Genes biological gene environment interaction. Medical search. Frequent questions

Epigenetics is a mechanism that regulates gene expression independently of the underlying DNA sequence, relying instead on the chemical modification of DNA and histone proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic gene regulation is essential for normal development, thus defects in epigenetics cause various rare congenital diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
In another approach to gene-environment interactions, the field of epigenetics looks beyond the genotype itself and studies how the same genotype can be expressed in different ways. (coursehero.com)
Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. (svri.org)

To date, several genes using the GWAS technique have been identified. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
More than half (23 of 39) of the articles represent epidemiologic studies including candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) examining genetic effect modification on disease risk. (cdc.gov)
This study uses data from the Framingham Heart Study to examine the relevance of the gene-environment interaction paradigm for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). (dukeupress.edu)
Our results highlight the sensitivity of parameter estimates obtained from GWAS models and the difficulty of framing genome-wide results using the existing gene-environment interaction typology. (dukeupress.edu)
A Bayesian framework that integrates multi-omics data and gene networks predicts risk genes from schizophrenia GWAS data. (rutgers.edu)

Individuals with different genotypes are affected differently by exposure to the same environmental factors, and thus gene-environment interactions can result in different disease phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
The identification of causal or predictive variants/genes/mechanisms for disease-associated traits is characterized by "complex" networks of molecular phenotypes. (igi-global.com)

These studies have identified variants in several genes that may contribute to obesity by increasing hunger and food intake. (cdc.gov)
These biomarkers range from genetic variants which are fixed for each person throughout their life, through gene products such as proteins which are produced dynamically and vary with time and across different cells in the body, to large molecule metabolites which more closely reflect the processes involved in both normal functioning and disease development. (ukri.org)
VEXOR: an integrative environment for prioritization of functional variants in fine-mapping analysis. (rutgers.edu)

Gene-environment interaction (or genotype-environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. (wikipedia.org)
We found some articles related to environmental interactions with inherited genotype and others on environmental exposures that damage genetic material and initiate molecular pathways of pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
In other words, according to the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis, the same genes that helped our ancestors survive occasional famines are now being challenged by environments in which food is plentiful year round. (cdc.gov)
Being able to link biological samples with the extensive epidemiological data in the Registry as well as having the genotype of those taking part in the Biorepository, makes the samples a unique resource. (cdc.gov)

To explore work on gene-environment interaction (GxE) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), we examined the CDC-Authored Genomics and Precision Health Publications Database (CDC-Authored GPHPD) , which includes articles published by CDC/ATSDR authors since 2011. (cdc.gov)
UMCES researchers focus on a range of scales from individual genes to genomics to metagenomics of complex communities. (umces.edu)
In recent years, new methods for biological measurements using sophisticated technologies (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) have enabled the simultaneous measurement of thousands of potential molecular biomarkers of disease. (ukri.org)
Environmental human genomics seeks to understand how these external factors interact with the human genome (known as gene-environment interactions, or GxE) to determine responses to environmental exposures. (cdc.gov)

These small differences in the genes have, in turn, small subtle effects that when added across several genes may then create a greater risk. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Objective: Our aim was to identify new loci interacting with ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset (TAO) in childhood.Methods: We conducted genome-wide interaction analyses of ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset in childhood in five European-ancestry studies (totaling 8,273 subjects) using Cox proportional-hazard model. (bris.ac.uk)
To address these questions, the CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group conducted series of genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) involving up to 610,475 individuals across four ancestries for three lipids and four blood pressure traits, while accounting for interaction effects with drinking and smoking exposures. (cdc.gov)

Epigenetic changes affect the expression or activity of genes without changing the underlying DNA sequence - they are believed to be one mechanism by which the environment can interact with the genome. (kcl.ac.uk)
An Icelandic study has revealed complex and fascinating ways in which genes interact with their environment to affect cardiovascular health. (insideprecisionmedicine.com)
Not only do our genes and environment interact, as in range of reaction, but they also influence one another bidirectionally. (coursehero.com)

