• These metagenome-assembled genomes are critical to provide ecological, evolutionary, and metabolic context for all the microbes and viruses yet to be cultivated. (peerj.com)
  • The Shannon diversity index for the viral metagenome-assembled genomes (vMAGs) did not correlate with AD. (microbial-ecology.net)
  • Three metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing a new order within the Ca. Nanohaloarchaeota were reconstructed from a stratified salt crust and proposed to represent a novel order, Nucleotidisoterales . (biomedcentral.com)
  • By applying metagenomic sequencing, we reconstructed three Ca. Nanohaloarchaeota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from stratified salt crust samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aziz, Breitbart, and Edwards examined some 10 million genes from 2137 sequenced genomes (47 archaeal, 725 bacterial, 29 eukaryotic and 1336 viral) plus 187 metagenomes, in search of. (asmblog.org)
  • However, even though the Lokiarchaea are relatively complex compared with other known archaea, they lack the large genome and energy-producing mitochondria of true eukaryotic cells. (newscientist.com)
  • P.1604 left column 2nd paragraph: 'Timing of the appearance of eubacterial genes in eukaryotic genomes is another way to attempt to distinguish between different hypotheses about the origin of the pro-eukaryotic genome. (harvard.edu)
  • The size and complexity of plant mitochondrial genomes, especially when compared with animals and fungi, make them powerful models for exploring the forces affecting eukaryotic genome structure and evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, unusual gene arrangements in which eukaryotic and prokaryotic virus-derived genes were found within identical genome segments were observed. (waikato.ac.nz)
  • Sequenced genomes often reveal interrupted coding sequences that complicate the annotation process and the subsequent functional characterization of the genes. (nih.gov)
  • With these technologies, the complete genome sequences of thousands of organisms have been determined, including those of many individual humans. (ddw-online.com)
  • For many scientists, the next step is to begin to manipulate these genome sequences for a variety of specific goals, including analysis of gene function, creating models of human disease, generating better models for drug discovery and, ultimately, human gene therapy. (ddw-online.com)
  • It was suggested that both estimates relate to the same event, fusion between an archaebacterium and a eubacterium, and the shift in the appearance time of bacterial genes to the present day was merely due to involvement in the analysis of mitochondrial and α-proteobacterial sequences. (harvard.edu)
  • High frequency intra- and intermolecular recombination among large repeated sequences is the rule, generating a heterogeneous pool of genome configurations within a single individual [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To find similar sequences, the containers can be queried with either genes from the georeferenced database or user-imported sequences, using the BLAST algorithm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lower quality sequences (draft genomes and short metagenomics reads) will be included in future releases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complete sequences of numerous mitochondrial, many prokaryotic, and several nuclear genomes are now available. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using shotgun metagenomics from skin swabs of healthy individuals and patients with AD, we found 13,586 potential viral contiguous DNA sequences, which could be combined into 164 putative viral genomes including 133 putative phages. (microbial-ecology.net)
  • This method is useful for comparing sequences from different species or different genes within the same species. (bioinformaticshome.com)
  • As the number of more or less complete bacterial and archaeal genome sequences is constantly rising, the need for high quality automated initial annotations is rising with it. (nmpdr.org)
  • RAST supports both the automated annotation of high quality genome sequences AND the analysis of draft genomes. (nmpdr.org)
  • The phylogenetic profile method is based on the hypothesis that if two or more proteins are concurrently present or absent across several genomes, then they are likely functionally related. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure A illustrates a hypothetical situation in which proteins A and B are identified as functionally linked due to their identical phylogenetic profiles across 5 different genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, two or more separate proteins in a genome may be identified as fused into one single protein in another genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome of T. maritima consists of a single circular 1.8 megabase chromosome encoding for 1877 proteins. (eol.org)
  • RefSeq prokaryotic genomes and proteins are now annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms. (nih.gov)
  • We are embarking on this adventure and starting to place terms from the Biological Process, Molecular Function and Cellular Component ontologies to genomes and proteins we annotate with the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP). (nih.gov)
  • The GO terms are propagated from the Protein Family Models that provide the protein function (and sometimes Enzyme Commission (EC) number and gene symbols) to CDS and proteins, and are not individually assigned to each protein. (nih.gov)
  • As observed more broadly in angiosperms, ribosomal proteins have been especially prone to gene loss in the S. latifolia lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant mitochondrial genomes contain genes for their own rRNA subunits as well as for some of the ribosomal proteins and tRNAs required for translation (Figure 1 ), but many necessary ribosomal protein and tRNA genes are located in the nuclear genome, so their gene products must be imported into the mitochondrion [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first is that ATP production, coupled to electron transport, and translation of mitochondrial proteins represent the essence of mitochondrial function: these functions are common to all mitochondrial genomes and can be traced unambiguously and directly to an α-proteobacterial ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been predicted that 30 to 80% of archaeal genomes remain annotated as hypothetical proteins with no assigned gene function. (bvsalud.org)
  • The obvious next step is to integrate this information and learn how genes, proteins, and/or epigenetic factors influence the phenotype of a disease in context of the system. (rsc.org)
  • In addition to the host regulatory mechanisms response to disease, the microbiome can make changes to the expression of the host features such as their genes, proteins, and/or PTMs. (rsc.org)
