Genetic, chromosomes. Medical search. FAQ

pair of chromosomes
The reconstruction of the defining events of human sex-chromosome evolution is analogous to the reconstruction of the evolution of species, except that we are looking at changes of a pair of chromosomes over geologic time rather than changes of whole organisms," says Lahn. (abc.net.au)
Recombination, which is the process of swapping bits of genetic material between a pair of chromosomes during the formation of eggs or sperm, is essential to maintaining genetic identity between X and Y. Without it, the two chromosomes would diverge into completely distinct forms. (abc.net.au)

recombination
We are now exploring this remarkable neo-sex chromosome system to understand the evolution of sex chromosomes in terms of recombination cessation and gene content. (lu.se)
To understand sex chromosome evolution in terms of recombination cessation, degeneration and gene content. (lu.se)
If one of the sex chromosomes carries a sex-determining region with at least two loci that should be linked together, selection favours the process of preventing sex chromosomes from recombination [ 1 , 2 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
In turn, the lack of recombination leads to degeneration of the chromosome that is present only in one sex. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Page and Lahn say differentiation between the two chromosomes could have occurred only after recombination between the X-Y genes was suppressed. (abc.net.au)
The crucial events, including meiotic chromosome pairing and recombination, take place from around 11 weeks until birth. (warwick.ac.uk)
Unlike the autosomes, recombination between the X chromosome and Y chromosome is often thought to be constrained to two small pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) at the tips of each sex chromosome. (genetics.org)
Genetic diversity is expected to be higher in recombining regions than in non-recombining regions because recombination reduces the effect of linked selection. (genetics.org)
However, rather than an abrupt drop in diversity at the pseudoautosomal boundary, there is a gradual reduction in diversity from the recombining through the non-recombining region, suggesting that recombination between the human sex chromosomes spans across the currently defined pseudoautosomal boundary. (genetics.org)
A consequence of recombination spanning this boundary potentially includes increasing the rate of sex-linked disorders (e.g., de la Chapelle) and sex chromosome aneuploidies. (genetics.org)

autosomes
Sex chromosomes have evolved from non-sex-determining chromosomes (autosomes) many times throughout the tree of life. (lu.se)
In this case, a transition between XY and ZW systems converts a linkage group that was the ancestral pair of sex chromosomes into autosomes and a linkage group that was autosomal into the new sex chromosomes. (genetics.org)

homologous
Second, the neo-sex chromosome is homologous to the sex chromosomes of mammals, which makes it possible - for the first time - to study mammalian X gene homologs in a novel, avian Z-linked environment where females are the heterogametic sex (ZW), and thus to draw direct parallels over the avian ZW-mammalian XY boundary. (lu.se)

mutations
Finally, we use our unique 30-year ecological dataset and rich collection of DNA samples of the great reed warbler to test the widely accepted but poorly supported sexual antagonism hypothesis suggesting that sexually antagonistic mutations accumulate on the sex chromosomes and drive their evolution. (lu.se)
To understand the interplay between sex chromosomes and sexual conflicts by studying whether sexually antagonistic mutations accumulate on sex chromosomes, and whether sexual conflicts drive sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)
However, in a ZW system one can separate the effect of the hemizygous chromosome from the male-biased mutations, providing an excellent system for understanding the evolution of SCD. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
They then compared the number of mutations between the X form and the Y form of a pair of X-Y genes to come up with rough estimates of when they were last alike, giving them a 'geologic' snapshot of sex chromosomes. (abc.net.au)
Deleterious recessive mutations completely linked to the ancestral Y chromosome can prevent invasion of a neo-W chromosome or result in a stable equilibrium at which XY and ZW systems segregate simultaneously at two linkage groups. (genetics.org)

taxa
The avian Z chromosome is remarkably preserved across taxa [ 4 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

ancestral
Our research focuses mainly on Sylvioidea passerine birds where we have recently detected a new sex chromosome, a neo-sex chromosome, which has been formed by a fusion between an autosome and the ancestral sex chromosomes. (lu.se)

evolutionary
We found no support for the view that W chromosomes gradually become smaller over evolutionary time. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Parallel to what is observed in Y, the W chromosome in birds and snakes also seems to have degenerated over evolutionary time scales. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have found that the X and Y chromosomes evolved from a standard identical pair around 300 million years ago - shortly after the divergence of the evolutionary lines leading to mammals and birds. (abc.net.au)
19 genes shared between the X and Y served as the "fossils" that helped Lahn and Page to reconstruct the evolutionary history of sex chromosomes. (abc.net.au)