The biology of schizophrenia is difficult to study, since hundreds of genes are implicated in the disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Significant progress has been made in identifying the genetic factors, if we take into consideration the hundreds of genes that studies have now linked to schizophrenia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For the new study, the researchers created gene expression maps for each cell type in the brain and compared them with the detailed list of the hundreds of schizophrenia-related genes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Genes are also associated with temperament and a number of psychological disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia. (coursehero.com)
Let's look at the following findings regarding schizophrenia in light of our three views of gene-environment interactions. (coursehero.com)

If we can establish a relationship between these RLS-related genes and their protein products, then we can begin to understand the specific biological mechanisms that are unique to RLS. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
A second group of methods, which includes DNA microarrays and proteomics, have advantages that overcome the limitations implicit in signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, namely, the ability to directly measure expression (gene or protein) levels on a true genome-wide scale, but their application to analysis of bacterial pathogens during real infections is still in its infancy. (cdc.gov)

Lewontin and Layzer argued that in order to conclude causal mechanisms, the gene-environment interaction could not be ignored in the context of the study while Jensen defended that interaction was purely a statistical phenomenon and not related to development. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to previous debates, Moffitt and Caspi were now using the statistical analysis to prove that interaction existed and could be used to uncover the mechanisms of a vulnerability trait. (wikipedia.org)
Our laboratory is interested in the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of social behavior development, as well as biological mechanisms underlying social motivation, social learning, and social skill acquisition and generalization. (upenn.edu)
Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another. (lookformedical.com)

Gene-environment interactions contribute to numerous neurological disorders, but exactly how environmental risk factors are conveyed to genes and how such interactions influence brain and behavior, are poorly understood. (confex.com)

From the abstract: 'Clinical and population-based cohorts revealed an interaction between the inherited PNPLA3 p.I148M variant and female sex in determining liver disease. (cdc.gov)

The study, published in Molecular Psychiatry , is the largest of its kind and may shed light on the biological mechanism by which environmental influences regulate the activity of certain genes and in turn contribute to the development of ASD and related behaviour traits. (kcl.ac.uk)
Importantly, the microbiota is now known to regulate several fundamental biological processes underlying health and disease. (confex.com)
Because the environment encountered within a living host will be quite different from the external environment, pathogens must be able to regulate the necessary genes in coordination as they move from the environment to the host and from one host niche to another. (cdc.gov)

Fisher sought to eliminate interaction from statistical studies as it was a phenomenon that could be removed using a variation in scale. (wikipedia.org)
A rapidly developing research area focuses on understanding how genetic variation influences organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems and specifically the connections between genetics, gene regulation, species diversity, and ecological and biogeochemical processes. (umces.edu)
Nevertheless, the variation in how people respond to the same environment suggests that genes do play a role in the development of obesity. (cdc.gov)
Other studies have compared obese and non-obese people for variation in genes that could influence behaviors (such as a drive to overeat, or a tendency to be sedentary) or metabolism (such as a diminished capacity to use dietary fats as fuel, or an increased tendency to store body fat). (cdc.gov)
The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues. (rutgers.edu)

The goal of our search was to identify publications describing the role of specific genes, gene signatures, or molecular pathways and their effects in response to environmental exposures. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we're looking specifically at living environments and environmental exposures, but an individual's personal experience is also a kind of exposure," said Zhang. (eurekalert.org)
Many biomarkers reflect environmental exposures, including lifestyle, occupational and dietary factors, and thus serve to study in a comprehensive way the interaction between genes and environment in relation to disease outcomes. (ukri.org)

Koichu B., Schwarz B. B., Heyd-Metzuyanim E., Tabach M. & Yarden A. (2022) Learning, Culture and Social Interaction. (weizmann.ac.il)

