Genes protozoan. Medical search. Frequent questions

It contains 97 genes, 62 of them code for proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
Alphaviral envelope pseudotypes of retroviruses or lentiviruses are able to integrate the genes that they carry into the expansive range of potential host cells that are recognized and infected by the alphaviral envelope proteins E2 and E1. (genetherapynet.com)
Furthermore, the use of whole alphaviruses for gene therapy is of limited efficacy both because several internal alphaviral proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis upon infection and also because the alphaviral capsid mediates only the transient introduction of mRNA into host cells. (genetherapynet.com)
Scientists believe that the study of genes that encode the proteins for molecular motors will help solve the mysteries of evolution. (icr.org)
Researchers had hoped to find that matters would be clarified by myosin proteins derived from the DNA sequences of different single-celled eukaryotes, such as flagellated protozoa (protozoa with a whip-like tail), amoeboid protozoa, and algae. (icr.org)
Thus the headings Protozoan Infections, Protozoan Genes, and Protozoan Proteins, etc. have not changed. (bvsalud.org)

Subsequent genomic sequence analysis of multiple genes including elongation factor 3, a component of fungi protein synthesis not found in protozoa, further supported this notion. (medscape.com)
In the Human Microbiome Project, researchers plan to characterize the vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses in our body by sequencing their genes. (popsci.com)
The human body shelters a zoo of microbes - thousands of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. (harvard.edu)
The microbes included viruses associated with hepatitis, liver cancer, and cervical cancer, a virus involved with skin tumors in AIDS patients, and a menagerie of other bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. (harvard.edu)

Malaria is a parasite, a protozoa with four species affecting humans - Plasmodium falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae. (theness.com)
in these cases, because mosquitoes are not readily available to spread the malarial genes, it is in the interests of the malarial parasite to not kill its victims too soon. (lindau-nobel.org)
Studies on the protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica suggest that in its proliferative phase, this organism may accumulate polyploid cells. (ias.ac.in)
In the present study the authors found that certain genes (ROP 5 and ROP 18) affect the virulence of the parasite. (usda.gov)
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the known most successful eukaryotic pathogens on Earth. (usda.gov)
Trypanosoma brucei is a Sub-Saharan African protozoan parasite that, when transmitted to the bloodstream of a mammal through the bite of a tsetse fly, causes fatal disease in humans and animals. (hmc.edu)
Infection with the Intracellular Protozoan Parasite Theileria parva Induces Constitutively High Levels of NF-κ B in Bovine T Lymphocytes. (columbia.edu)
The intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes a lymphoproliferative disease of T cells in cattle and uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation in culture. (columbia.edu)
Cryptosporidium infection was avail- pathogenic protozoan parasite with a fragment length polymorphism analy- able for one patient, the child infected worldwide distribution, causes diar- sis of the small subunit rRNA gene with C. felis , who had contact with rheal illness in humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (medscape.com)

R. Americana is a large protozoan that ingests bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Free-living protozoan communities in water supplies may include hosts for Legionella pneumophila and other undesired bacteria, as well as pathogens. (kwrwater.nl)
Streamlining Regulon Identification in Bacteria Regulons are a group of genes that can be turned on or off by the same regulatory protein. (doe.gov)
Access to clean water is a fundamental part of public health, yet tests for the bacteria, viruses and protozoans that cause water-borne diseases are fundamentally little changed since Robert Koch helped pioneer the germ theory of disease in the 1880s. (wisc.edu)
Pathogenomica's better idea focuses on telltale strands of genetic material that can be used to pinpoint the identity of bacteria, viruses and protozoans. (wisc.edu)

Gene Unscrambler: A program to unscramble ciliate genes. (pomona.edu)
A further difficulty in the study of ciliate gene rearrangements is the difficulty to annotate and retrive these genes from public databases, like GenBank. (pomona.edu)