investigate
This is an ideal situation for research on sex chromosomes, because the processes we wish to study have had some time to leave detectable genomic footprints, but have not yet removed the material we want to investigate. (lu.se)
Further studies are now needed to investigate how chromosome morphology relates to its gene content, and whether the changes in size were driven by selection. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
In this study, we investigate patterns of genetic diversity in noncoding regions across the entire X chromosome of a global sample of 26 unrelated genetic females. (genetics.org)

birds
Recent discoveries of near-identical palindromes and neo-sex chromosomes in birds may also contribute to the observed variation. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

deletions
Alternatively, it is plausible that during the course of evolution the genetic degradation of W was not always accompanied by its shrinkage, because the direction of change in length is influenced by the relative rates of deletions and insertions of genetic material [ 2 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Recent research has focused on mice engineered to have genetic deletions similar to those found in humans. (ucdavis.edu)

degeneration
This neo-sex chromosome is evolutionarily very interesting and promising for research: First, the female-specific neo-W chromosome is in an intermediate stage of degeneration. (lu.se)
The well-established view of the evolution of sex chromosome dimorphism is of a gradual genetic and morphological degeneration of the hemizygous chromosome. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Genetic degeneration, accompanied by morphological shrinking of hemizygous chromosomes, is observed in both XY and ZW chromosome systems [ 2 , 4 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

pairs
Of our 46 human chromosomes, 44 form matched pairs. (abc.net.au)
First the researchers compared the locations of the 19 fossil gene pairs on the human X and Y chromosomes. (abc.net.au)
In the cichlid genus Tilapia and its close relatives, sex is determined by two pairs of chromosomes, one of which functions as an XY system and the other as ZW . (genetics.org)

researchers
Ever since their discovery, these chromosomes have captivated researchers because of their obvious involvement in fundamental aspects of an organism's life, such as sex determination, sexual reproduction and sexual conflicts. (lu.se)

distinct
Meiotic chromosome development during oogenesis is subdivided into three distinct phases. (warwick.ac.uk)

occurs
Today many professionals prefer the 22q11.2DS label, because it refers to the genetic lesion that occurs in most individuals given one of these diagnoses. (ucdavis.edu)

variation
The strengths of the consequent indirect selection on the old and new sex-determination loci are mediated by the strengths of sex-antagonistic selection, linkage between the sex-antagonistic and sex-determination genes, and the amount of genetic variation. (genetics.org)

genes
Nevertheless, many genes on the human Y chromosome have homologues (analogous genes) on the X chromosome. (abc.net.au)
The presence of these X-Y genes reinforces the idea that the Y chromosome developed from an X-like ancestor. (abc.net.au)
The X chromosome was found to have four groups of genes physically arranged as four consecutive blocks, like the layers of rock in geological strata. (abc.net.au)
Most likely this suppression was the result of a series of chromosomal inversions on the Y chromosome, which would also explain why the genes appear to be in order on the X but scrambled on the Y," Page explains. (abc.net.au)

human
The idea of morphological reduction of W is also enhanced by our perspective of the gradual shortening of human Y chromosome [ 5 ], although there are examples of Y becoming larger than X in non-human species [ 2 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Errors in chromosome segregation occurring during human oogenesis and early embryogenesis are very common. (warwick.ac.uk)
New insights into human nondisjunction of chromosome 21 in oocytes. (warwick.ac.uk)
The PAR1 spans the first 2.7 Mb of the proximal arm of the human sex chromosomes, while the much smaller PAR2 encompasses the distal 320 kb of the long arm of each sex chromosome. (genetics.org)

evolution
This lack of detailed knowledge about sex chromosome evolution compromises our understanding of fundamental biological questions (e.g. the evolution of sexual conflicts) as well as more practical ones (e.g. about sex-linked genetic diseases). (lu.se)
The evolution of sex chromosome dimorphism (SCD) is generally thought to follow a repeatable pattern. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Page and colleague Dr Bruce Lahn reconstructed the stages of sex chromosome evolution, and the time course over which these chromosomes were built. (abc.net.au)
By fossil digging on the sex chromosomes, we were able to reconstruct the four events that drove sex chromosomes into their distinctive X and Y forms, and to date when these events occurred during evolution," says Lahn. (abc.net.au)

thought
The first events that created the sex chromosomes had been thought to have occurred at least 170 million years ago," says researcher Dr David Page. (abc.net.au)