Most obesity, however, probably results from complex interactions among multiple genes and environmental factors that remain poorly understood (multifactorial obesity). (cdc.gov)
The role and biological significance of gene-environment interactions in human traits and diseases remain poorly understood. (cdc.gov)

Genes are the basic functional units of heredity which are located on chromosomes. (rgtonks.ca)

Any explanation of the obesity epidemic has to consider both genetics and the environment. (cdc.gov)

These small changes are not "causing" the disease in the same sense that mutations in clotting factor genes cause bleeding problems in a hemophilia. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Either de novo mutations in synaptic genes, congenital abnormalities of epigenetic control (for example, Rett syndrome), or acquired alterations of epigenetic control induced by various environmental factors can lead to synaptic dysfunction and resultin autism. (biomedcentral.com)

Without controlling for geography, associations between genes and complex traits will therefore include effects of environmental differences between high-income and low-income regions. (cdc.gov)
The essential components for Darwin's theory are that the environment 'selects' organisms with some traits to survive while others die out, what this means is that those who survive are best 'fit' for their environments. (rgtonks.ca)

Hogben believed that the interaction should be investigated instead of eliminated as it provided information on the causation of certain elements of development. (wikipedia.org)
a large study providing further confirmation that autism causation results from gene environment interaction. (blogspot.com)
Central to this investigation is an understanding of what gene products are required and expressed during a natural infection and how this expression changes over time (from initial colonization to causation of disease and spread of the pathogen to new hosts) and space (in different cells or tissues within the host). (cdc.gov)

People with ASD have varying levels of impairment across three common areas: deficits in social interactions and understanding, repetitive behaviour and interests, and impairments in language and communication development. (kcl.ac.uk)
Others, such as Richard Dawkins on Natural Selection ( part 2 ) discusses the 'Selfish Gene' whereby we are seen as prisoners of our genes, they (our genes) work to selfishly replicate themselves and and our behaviour is merely at the service of our genes. (rgtonks.ca)
As such, altruism or pro-social behaviour is merely in appearance when our genes are acting in self-interest since we tend to share the same genes with those around us. (rgtonks.ca)

Single-cell transcriptomics is " transforming our understanding of biology " by allowing scientists to quantify levels of gene expression in single cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
DNA methylation acts to block the genetic sequences that drive gene expression, silencing gene activity. (kcl.ac.uk)
The type I target gene folded gastrulation is activated only in response to peak levels of the Dl gradient, so that expression is restricted to a subdomain of the presumptive mesoderm. (sdbonline.org)
The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
It was recently reported that short-term mental stress caused by maternal separation during the neonatal period alters the epigenetic status of the glucocorticoid receptor ( Gr ) promoter in the rat hippocampus, which leads to changes in gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Stated simply, our genes influence our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes (Figure 1). (coursehero.com)
As mentioned earlier, gene expression is often influenced by environmental context in ways that are not entirely obvious. (coursehero.com)
But even with identical genes, there remains an incredible amount of variability in how gene expression can unfold over the course of each twin's life. (coursehero.com)
Cohort-specific imputation of gene expression improves prediction of warfarin dose for African Americans. (rutgers.edu)
The nature of Gene expression is based upon dominant and recessive genes where Dominant Genes will be expressed over their Recessive counterparts (e.g. (rgtonks.ca)
Although analyses that give information on the expression of a few genes provide insight and have been responsible for a large proportion of the bacterial pathogenesis literature currently available, our ultimate goal is to understand expression changes across the whole genome. (cdc.gov)
However, we now have a number of methods that allow identification of genes critical for survival in a host as well as methods that allow direct measurement of gene expression during interaction with a host. (cdc.gov)
Two of these methods, signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, do not directly measure gene expression and do not allow true genomic-scale analysis, but they have been devised to identify genes necessary for pathogens during real infections. (cdc.gov)

