participants hone their work in surveillance, early detection, and response to animal-human spread of flu, especially avian flu. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, the workshop aims to update guidelines on flu at the human-animal interface and PAHO recommendations to strengthen work between multiple sectors on surveillance, early detection, and response. (cdc.gov)
Internationally, CDC has been actively working in avian flu surveillance and prevention for some time, helping to coordinate efforts with public health officials to proactively prepare for and respond to H5 infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
From 2004, the Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) initiated Cooperative Agreements to build capacity in influenza surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
Since 2004, CNIC expanded its national influenza surveillance and response system which, as of 2014, included 408 laboratories and 554 sentinel hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)
CNIC also built a bioinformatics platform to strengthen data analysis and utilization, publishing weekly on-line influenza surveillance reports in English and Chinese. (biomedcentral.com)
The Chinese National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control (China CDC) and the Influenza Division of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first discussed influenza virological surveillance in China in 1978. (biomedcentral.com)
In 1989, CNIC and USCDC signed agreements that enabled USCDC to provide technical and financial support for influenza surveillance in China and laid the foundation for future collaborations between the two agencies. (biomedcentral.com)
The surveillance system, including 8 network laboratories and 31 sentinel hospitals, did not capture the diversity of influenza activity and viruses circulating throughout the country. (biomedcentral.com)
A 10-kilometer surveillance zone was placed around the facility, and Hatcher said there is only one commercial farm in the zone, which has so far tested negative for avian flu. (umn.edu)
Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian and findings from the surveillance have data. (who.int)
virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities influenza viruses in Egypt during 1 year in Egypt implemented a comprehensive of active surveillance in 2015. (who.int)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)

Genetic characterization suggests this virus is an avian-adapted vi- sequences of 2 more isolates, A/duck/England/36038/2014 rus without specific affinity for zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
Genetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from ruminant listeriosis from different geographical regions in the U.S. (cdc.gov)

Experimental and field data indicate that raccoons may play an important role in influenza disease ecology and pose a risk to agriculture and human health. (cdc.gov)
Pigs play an important role in influenza virus ecology and are involved in interspecies transmission, as they are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses. (advancedsciencenews.com)

The virus is highly contagious, spreads rapidly, and has a remarkable ability to quickly evolve, which leads to its great variability. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The current study aims to control influenza A in pigs by simultaneously targeting influenza A as well as the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a virus that pigs are highly susceptible to, which suppresses the animal's immune system and increases the risk of influenza A infection. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Bonfanti L , Monne I , Tamba M , Santucci U , Massi P , Patregnani T , Highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza in Italy. (blogspot.com)

If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
Sustained human-to-human transmission did not occur, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission. (msdmanuals.com)

Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Experimental infection of swine showed that the H2N3 virus is virulent for pigs, replicating in the lung and causing macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions. (usda.gov)
The H2N3 virus was able to replicate in pigs, mice, and ferrets and transmissible among pigs and ferrets. (usda.gov)
Yet pigs are a crucial petri dish in which influenza viruses evolve. (popsci.com)
Public health departments should monitor pigs closely for influenza A viruses, the study authors wrote in their paper, which was published in the September issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases . (popsci.com)

A protein resulting from the fusion between M2e and the hepatitis B virus core protein (M2eHBc), with or without adjuvant, was evaluated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, a DNA construct expressing a fusion protein between M2e and influenza virus nucleoprotein (M2eNP) was evaluated to see if the broad-spectrum protection conferred by antibodies could be further enhanced by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The H protein binds to cell receptors in order to initiate infection, while the N protein helps release new viruses from an infected cell, the institute explained. (feedstuffs.com)
More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
Haemagglutinin (H) protein aids the virus in gaining access to the host cell Interior. (vetcos.com)

These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to seven days, and they became ill with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and even encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to five days, but only mild or no pneumonia developed. (cdc.gov)
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia. (microbiologyresearch.org)
US researchers believe they have found a way that influenza makes people more prone to potentially deadly pneumonia. (abc.net.au)