changes
Here, we analysed karyotypes of 200 bird species to test whether the supposed directional changes occur in bird sex chromosomes. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

often
An article published in the June issue of the journal Nature Reviews: Neuroscience provides one of the first comprehensive overviews of the genetic, neural and cognitive bases of a frequently undiagnosed congenital disorder with an array of complex genetic, medical, neurological, behavioral and psychiatric features: the often baffling chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). (ucdavis.edu)

time
On the contrary, the length of the W chromosome can fluctuate over short time scales, probably involving both shortening and elongation of non-coding regions. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

among
AMONG species with genetic sex determination, sex is determined in the vast majority by a single locus or chromosome ( B ull 1983 ). (genetics.org)

research
Research published in this week's Science reveals that the Y chromosome developed from an X-like ancestor around 300 million years ago. (abc.net.au)
What began as six families - joined together by the challenges of autism, and motivated by an urgent desire to find answers - is now an internationally renowned research center for understanding autism, fragile X syndrome, Tourette syndrome, chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and ADHD. (ucdavis.edu)
Mouse models vastly increase the potential for understanding the underlying genetic and neural bases of the condition, Simon said, and mouse-model research will accelerate understanding of the neural abnormalities involved in the cognitive impairments and in the development of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS. (ucdavis.edu)

length
Each piece of the chromosomes that inverted added to the length of DNA that could no longer align and recombine. (abc.net.au)

groups
In contrast, the groups appeared to be scrambled on the Y chromosome. (abc.net.au)

populations
Three F 2 populations were analyzed with RFLP markers known to be located on chromosome 11. (springer.com)
The genetic distance between markers on this map was determined by taking a weighted average of the data from the three populations. (springer.com)
MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. (springer.com)
A recent genome-wide association study identified an association between myocardial infarction in nonsurgical populations and common genetic variants on chromosome 9p21. (biomedsearch.com)
CONCLUSIONS: We have now demonstrated that common genetic variants in the same 9p21 locus, previously known to be associated with myocardial infarction in nonsurgical populations, are also associated with perioperative myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. (biomedsearch.com)
Recent linkage studies in segregating populations suggest that a BP QTL may exist on chromosome 1 in the vicinity of the Sa gene and the genes encoding the β and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel ( Scnn1b and Scnn1g ). (ahajournals.org)
In contrast to studies in segregating populations, chromosome transfer studies in congenic strains can be used to isolate chromosome regions that contain BP QTL and to test directly their importance in the pathogenesis of hypertension. (ahajournals.org)
As a result of these geographic influences, the genetic profile of North African populations is a complex mosaic of autochthonous Maghrebi, European, West Asian and West African influences in variable degrees. (wikipedia.org)
Although North Africa has experienced gene-flow from the surrounding regions, it has also experienced long periods of genetic isolation in some parts, allowing a distinctive genetic marker to evolve in native Maghrebi (Tamazgha) populations, especially in the regions that are still predominantly Berber-speaking, and in the Canary Islands. (wikipedia.org)
It represents up to 87 percent of Y-chromosomes among some Berber populations. (wikipedia.org)
Y-chromosome SNPs are rare and can be used to separate populations of men or haplogroups and can be used in population studies. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary algorithms use populations of individuals, select individuals according to fitness, and introduce genetic variation using one or more genetic operators. (wikipedia.org)
One broad study of African genetic diversity completed in 2009 found that the San were among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity among the 121 distinct African populations sampled. (wikipedia.org)
2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. (wikipedia.org)

genes on the X chromosome
Geneticists at Emory University School of Medicine have demonstrated a method that enables the routine amplification of all the genes on the X chromosome. (innovations-report.com)
If a mutation occurs on the X chromosome, females can be shielded because they carry a second backup copy of chromosome X. Indeed, a handful of genes on the X chromosome have been identified in which mutations can lead to autism in males (examples include the PTCHD1, NLGN3 and NLGN4 genes). (autismspeaks.org)

locus
Genetic variation at the 9p21.3 locus rs2383206 is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) phenotypes. (ahajournals.org)
These two genetic variants on the 15q24-25.1 locus have independent genetic effects on lung cancer risk. (aacrjournals.org)
Based on these results, we have defined the human genetic locus which corrects the heat-sensitive lesion in ts025Cl as hr025Cl and have assigned this locus to human chromosome 5. (springer.com)
Such drugs could not only help to target the defects of this new locus, but also might be used as therapy for other genetic cholesterol disorders such as FH, FDB, familial combined hyperlipidemia, and polygenic hypercholesterolemia. (ahajournals.org)