16S rRNA gene data derived from a shotgun metagenome of the same reactor sample added an additional perspective on the community structure. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, in-silico evaluation of primers, especially those for amplification of archaeal 16S rRNA gene regions, does not necessarily reflect the results obtained in experimental approaches. (frontiersin.org)
Overall our results indicate a rather limited comparability between community structures investigated and determined using different primer pairs as well as between metagenome and 16S rRNA gene amplicon based community structure analysis. (frontiersin.org)
These previous metagenomic studies were based on microbiota profiles mostly identified using sequence polymorphisms of the 16S rRNA gene and therefore did not consider the functional versatility of unique rumen microbial species, nor the ability of some microbial organisms to integrate foreign DNA from other microbial organisms into their DNA. (nature.com)

Consequently, established primers specifically amplifying the archaeal 16S ribosomal gene region are scarce compared to the variety of primers targeting bacterial sequences. (frontiersin.org)
however, in Oxytricha trifallax (also called Sterkiella histriomuscorum ), three of the six genes for which MIC and MAC sequences are available are scrambled. (pomona.edu)
After both forms of a gene are sequenced, the MDSs have to be aligned with the MAC sequences and IESs and pointer sequences must be determined based on this alignment. (pomona.edu)
The program automatically aligns the macronuclear and micronuclear genes and gives the coordinates of MDSs and pointer sequences. (pomona.edu)
print mRNA sequences for predicted genes. (softberry.com)
One analysis of 7,000 supposedly human sequences found 44 genes from nonhumans. (harvard.edu)
Downloading protein sequences for a set of gene IDs from NCBI. (biostars.org)

In the 1980s, biochemical analysis of the nucleic acid composition of Pneumocystis rRNA and mitochondrial DNA identified the organism as a unicellular fungus rather than a protozoan. (medscape.com)
It has also been shown that although this organism contains sequence homologs of genes which are known to control the cell cycle of most eukaryotes, these genes may be structurally altered and their equivalent function yet to be demonstrated in amoeba. (ias.ac.in)
The GO is a controlled vocabulary comprised of GO terms that describe gene product attributes in any organism [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of the organism descriptors that were treed under Protozoa are now treed under Eukaryota, some under different taxonomic names. (bvsalud.org)

this is particularly a delicate task for intracellular amastigotes and for specific 'sensory' genes. (cambridge.org)
On the biological level, we demonstrate that gene expression levels fluctuate during in vitro development of both intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes. (cambridge.org)
Sarcocystis is a genus of intracellular parasitic protozoa that infects various species of mammals, birds, and reptiles worldwide. (bvsalud.org)

The first known ribozyme was a sequence of RNA from the protozoan Tetrahymena. (newscientist.com)
Chromosome-internal and minichromosomal VSG genes can only be activated by moving the gene sequence into the active BES, replacing the previously expressed VSG. (gla.ac.uk)
How to take exon sequence of a gene for multiple species? (biostars.org)
Which multiple sequence alignment tool works best to compare mutations in a gene in multiple species? (biostars.org)
A gene consists of a sequence of bases. (msdmanuals.com)

Trypanosoma brucei is a parasitic protozoan of the order Kinetoplastida. (gla.ac.uk)

Of 1,107/225/1,141 rumen microbial genera/metagenome assembled uncultured genomes (RUGs)/genes identified from whole metagenomics sequencing, 194/14/337 had significant host genomic effects (heritabilities ranging from 0.13 to 0.61), revealing that substantial variation of the microbiome is under host genomic control. (nature.com)
The authors stated, 'The number of myosin genes varies markedly between lineages [types of eukaryotes],' and 'holozoan genomes, as well as some amoebozoans and heterokonts, have the highest numbers of myosins of all eukaryotes. (icr.org)
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and ABC transporters were significantly differentially expressed components between Cd stress and NaHS treatment under Cd stress in T. thermophila . (biomedcentral.com)