Following lab tests, scientists found that some of the mutations enabled the virus to utilise the human version of ANP32, but its replication remained low in cell cultures from the human airway. (ed.ac.uk)
As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)

The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
Burning 'Inferno' Question: How Fast Can A Deadly Virus Spread? (kcur.org)
Could a deadly virus spread as fast as the movie implies? (kcur.org)
There's also an evolutionary paradox where viruses that kill people too quickly don't spread as well. (kcur.org)
We don't know what it would take for a virus to spread that fast. (kcur.org)
Is there a hypothetical scenario where the virus could spread quickly? (kcur.org)
If we assume this is the distant future where we could build the virus, it would have to be transmissible by some route that would allow rapid spread. (kcur.org)
So for this virus to spread fast, it would also have to spread through the air, like measles or influenza. (kcur.org)
Are there viruses we currently know of that could be devastating if they spread? (kcur.org)
And then maybe, how the heck did Wilbur the pig, a distantly related creature, manage to spread his cooties to humans? (science20.com)
Experts say that additional genetic changes would be needed for the virus to infect and spread effectively in humans. (ed.ac.uk)
Nina Marano] Dr. King, can other mammals play a role in the maintenance and spread of influenza viruses in the environment? (cdc.gov)
Chances of containment are limited because the potentially catastrophic infection may not be detected until it has already spread to several countries , like the SARS virus in 2003. (biblesearchers.com)
There is some evidence that avian influenza can be passed from person to person, and while there are no records of efficient or sustained human transmission, there is a constant risk that one of the new strains may spread easily among people, which could result in a new influenza virus pandemic, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Because humans have no prior immunity to these viruses typically, if they were to be infected and spread the virus to other humans, then we could have another pandemic virus on our hands. (wxpr.org)
Experts point out that an influenza pandemic would not only be a huge, international health crisis, but also would cause social and economic crises, all reasons health and government officials are sounding alarms about the current spread of the avian flu. (voanews.com)
Our expertise is now being applied to a new, practical set of research questions, the spread of disease and human health. (scienceblog.com)
If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
Usually they do not spread to humans. (vetcos.com)
Page 2 laboratories have developed capacity to provide genetic information that is necessary for tracking the spread of viruses. (who.int)

Our findings indicate these H2N3 viruses can infect various mammalian hosts without adaptation, suggesting they may be transmissible to humans. (usda.gov)

It is human nature to disbelieve this inevitability and to ignore, dismiss, or even attack the infectious disease experts and science journalists who, like Cassandra, warn us of the return of the plague. (the-hospitalist.org)
Operating on parallel programming on high-performance computing systems at Ohio State University and the Ohio Supercomputer Center, Supramap advances the use of genetic information in studying infectious outbreaks a step further. (scienceblog.com)
He explains in great depth how industrial or factory farming combines with habitat destruction to open the door for viruses that previously only infected wild animals to evolve in such a way as to become infectious to humans. (leftvoice.org)

Anatomy16

Organisms73

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Humanities1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care27

Geographicals12

H5N1112

Poultry46

Subtypes13

HPAI13

Subtype15

H1N119

Reassortment12

Birds43

H7N933

Pathogenic avian influenza7

Zoonotic8

Vaccine30

Neuraminidase9

Vaccines16

Viral11

Respiratory14

Antigenic6

Strain9

Outbreak10

Infects1

Populations6

Hemagglutinin3

Threat10

Species12

H3N24

Emergence4

Mutation7

Strains of avian influenza2

Chickens9

Circulate2

H9N22

Genome4

Epidemics3

Epidemic4

Bird23

Genes1

Gene5

20232

Mortality1

Surveillance16

Characterization3

Play an important role in influenza2

Highly3

Occur3

Pigs5

Protein5

Pneumonia4

Mutations2

Spread20

Mammalian hosts1

Infectious3