mutation
The mutation operator and crossover operator employed by the genetic algorithm must also take into account the chromosome's design. (wikipedia.org)
these chromosomes are used by the mutation and crossover operators to produce two offspring chromosomes for the new population. (wikipedia.org)
This simple protocol for determining GCR mutation rates in a variety of genetic backgrounds coupled with a diversity of modified GCR assays has provided tremendous insight into the large numbers of pathways that suppress genomic instability in yeast and appear to be relevant to cancer suppression pathways in humans. (cshlpress.org)
Because males have only a single X chromosome, a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome is more likely to affect a male than a female because males lack another copy of the same gene to compensate. (innovations-report.com)
The purpose of this study is to validate clinical use of PS to detect specific genetic mutation(s) known to cause severe inheritable diseases in embryos produced by at-risk couples. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Therefore, if a genetic alteration (called a mutation) occurs on the Y chromosome that can lead to autism, only men will be affected. (autismspeaks.org)

mtDNA founding ha
2003 ascertained that only the Altai and southwest Siberian regions "possesses all of the major Native American Y chromosome" and that "mtDNA founding haplogroups, thereby making it the best available candidate for the ancestral source region for the Native American population system. (wikipedia.org)

variants
The technology allows the rapid and highly accurate sequencing and identification of novel genetic variants affecting X chromosome genes. (innovations-report.com)
Senior author Michael Zwick, PhD, assistant professor of human genetics at Emory University School of Medicine, is using the method to identify genetic variants that contribute to autism spectrum disorders. (innovations-report.com)
Common genetic variants on chromosome 9p21 predict perioperative myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (biomedsearch.com)
9 To confirm the presence of a putative BP QTL on chromosome 1 and to begin fine genetic mapping of specific variants responsible for increased blood pressure, we replaced an SHR chromosome 1 segment defined by the markers D1Mit3 and Igf2 with the corresponding chromosome region from the normotensive BN strain. (ahajournals.org)

gene
Three gene loci have been strongly linked to AMD: CFH, CFB, and specific variations on Chromosome 10. (bio-medicine.org)
Variations associated with specific gene loci on Chromosome 10 in combination with CFH are associated with about 79% of the disease. (bio-medicine.org)
Gene Security Network has developed a novel technology called Parental SupportTM (PS) which is used for Preimplantation Genetic Screening/Diagnosis (PGS/D) during in vitro fertilization (IVF). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Abstract Recent linkage studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) suggest that a blood pressure regulatory gene or genes may be located on rat chromosome 1q. (ahajournals.org)
These findings provide direct evidence that a blood pressure regulatory gene exists on the differential segment of chromosome 1 that is sufficient to decrease blood pressure in the SHR. (ahajournals.org)
7 8 Moreover, the cosegregation of BP with Sa and Scnn1b/Scnn1g may reflect the effect of a gene linked at some distance to these genes on chromosome 1 rather than to the genes themselves. (ahajournals.org)
A multipoint linkage analysis of 583 markers genotyped on 31 (18 affected) members of this pedigree was undertaken to localize a genetic region that may harbor a third gene that could result in clinical familial hypercholesterolemia. (ahajournals.org)
Two genetic loci have been implicated in this clinical disorder: the LDL receptor gene (FH) 1 and the apolipoprotein B gene (familial defective apo B, or FDB). (ahajournals.org)
Gene expression programming belongs to the family of evolutionary algorithms and is closely related to genetic algorithms and genetic programming. (wikipedia.org)
In gene expression programming the linear chromosomes work as the genotype and the parse trees as the phenotype, creating a genotype/phenotype system. (wikipedia.org)
The genome of gene expression programming consists of a linear, symbolic string or chromosome of fixed length composed of one or more genes of equal size. (wikipedia.org)
An example of a chromosome with two genes, each of size 9, is the string (position zero indicates the start of each gene): 012345678012345678 L+a-baccd**cLabacd where "L" represents the natural logarithm function and "a", "b", "c", and "d" represent the variables and constants used in a problem. (wikipedia.org)

haplogroups
Listed here are notable Indigenous peoples of the Americas by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. (wikipedia.org)
The data suggest that Tanzanians have high genetic diversity and possess ancient mtDNA haplogroups, some of which are either rare or absent in other regions of Africa. (wikipedia.org)

variations
Such copy number variations (CNVs) contribute greatly to genetic diversity and are also thought to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to some diseases, including cancer. (cshlpress.org)
NEW HAVEN, Conn., Oct. 23 /PRNewswire/ -- Optherion, Inc., a company developing products to treat and diagnose dry and wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and other chronic diseases involving the alternative complement system, announced today that it has licensed from the University of Pittsburgh the worldwide rights to develop diagnostic products for AMD associated with specific variations in genes on Chromosome 10. (bio-medicine.org)
A monohybrid cross is a mating between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest. (wikipedia.org)
Identification of Y Chromosome Genetic Variations in Chinese Indigenous Horse Breeds" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)