A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists believe that several factors may be involved, including interactions between genes and environment, such as problems during birth and exposure to viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
From the game-changing twin study to the emerging clues on environmental risk factors, these studies highlight the important role of gene-environmental interactions in autism. (blogspot.com)
We defined environment broadly, including infectious agents, toxins, and behavioral risk factors such as alcohol use and smoking. (cdc.gov)
2) the role of genetic factors in modulating the induction or perpetuation of autoimmune diseases by environmental or infectious agents and 3) the interaction of hormones and gender differences with environmental or infectious agents in development of autoimmune diseases. (nih.gov)
Doing a better job of explaining obesity in terms of genes and environment factors could help encourage people who are trying to reach and maintain a healthy weight. (cdc.gov)
A new study at the University of Chicago examined data from over 400,000 individuals to better understand how those two factors play into the variations seen in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, with the hope of eventually identifying ways that individuals who are at risk can modify their environments to protect their mental health. (eurekalert.org)
Next, we could see if we can identify specific pairs of genes and environmental factors that play a role in the development of disease. (eurekalert.org)
By clarifying the roles of both host- (genetic) and virus- (environment) specific factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of viral LRTI, it may be possible to determine if severe LRTIs cause asthma, or if asthma susceptibility predisposes patients to severe LRTI in response to viral infection. (atsjournals.org)

The next largest category (6 articles) included papers describing evolutionary selection pressures on infectious organisms, either in the natural environment or in host species. (cdc.gov)
Although we are all biological organisms, we also exist in an environment that is incredibly important in determining not only when and how our genes express themselves, but also in what combination. (coursehero.com)
Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms. (lookformedical.com)

This is an example of how the findings could be used to understand biological pathways through which the interactions alter lipid levels, they say. (insideprecisionmedicine.com)

We argue that SNP-environment interactions across the human genome are not likely to provide consistent evidence regarding genetic influences on health that differ by environment. (dukeupress.edu)

Evidence from twin studies shows there is a strong genetic component to ASD and previous studies suggest that genes that direct brain development may be involved in the disorder. (kcl.ac.uk)
3) studies of gene-environment interactions in shaping social-emotional development. (upenn.edu)
Cohort studies enable life-course analysis of environmental, lifestyle, occupational and dietary effects on normal biological functioning and on disease development. (ukri.org)
Results: The 13q21 locus showed genome-wide significant interaction with ELTS exposure (P=4.3x10-8 for rs7334050 within KLHL1 with consistent results across the five studies). (bris.ac.uk)
Is the Gene-Environment Interaction Paradigm Relevant to Genome-Wide Studies? (dukeupress.edu)
Most examples of GxE research in the social sciences have been candidate gene or twin/sibling studies (Boardman et al. (dukeupress.edu)
Recent declines in the costs of genome-wide genotyping in conjunction with an increasing number of population-based studies with genome-wide data make a genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction (GWGEI) approach possible (Cornelis et al. (dukeupress.edu)
Current Challenges and New Opportunities for Gene-Environment Interaction Studies of Complex Diseases. (rutgers.edu)
The additional information generated by whole genome studies goes far beyond that derived by characterizing in isolation more genes and gene products, because analysis of the whole genome allows complete regulatory networks to be identified and characterized. (cdc.gov)

Our findings give us an insight into the biological mechanism mediating the interaction between gene and environment in autism spectrum disorder. (kcl.ac.uk)
The study, "Gene-Environment Interactions Explain a Substantial Portion of Variability of Common Neuropsychiatric Disorders," was supported by the DARPA Big Mechanism program under ARO contract W911NF1410333, by National Institutes of Health grants R01HL122712, 1P50MH094267, and U01HL108634-01, and by a gift from Liz and Kent Dauten. (eurekalert.org)
Furthermore, more literatures suggest gene-environment interaction as a potential contributor to disease mechanism. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to encourage applications for projects that bridge biological mechanism to population level scales. (nih.gov)
Thus, projects may connect biological mechanism models and population models, or inform population models with mechanistic insights, or inform mechanistic models with population science insights. (nih.gov)