R. Americana has played a significant role in understanding the scope of antiquity of what bacterial DNA was captured because its mitochondrial DNA collection is more complete than that of other eukaryotes, which have discarded many and various genes. (wikipedia.org)
1 Instead of finding a pattern of evolving myosin 'motor' genes (simple to complex) as life seemingly became more advanced, they found that the highest numbers of different types of myosin genes were found in single-celled eukaryotes. (icr.org)

The Human Genome Project is close to completing an inventory of all human genes. (harvard.edu)

The research project is planning to put human genes into cows so that their milk is more like human breast milk. (jesus-is-savior.com)
There is lack of consideration for a large segment of the population that has ethical or religious beliefs that classify genetically engineered plants carrying animal or human genes as being totally unacceptable as foods. (jesus-is-savior.com)

So one idea is to reduce or even eradiate those species using a gene drive approach (the same goal as using pesticides, but with much greater precision). (theness.com)
1] Animal experimentation is going on all over the world the genes from chicken, cows, rats and humans have been engineered into commercial fish species in order to increase the growth rates- GM salmon, for instance, have been engineered to reach six times their natural size. (jesus-is-savior.com)

The repE gene is not expressed by mitotically dividing cells, and repE mRNA is first detected during the aggregation phase of development when the cells have ceased dividing and replicating genomic DNA. (nih.gov)
The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)
Instead, they noted that 'we provide an integrative and robust classification, useful for future genomic and functional studies on this crucial eukaryotic gene family. (icr.org)
However in recent years with the development of epigenesis, genomic imprinting and the horizontal transferences of the genes, Lamarck's ideas have resurfaced. (intechopen.com)

Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI)] as well as diseases associated with gain of function mutations in inflammasome genes (e.g. (umassmed.edu)
SCID results from mutations in any of more than 15 known genes. (medscape.com)

Reprinted from Cell 81, Collins, Kathleen, et al, "Purification of Tetrahymena Telomerase and Cloning of Genes Encoding the Two Protein Components of the Enzyme", pg. (jhu.edu)

The functional categories of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by gene ontology (GO) revealed that the transcripts involved in the oxidation-reduction process, oxidoreductase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and cell redox homeostasis were the considerable enrichments between Cd stress and NaHS treatment under Cd stress. (biomedcentral.com)
This mini-review will summarize the mechanisms that have evolved in diverse microbes and hosts for controlling PCD and the Gene Ontology terms developed by the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) Consortium for describing those mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is defined in the Gene Ontology (GO) as "GO: 0012501 cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes" [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will focus on the struggle for control of PCD that occurs between diverse microbes and their plant and animal hosts, as well as the GO terms that have been developed recently by the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) Consortium [ 12 ] to describe the processes underlying this struggle. (biomedcentral.com)
Figure 1 shows a screenshot of the AmiGO ontology browser at the Gene Ontology depicting "GO: 0012501 programmed cell death" and its child terms [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We have cloned and characterized the Dictyostelium discoideum repE gene, a homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group E gene which encodes a UV-damaged DNA binding protein. (nih.gov)
This review focuses on recent progress in reconstruction of trypanosome phylogeny based on molecular data from ribosomal RNA, the miniexon and protein-coding genes. (scielosp.org)
on the basis of nuclear protein-coding genes. (obihiro.ac.jp)
A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)

Only one of these microbial genes was directly involved in methanogenesis ( cofG ), whereas others were involved in providing substrates for archaea (e.g. bcd and pccB ), important microbial interspecies communication mechanisms ( ABC.PE.P ), host-microbiome interaction ( TSTA3 ) and genetic information processes ( RP-L35 ). (nature.com)
In our population, selection based on abundances of the 30 most informative microbial genes provided a mitigation potential of 17% of mean CH 4 emissions per generation, which is higher than for selection based on measured CH 4 using respiration chambers (13%), indicating the high potential of microbiome-driven breeding to cumulatively reduce CH 4 emissions and mitigate climate change. (nature.com)
Tiny Hidden Genes within Our Microbiome. (cdc.gov)