Paternal
Haplogroup B (B-M60) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup common to paternal lineages in Africa. (wikipedia.org)

Abnormalities
Genetic counselors and medical geneticists explain the "unexplainable," helping families understand why abnormalities occur and whether they're likely to occur again. (brightsurf.com)
Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling is the genetics professional's definitive guide to navigating both chromosome disorders and the clinical questions of the families they impact. (brightsurf.com)
Completely updated and still infused with the warmth and voice that have made it essential reading for professionals across medical genetics, this edition of Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling represents a leap forward in clinical understanding and communication. (brightsurf.com)

markers
The assay measures the rate of simultaneous inactivation of two markers placed on a nonessential end of a yeast chromosome. (cshlpress.org)
To investigate this possibility, we replaced a region of chromosome 1 in the SHR (defined by the markers D1Mit3 and Igf2 ) with the corresponding chromosome segment from the normotensive Brown-Norway (BN) strain. (ahajournals.org)
After 10 generations of selective back-crossing to the SHR progenitor strain, the differential chromosome segment was fixed using the markers D1Mit3 (a microsatellite marker that maps close to C ) and Igf2 and maintained in the homozygous state by brother×sister mating and selective inbreeding of the offspring. (ahajournals.org)
The Sorenson Database used Y-chromosome genetic markers and surnames to determine common ancestors. (wikipedia.org)
A Y-DNA test analyzes similarities in Y-chromosome DNA markers, corresponding to specific locations on the Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

North Africa
The genetic history of North Africa has been heavily influenced by geography. (wikipedia.org)

Segregation
A pattern of concordant segregation was noted for the hr phenotype, human hexosaminidase B (EC 3.2.1.30) and human chromosome 5. (springer.com)

disorders
To date, very few research studies have looked into the association of chromosome Y with disorders. (autismspeaks.org)

haploid
The haploid human genome consists of 23 chromosomes, about 10^5 functional genes and has a DNA size of 3,000 million nucleotide pairs. (getrevising.co.uk)
There are four daughter cells each containing the haploid number of chromosomes. (getrevising.co.uk)
All the haploid sperm and eggs produced by meiosis received one chromosome 7. (wikipedia.org)

haplogroup
The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from haplogroup N. They subsequently further diverged thousands of years ago, forming two sub-groups, X1 and X2. (wikipedia.org)
Earlier (2001) research indicated that Altaians have maintained their native identity and only begun, very recently, to mix with groups (mostly Russians and Kazakhs) who do not show mtDNA haplogroup X. Genetic studies and researchers show, "the analysis of the tribal structure of Southern Altaians has shown that the present-day Altaians have retained their native language and ethnic identity. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Haplogroup L1 is a daughter of L1-6 and genetic marker changes are 3666, 7055, 7389, 13789, 14178 and 14560. (wikipedia.org)

genome
Revolutionary developments in genome sequencing experiments, however, now promise to allow previous shortfalls to be overcome allowing the Y chromosome to be studied in autism. (autismspeaks.org)
The latest genome sequencing technologies will be to examine if the Y chromosome is involved in autism. (autismspeaks.org)
The complement of genetic material in one chromosome set is called the genome. (getrevising.co.uk)
Thus, GEP is a genotype-phenotype system, benefiting from a simple genome to keep and transmit the genetic information and a complex phenotype to explore the environment and adapt to it. (wikipedia.org)

genotype
In genetic algorithms, a chromosome (also sometimes called a genotype) is a set of parameters which define a proposed solution to the problem that the genetic algorithm is trying to solve. (wikipedia.org)
This genotype/phenotype system is multigenic, thus encoding multiple parse trees in each chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