In developmental genetics, a causal interaction is enough to confirm gene-environment interactions. (wikipedia.org)

Polygenetic Inheritance is where phenotype characteristics are determined by the interaction of many genes. (rgtonks.ca)

The " it's gotta be genetic " mindset will still live on in the largely autism ignorant, advertising revenue dependent, major mainstream media institutions in LA, New York and Toronto but in the informed autism world it is being replaced by the gene environment autism research paradigm. (blogspot.com)
In the meantime, a number of genes related to autism have been identified, which are mutated in a subset of autistic children. (biomedcentral.com)

These interactions are of particular interest to genetic epidemiologists for predicting disease rates and methods of prevention with respect to public health. (wikipedia.org)

We provide courses in cutting-edge techniques and approaches for generating and working with large and complex biological datasets. (lu.se)

The discovery that the APP gene is on the 21st chromosome[25] led to the hypothesis that the early and universal development of AD pathology is due to a third copy of the APP gene. (medscape.com)

In genetic epidemiology, gene-environment interactions are useful for understanding some diseases. (wikipedia.org)
This RFA, Environment/Infection/Gene Interactions in Autoimmune Diseases, is related to one or more of the priority areas. (nih.gov)

Understanding the interactions between our environment and our genes and how they affect health outcomes offers a multitude of potential opportunities in public health. (cdc.gov)

Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction occurs where the epigenetic changes can be inherited. (rgtonks.ca)

Around the same time, Kenneth J. Rothman supported the use of a statistical definition for interaction while researchers Kupper and Hogan believed the definition and existence of interaction was dependent on the model being used. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers also pointed out that environment can include more than simply the molecules measured by the EPA in the air, water and soil. (eurekalert.org)
The Graduate Research School of Integrative Biology (IBIO) offers a collaborative, inclusive and interdisciplinary environment for PhD students and researchers. (lu.se)

psychosocial and biological treatments to improve social functioning. (upenn.edu)

Biometric interaction is relevant in the context of research on individual differences rather than in the context of the development of a particular organism. (wikipedia.org)
However, since each gene exerts but a small effect, this makes it very difficult to decide which ones to focus on in research experiments and treatment development. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In future research, the team hopes to examine some of these interactions more directly. (eurekalert.org)
The National ALS Biorepository is a component of the National ALS Registry that adds to the existing pool of biological samples from persons with ALS available for research. (cdc.gov)
Proposed projects should pose a challenging cancer research question that can be addressed by connecting these two ends of the research spectrum that would be difficult to address or explain through biological or epidemiological investigation alone. (nih.gov)
To be responsive to this FOA, each application is expected to pose a challenging cancer research question that can be addressed by connecting these two ends of the research spectrum (but would be difficult to address or explain through biological or epidemiological investigation alone). (nih.gov)
topic of research paper in Biological sciences. (cyberleninka.org)
To determine the effects of commonly deployed dwarfing genes on wheat grain Zn, Fe, Mn and Mg concentrations, nine bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and six durum wheat (T. turgidum) isoline pairs differing for Rht1 (= Rht-B1b) and one bread wheat pair for Rht2 (= Rht-D1b) dwarfing genes were evaluated for three crop seasons at N.E. Borlaug Research Station, Cd. (cyberleninka.org)

Rarely, a clear pattern of inherited obesity within a family is caused by a specific variant of a single gene (monogenic obesity). (cdc.gov)

Biometric gene-environment interaction has particular currency in population genetics and behavioral genetics. (wikipedia.org)

Statistical analysis of the genetic and environmental differences contributing to the phenotype would have to be used to confirm these as gene-environment interactions. (wikipedia.org)

In recent decades, obesity has reached epidemic proportions in populations whose environments promote physical inactivity and increased consumption of high-calorie foods. (cdc.gov)
On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. (cdc.gov)