So organisms have two copies of each gene (each copy is called an allele). (theness.com)
If this is at all representative, it suggests that scrambled genes are extremely common in these organisms. (pomona.edu)
How these organisms manage to unscramble the genes is still a mystery. (pomona.edu)
To survive against the stresses, different organisms have evolved a complex of mechanisms involving multiple genes and strategies at physiological, molecular and metabolic levels, such as activating antioxidants, increasing efflux, and overexpressing metal chelators. (biomedcentral.com)
The vast majority of new descriptors treed under Eukaryota comprise most of the organisms that were previously treed under the old Protozoa. (bvsalud.org)

The repE gene maps to chromosome 4 and it is the first gene identified in Dictyostelium that is homologous to those involved in nucleotide excision repair and their related XP diseases in humans. (nih.gov)
A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Each chromosome is a long string of DNA containing hundreds of genes all connected together. (msdmanuals.com)

This protozoan can be found in freshwater. (wikipedia.org)
These findings will expand our understanding for H 2 S functions in the freshwater protozoa. (biomedcentral.com)

HMM-based gene structure prediction (multiple genes, both chains). (softberry.com)

The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan. (online-medical-dictionary.org)
Chromosomes are the structures that contain your genes and are within each cell. (msdmanuals.com)
That means half of your chromosomes (and half of your genes) came from each of your parents. (msdmanuals.com)
A genetic disorder is a medical condition caused by a problem with your genes or chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Each time the cells split, they had to make exact copies of each of your chromosomes with all their thousands of genes. (msdmanuals.com)

It was initially mistaken for a trypanosome and then later for a protozoan. (medscape.com)
Schulz, Matty Walsh '20, Ellie Naudzius '20, Savanah Diaz '22, Theodore Wismar '22 and Keck Graduate Institute associate professor Mikhail Martchenko Shilman are co-authors of " Identification of Clinically Approved Small Molecules That Inhibit Growth and Affect Transcript Levels of Developmentally Regulated Genes in the African Trypanosome . (hmc.edu)

However, the distribution of virulence gene alleles in natural populations and the broad influence of these allele combinations on T. gondii virulence have not been examined in depth. (usda.gov)
In the present study, we have performed PCR-RFLP genotyping analysis on a diverse array of globally distributed T.gondii strains at four ROP gene loci including ROP18, ROP5, ROP16 and ROP17 that previously implicated in influencing T. gondii virulence and pathogenesis. (usda.gov)

310 "A high efficiency method for site-directed mutagen -esis with any plasmid":Gene;1989 (Dec 7);84(1);p153-7.Average yield of mutants was 60% with simple and rapid techniques. (globalchange.com)

They could therefore be used to vaccinate against viral, bacterial, protozoan, and tumor antigens . (genetherapynet.com)

Gene expression profiling of Leishmania (Leishmania). (cambridge.org)
Gene expression profiling is increasingly used in the field of infectious diseases for characterization of host, pathogen and the nature of their interaction. (cambridge.org)
Different VSG genes can be activated by turning on the expression of a different BES and silencing the previously active one, a process termed in situ switching. (gla.ac.uk)
2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
Application of replication-deficient vectors leads to short-term expression, which makes these vectors highly attractive for cancer gene therapy. (genetherapynet.com)
Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of 9152 genes changed under Cd stress (4658 upregulated and 4494 downregulated). (biomedcentral.com)
We have identified and characterized in infected cells the transcriptional activator, NF-κ B, whose recognition motifs have been identified in several gene enhancers important for lymphocyte-specific gene expression. (columbia.edu)

Ciliated protozoans (Phylum Ciliophora) are characterized by the presence of cilia - used for locomotion, and the presence of two types of nuclei: a somatic nucleus - macronucleus (MAC) - which provides templates for the transcription of all genes required for vegetative growth, and a genetic nucleus - micronucleus (MIC) - used for the exchange of meiotic products during sexual reproduction. (pomona.edu)