Genealogical
Genealogical and Y chromosome genetic data are presented . (wikipedia.org)
Mr. Sorenson envisioned the development of a genetic-genealogical blueprint of all humankind. (wikipedia.org)
A person searching through the database was able to find both genetic and genealogical matches, but could search using either DNA haplotypes or familial surname. (wikipedia.org)

algorithms
Introduction to genetic algorithms: IV. (wikipedia.org)
What are Genetic Algorithms? (wikipedia.org)
A good overview text on evolutionary algorithms is the book "An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms" by Mitchell (1996). (wikipedia.org)

represents
If a given chromosome in the population represents the value 155, its chromosome would be 10011011. (wikipedia.org)
The SHR.BN- D1Mit3/Igf2 congenic strain represents an important new model for fine mapping and characterization of genes on chromosome 1 involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. (ahajournals.org)

occur
In the September issue of Cold Spring Harbor Protocols ( cshprotocols.cshlp.org/TOCs/toc9_10.dtl ), Richard Kolodner and colleagues ( cancer.ucsd.edu/summaries/rkolodner.asp ) from the University of California, San Diego's Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research present Determination of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangement Rates , a genetic assay to quantitatively measure the rate at which GCRs occur in yeast cells. (cshlpress.org)
Most cases of isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. (nih.gov)

autism
Because the X chromosome is a hotspot for genes that are suspected of contributing to autism and intellectual disability, the Emory team's finding could speed new discoveries and eventually make routine clinical diagnosis of autism and intellectual disability easier. (innovations-report.com)
Understanding the genetic basis for this significant male to female ratio bias may provide clues towards understanding the cause of autism. (autismspeaks.org)
Given the well-established genetic basis of autism, it is possible that the gender bias resides in the sex chromosomes (X and Y) themselves. (autismspeaks.org)
However, these genes only account for a few percent of families with autism, and considering all other genes on the 22 other (non-XY) chromosomes, only about 15% of the genetic causes of autism are known. (autismspeaks.org)
We believe that many of the genes still to be found involved in autism may reside on the Y chromosome. (autismspeaks.org)
The hypothesis is that extra or missing copies (or segments of copies) of the Y chromosome underlie much of autism. (autismspeaks.org)
A clue that guides this conjecture is that males with an extra copy of chromosome Y have an increased incidence of autism. (autismspeaks.org)

population
An example chromosome we might encounter in the population might be DFABEC. (wikipedia.org)
Bolnick, Deborah A. et al 2006, Asymmetric Male and Female Genetic Histories among Native Americans from Eastern North America Zegura, Stephen L. et al 2004, High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas Malhi, Ripan Singh et al 2008, Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History Q-M3=32. (wikipedia.org)
The Galilee Druze represent a population isolate, so their combination of a high frequency and diversity of X signifies a phylogenetic refugium, providing a sample snapshot of the genetic landscape of the Near East prior to the modern age. (wikipedia.org)

Analysis
They could search for ancestors using their surname, genetic marker values obtained through their DNA analysis, or a combination of the two. (wikipedia.org)
Radiological and genetic analysis of a Late Iron Age mummy from the Tuli Block, Botswana" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)

marker
The database also had genetic marker default values if users did not have their own genetic information. (wikipedia.org)

primary genetic
1 Despite this intensive research effort, little is known about the primary genetic lesions responsible for the defective regulation of BP in the SHR. (ahajournals.org)

predict
Genetic tests that can identify people at risk of developing AMD, or that can predict the likely rate of progression and end-stage outcome of patients already diagnosed, should enable medical professionals to intervene more aggressively at an earlier stage with lifestyle changes and available therapies, thereby changing the course of disease. (bio-medicine.org)
Although there are a number of home-use kits being marketed for these types of tests, unfortunately genetic hair loss is not quite so easy to predict. (belgraviacentre.com)

identification
Therefore, despite linkage studies showing a BP QTL in the region of the Sa and Scnn1b genes, the identification and physical location of a BP QTL on rat chromosome 1 is far from certain. (ahajournals.org)

cancer
Genetic factors play important roles in lung cancer susceptibility ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)

spontaneous
These findings suggest that we have isolated a QTL-regulating blood pressure on chromosome 1 in the rat that appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. (ahajournals.org)

familial
The Sorenson Database matched genetic information with familial surnames. (wikipedia.org)

structure
Chromosomes are present in the nucleus and consist of DNA molecules packed in thread like structure. (omicsonline.org)
In chromosome the DNA is tightly coiled many times to histone proteins mainly to support the structure. (omicsonline.org)
This is mainly due to its complex and repetitive DNA sequence structure, which has been difficult to examine using conventional genetic technologies. (autismspeaks.org)

specific
The design of the chromosome and its parameters is by necessity specific to the problem to be solved. (wikipedia.org)

data
The chromosome is often represented as a binary string, although a wide variety of other data structures are also used. (wikipedia.org)
American Indian Mtdna, Y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America. (wikipedia.org)