Any interaction results in the breakdown of the additivity of the main effects of heredity and environment, but whether such interaction is present in particular settings is an empirical question. (wikipedia.org)

How do bacteria respond to the host environment during an infection? (cdc.gov)

The developing complementary technologies of DNA microarrays and proteomics are allowing the response of bacterial pathogens to different environments to be probed at the whole genome level. (cdc.gov)

Genes affect more than our physical characteristics. (coursehero.com)

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: We identified novel candidate genes interacting with ELTS exposure on time-to-asthma onset in childhood. (bris.ac.uk)
These genes have plausible biological relevance related to tobacco smoke exposure. (bris.ac.uk)

The National ALS Biorepository collects, processes, stores, and distributes a variety of biological specimens such as blood, urine, and tissue from a sample of persons with ALS enrolled in the National ALS Registry who agree to take part in the Biorepository. (cdc.gov)

To date, there has been no single gene identified that can account for the 35-40% relative risk of inherency. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

The focus of this recent study is on how cell types - which can be characterized by gene maps - relate to disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In this study, we just modeled a general interaction between genes and environment," said Zhang. (eurekalert.org)
Incorporation of Biological Knowledge Into the Study of Gene-Environment Interactions. (bvsalud.org)
The host-pathogen interactions that define a disease are clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal model. (cdc.gov)

So while it is true that genes provide the biological blueprints for our cells, tissues, organs, and body, they also have significant impact on our experiences and our behaviors. (coursehero.com)

In recent years, new methods for biological measurements using sophisticated technologies have enabled the simultaneous measurement of thousands of potential molecular biomarkers of disease. (ukri.org)

According to their models, gene-environment interactions account for only a small portion of the variations seen in the rates of some psychiatric disorders, such as depression and substance abuse. (eurekalert.org)

A Varying Coefficient Model to Jointly Test Genetic and Gene-Environment Interaction Effects. (nih.gov)
Family health history reflects the effects of shared genetics and environment among close relatives. (cdc.gov)
This suggests that lots of genetic associations may remain undiscovered, with complex effects such as genetic interactions explaining some of the missing heritability. (insideprecisionmedicine.com)

These genes have one or more small alterations in their DNA structure that are associated with increased risk of developing RLS. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
For example, if a patient were to have a gene that put them at increased risk of migraines when exposed to hot climates, a physician might suggest they ensure that they have air conditioning in their home and avoid the head. (eurekalert.org)
One gene variant offered coronary protection for people with a particular blood group but was linked with greater risk for those with other blood types. (insideprecisionmedicine.com)

The Huang (1997) paper also clearly summarizes what is known about the regulation of genes involved in dorsal/ventral patterning. (sdbonline.org)
Prenatal intimate partner violence exposure predicts infant biobehavioral regulation: moderation by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. (svri.org)

Developmental gene-environment interaction is a concept more commonly used by developmental geneticists and developmental psychobiologists. (wikipedia.org)

Much of the early (pre-natal) human development is characterized by biological changes, while some psychological (cognitive and social) abilities (such as hearing) begin before birth, most develop after birth. (rgtonks.ca)

Organisms4

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes23

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Named Groups1

Health Care8

Geographicals1

Epigenetics4

GWAS5

Phenotypes2

Variants3

Genotype4

Genomics4

Several genes1

Genome-wide interaction2

Interact3

Schizophrenia5

Protein2

Mechanisms4

Behavior1

Abstract1

Regulate3

Variation5

Exposures3

20221

Remain poorly understood2

Functional1

Genetics and the environment1

Mutations2

Traits2

Causation3

Behaviour3

Expression13

Factors9

Organisms3

Pathways1

Human genome1

Studies9

Mechanism5

Causal1

Inheritance1

Autism2

Predicting disease1

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Diseases2

Outcomes1

Epigenetic changes1

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Psychosocial1

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Heredity1

Infection1

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Single gene1

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Psychological1