The latest research sounds the most promising to me - using CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive to spread malaria resistance to the mosquito populations . (theness.com)
There are limitations to the use of alphaviruses in the field of gene therapy due to their lack of targeting, however, through the introduction of variable antibody domains in a non-conserved loop in the structure of E2, specific populations of cells have been targeted. (genetherapynet.com)

When malaria afflicts an individual, the malarial protozoan can transmit itself through a mosquito vector. (lindau-nobel.org)

This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
RIViT-seq technology could speed up associating transcription factors with their target genes. (doe.gov)

They all use an approach known as a gene drive , which causes a desired trait to spread more quickly through a population than regular Mendelian genetics would allow. (theness.com)

This study aimed at identifying free-living protozoa in two unchlorinated groundwater supplies, using cultivation-independent molecular approaches. (kwrwater.nl)
Plant Molecular Biology (2005), 57, 3, 445-460: "Five ab initio programs (FGENESH, GeneMark.hmm, GENSCAN, GlimmerR and Grail) were evaluated for their accuracy in predicting maize genes. (softberry.com)

Alphaviruses are of interest to gene therapy researchers, in particular the Ross River virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus have all been used to develop viral vectors for gene delivery. (genetherapynet.com)
The stable integration of viral genes is mediated by the retroviral interiors of these vectors. (genetherapynet.com)

The study of gene scrambling in ciliates is complicated by the difficulties in sequencing and annotating micronuclear genes. (pomona.edu)

New gene-based technologies can now be employed to examine microbial diversity through the use of small sub-unit ribosomal DNA analysis (e.g. 16S rDNA) and to understand the function of complex microbial ecosystems in the rumen through metagenomic analysis. (nhbs.com)

These will then be infected with a harmless genetically engineered retrovirus that will ferry genes for the two anti-HIV ribozymes into the cells and stitch them into the human DNA. (newscientist.com)
Each created kind is genetically unique and has its own special and complex gene repertoire needed for the niche that it fills. (icr.org)

This gene encodes a subunit of interleukin 12, a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. (nih.gov)
Interleukin 12 is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the 40 kD cytokine receptor like subunit encoded by this gene, and a 35 kD subunit encoded by IL12A. (nih.gov)

The type I isoform encoded by this gene, is a cytosolic enzyme and expressed predominantly in the liver as a component of the urea cycle. (nih.gov)

The promoter polymorphism of this gene has been reported to be associated with the severity of atopic and non-atopic asthma in children. (nih.gov)

In laboratory cultures, company researchers have already shown that CD34+ cells can take up the genes and use them to make their own supplies of ribozymes. (newscientist.com)

With the advances in BMT and gene therapy, patients now have a better likelihood of developing a functional immune system in a previously lethal genetic disease. (medscape.com)

The introduced genes are for monoclonal antibodies which will attack the Plasmodium. (theness.com)

A mutation is an error in the copy of a single gene. (msdmanuals.com)

Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. (nih.gov)
So, how did the authors explain the incredible complexity found across the spectrum of life in myosin gene content that had no clear evolutionary patterns? (icr.org)
They explained it by 1) convergence (the sudden and simultaneous appearance of a gene with no evolutionary patterns in different taxa), 2) lineage-specific expansions (different myosin gene complements found in different creatures), and 3) gene losses (missing genes that evolutionists thought should have been there). (icr.org)

Adaptive immune responses require rearrangement of the genes responsible for the specific recognition structures, ie, immunoglobulins for humoral immunity and T-cell receptors for cellular immunity. (medscape.com)

Microbes inducing suicide in their hosts seems to be the ultimate manifestation of their selfish genes. (lindau-nobel.org)

Some micronuclear genes have their MDSs present in a permuted order, compared to the functional gene in the macronucleus. (pomona.edu)

We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)

Most gene finding parameters presented here were trained by Softberry for its own use and distribution, using proprietary and publicly available data. (softberry.com)

Overexpression of this gene was observed in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting a role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of the disease. (nih.gov)

Anatomy17

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