Research
Modern DNA research to date has not supported that traditionally held view of the origin of the Exmoor pony however, as existing studies indicate they share their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA with various other horse breeds from across the world, and their paternally inherited Y-chromosome is identical to that of most other domesticated horses. (wikipedia.org)

studies
The classical genetic map and molecular map of rice chromosome 11 were oriented to facilitate the use of these maps for genetic studies and rice improvement. (springer.com)

test
However, I would like to inquire about a genetic test on my X chromosome. (belgraviacentre.com)

Search
There were only two areas for individuals to search within the Sorenson Database, a Y chromosome database and a mitochondrial DNA database. (wikipedia.org)

Cells
RQPS can be used to measure copy number of any transgene, differentiate homozygotes from heterozygotes, detect the CNV of endogenous genes, and screen embryonic stem cells targeted with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors. (cshlpress.org)

important
Moreover, many genes on the Y chromosome are important in brain development. (autismspeaks.org)

female
With this type of hereditary condition the best thing to do is firstly try not to worry about it as stress and anxiety can actively trigger female hair loss in those with a genetic predisposition. (belgraviacentre.com)

male
In male SHR congenic rats carrying the transferred BN chromosome segment, 24-hour average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower than in male progenitor SHR. (ahajournals.org)

different
Isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome is a chromosome abnormality that affects many different parts of the body. (nih.gov)

extra
As the name suggests, people with this condition have an extra chromosome (called an isodicentric chromosome 15 ) which is made of two pieces of chromosome 15 that are stuck together end-to-end. (nih.gov)

Read
The team's sequencing method does not read all the letters of the genetic code in the X chromosome from beginning to end. (innovations-report.com)

separate
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of the cell. (getrevising.co.uk)

Study
A genetic genealogy study about the Savran-Bendery Chassidic Dynasty focused on the Y-DNA pedigree of the Savran-Bendery Chassidic dynasty from Ukraine and Bessarabia during the nineteenth century was published in May 31, 2015. (wikipedia.org)

made
According to ISOGG.org, Sorenson "also had large X chromosome and autosomal STR databases, but these databases were never made publicly available. (wikipedia.org)

mtDNA and Y-chromosome
On the edge of the Bantu expansions: patterns of mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in southwestern Angola. (blogspot.com)
While prior studies have examined the mtDNA and Y-chromosome contrast in focal populations in the Middle East, none have undertaken a broad-spectrum survey including North and sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and Middle Eastern populations. (blogspot.com)
Geographic differentiation in affinities of Middle Eastern populations with Africa and Europe showed distinct contrasts between mtDNA and Y-chromosome data. (blogspot.com)

Maps to Chromosome
A Novel Ménière's Disease Locus Maps to Chromosome 1. (uiowa.edu)

autosomal
As these chromosomes diverge from their autosomal ancestor and from each other as a homologous pair, they have the potential to increase or decrease in size due to mutation and recombination. (wikipedia.org)

Genes
Tests for allelism among mice with four different mutant alleles at the shaker-with-syndactylism locus on mouse Chromosome (Chr) 18 provide evidence that the original radiation-induced mutation, sy, is a deletion including at least two genes associated with distinct phenotypes. (jax.org)
The genetic relationships described here will aid in positional cloning efforts to identify the genes responsible for the disparate phenotypes associated with the sy locus. (jax.org)
Silene recently evolved sex chromosomes 5-10 million years ago and are widely used by geneticists and biologists to study the mechanisms of sex determination since they are one of only 39 species across 14 families of angiosperm that possess sex-determining genes. (wikipedia.org)
Plants with sex-determining chromosomes, like Silene, can develop uni-sexual reproductive structures because of the loss and gain of sex-determining genes. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the Y chromosome carries three dominant genes that determine the sexual expression in a Silene offspring. (wikipedia.org)
If there are deletions and mutations in the Y chromosome during reproduction, then different sex-linked genes are lost. (wikipedia.org)
The different combinations of possible sex-related genes that an individual Silene can have in one Y chromosome are what creates the rich variation of sexual phenotypes throughout this genus. (wikipedia.org)
They differ because there are multiple sex determining genes on the Y chromosome of S. latifolia, while in humans the presence or absence of the Y chromosome strictly determines whether the offspring is male or female. (wikipedia.org)
Different combinations of the genes present in a Silene Y chromosome affect the sexual expression in the organism. (wikipedia.org)
For example, there are two genetic variations that can lead to male sterility in S. latifolia: if it possesses two Y chromosomes (YY) or if the Y chromosome possesses the female suppression and male promoting genes. (wikipedia.org)
Lastly, Y chromosomes carrying both female suppression and male fertility genes creates an asexual organism. (wikipedia.org)
In P2's genome, the genes related to chromosome replication were likewise found to be more related to those in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal territories, likely for the co-expression of genes on different chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

characteristic
Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

Africa
Ancient DNA has the potential of resolving this issue, because if L3*(xM, N) in Eurasia is really recent (e.g., associated with Islamic/Arab dispersals spanning Africa and Eurasia), then it ought to be missing from the earliest genetic layers. (blogspot.com)

diversity
While J2 has penetrated into Europe, the pattern of Y-chromosome diversity in Lebanon does not show the widespread affinities with Europe indicated by the mtDNA data. (blogspot.com)
Crop wild relatives have a high level of genetic diversity with rare alleles that enabled them to survive in natural and adverse environments. (krishisewa.com)
Pre-breeding attempts to reset the genetic diversity of crops by reintroducing genetic variation that has been left behind. (krishisewa.com)
Genetic Diversity of Klebsiella spp. (wikipedia.org)

circular
He has found two circular chromosomes or plasmids in Rhodobacter with Kaplan S in 1989. (wikipedia.org)
The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus has a circular chromosome that consists of 2,992,245 bp. (wikipedia.org)
Another sequenced species, S. tokodaii has a circular chromosome as well but is slightly smaller with 2,694,756 bp. (wikipedia.org)

ancestor
The process of genetic transmission of characteristics from parent or ancestor to offspring. (thefreedictionary.com)
the acquisition of characteristics by the transfer of genetic material from ancestor to descendant. (thefreedictionary.com)

humans
The system for determining sex in Silene latifolia is close to that found in humans because in both cases the Y chromosome determines what reproductive mechanisms will be expressed in the offspring. (wikipedia.org)

presence
Then, they could reliably identify fetal DNA, which would in turn allow them to diagnose certain fetal genetic conditions such as Down Syndrome , which can be detected by observing presence of extra chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

fragments
So they wanted to focus on genetic fragments containing paternally inherited sequences the mother did not share, but had traveled from the fetal blood into the maternal blood through the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
Although chromosomes are initially shattered into many fragments, complete chromosomes are regenerated by making use of over-lapping fragments. (wikipedia.org)

integrity
The key of our method is the systematic purification of several tagged components of the protein complex in multiple genetic deletion strains, which serve to compromise the integrity of the complex. (embopress.org)

traits
1 the acquisition or expression of traits or conditions by transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring. (thefreedictionary.com)
The acquisition of traits, characteristics and disorders from parents to their children by transmission of genetic information. (thefreedictionary.com)
The time required to transfer traits from wheat genetic resources and to enable their use in breeding often may exceed that in conventional breeding programmes. (krishisewa.com)

Studies
More recently, numerous studies attempting to better understand the causes, and hopefully improving diagnosis and treatment have focused on genetic underpinnings of the disorders that may play a role in a significant number of cases. (blogspot.com)
The common inference drawn from such studies is that the sex of the offspring is determined by the Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Several studies concentrated on Silene latifolia have shown a correlation between loci on the Y chromosome and the sex that is expressed phenotypically in the flower. (wikipedia.org)

creates
Culture creates genetic structure in Daghestan. (blogspot.com)

widely
One of the major constraints in using wheat genetic resources in breeding programmes is the time factor associated with difficulties in evaluating wheat genetic resources with widely different phenologies of growth habit, flowering time and height. (krishisewa.com)

several
The ancient migration patterns are reflected in the clear north-south gradients in several palaeolithic and neolithic haplogroups in the mtDNA (U5, I, K, T, X) and the Y chromosome (R1b, N3). (blogspot.com)

shown
Genetic research has shown that the Negritos have existed as a separate group for a long time, comparable to the Australoid and Southwest Pacific groups. (wikipedia.org)

region
Post LGM expansions into the region and subsequent population movements created a striking genetic mosaic with distinct sex-based genetic differentiation. (blogspot.com)