  • Inactivity and hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in the genus Bacteroides in HBR, in genes coding for proteins involved in iron acquisition and metabolism, cell wall, capsule, virulence, defense and mucin degradation, such as beta-galactosidase (EC3.2.1.23), α-L-fucosidase (EC3.2.1.51), Sialidase (EC3.2.1.18), and α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.50). (frontiersin.org)
  • The fact that the genus Bacteroides and proteins involved in iron acquisition and metabolism, cell wall, capsule, virulence and mucin degradation were enriched at the end of HBR suggest that both constipation and EC decreased intestinal metal availability leading to modified expression of co-regulated genes in Bacteroides genomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Machine learning and statistics shape a novel path in archaeal promoter annotation. (openwetware.org)
  • Figure 1: Excerpt from the RefSeq record for NZ_CP091650.1 , a Klebsiella pneumoniae genome, showing the annotation of the the katG gene, with Molecular Function GO terms GO:0004096 and GO:0004601 and Biological Process GO term GO:0006979 . (nih.gov)
  • Sequence alignment software is used for various purposes, including phylogenetic analysis, gene prediction, and functional annotation. (bioinformaticshome.com)
  • Genome annotation software has become a crucial tool in genomics, providing researchers with a more efficient and accurate means to annotate genomes. (bioinformaticshome.com)
  • This has led to the need for genome annotation software that can help researchers accurately predict gene locations and their corresponding functions within a genome sequence. (bioinformaticshome.com)
  • The NMPDR, SEED-based, prokaryotic genome annotation service. (nmpdr.org)
  • RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) is a fully-automated service for annotating complete or nearly complete bacterial and archaeal genomes. (nmpdr.org)
  • It leverages the data and procedures established within the SEED framework to provide automated high quality gene calling and functional annotation. (nmpdr.org)
  • Once annotation is completed, genomes can be downloaded in a variety of formats or viewed online. (nmpdr.org)
  • The genome annotation provided does include a mapping of genes to subsystems and a metabolic reconstruction. (nmpdr.org)
  • The SEED and the Rapid Annotation of microbial genomes using Subsystems Technology (RAST). (nmpdr.org)
  • RASTtk: A modular and extensible implementation of the RAST algorithm for building custom annotation pipelines and annotating batches of genomes. (nmpdr.org)
  • It is a full suite for CRISPR locus characteriztion that includes CRISPR array orientation, detection of conserved leaders, cas gene annotation and subtype classification. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Comparative genomics of DNA-binding transcription factors in archaeal and bacterial organisms. (openwetware.org)
  • Further, many archaeal organisms are difficult to grow or are unculturable. (bvsalud.org)
  • which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. (easyomics.org)
  • But intriguingly, the Lokiarchaea appear to have more than 100 genes coding for sophisticated cellular functions such as deforming cell membranes and forming and transporting bubble-like vesicles around the cell - functions that are usually only seen in eukaryotes like us. (newscientist.com)
  • We can now say that the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes was perhaps already quite complex. (newscientist.com)
  • We're getting closer to an archaeal ancestor of the eukaryotes," says Nick Lane of University College London. (newscientist.com)
  • Lane believes the crucial step in the evolution of the eukaryotes was acquiring mitochondria, which would have provided the energy to develop more complicated cellular processes and acquire a larger genome. (newscientist.com)
  • The mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants exhibit a number of characteristics that distinguish them from the mitochondrial genomes of other eukaryotes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A notable example is the replacement of an original multi-subunit bacteria-like RNA polymerase (inherited from the proto-mitochondrial ancestor and still encoded in certain jakobid - but no other - mitochondrial genomes) by a single-subunit bacteriophage T3/T7-like RNA polymerase, which directs mitochondrial transcription in virtually all eukaryotes [ 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I argue that the merging of the mitochondrial genes into the host genome was vital for the evolution of genuine eukaryotes. (huji.ac.il)
  • This reduction resulted when genes from the endosymbiont's genome were transferred into the genome of the host organism. (reasons.org)
  • The findings open a new window on microbial evolution, demonstrating for the first time that geography can trump other factors that influence the makeup of genes an organism hosts. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA. (ouhsc.edu)
  • This bacterium is the first sulfur-metabolizing organism to have its genome sequence determined. (up.ac.za)
  • In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a member of this family, Silene latifolia . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Discovery of a new short alkane-metabolising archaeal phylum. (edu.au)
  • Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeota, an archaeal phylum within the DPANN superphylum, is characterized by limited metabolic capabilities and limited phylogenetic diversity and until recently has been considered to exclusively inhabit hypersaline environments due to an obligate association with Halobacteria . (biomedcentral.com)
  • All microbial members (bacterial, archaeal, bacteriophage, viral, and fungal) have been included in this baseline dataset and both phylogenetic marker gene sequence [e.g. 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS)] and metagenomic whole genome shotgun sequence data were generated. (nih.gov)
  • Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral whole genome sequencing, and viral culture was performed on these nasal specimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Characterization of promoters in archaeal genomes based on DNA structural parameters. (openwetware.org)
  • CRISPRloci provides an automated and comprehensive in silico characterization of CRISPR-Cas system on bacterial and archaeal genomes. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • The Joint Genome Institute provides an Integrated Microbial Genomes and Microbiomes database (JGI IMG) that has a phylogenetic profiling tool for single genes and gene cassettes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers analyzed the intergenic distances in 50 completely sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes using the COG database (primary source) to limit the study to pairs of robustly predicted genes. (harvard.edu)
  • Moreover, whole metagenome sequencing depth affects critically the recovery of microbial genes, including virulome and resistome, while less than 5 million reads per sample is sufficient for taxonomy profiling in human fecal metagenomic samples. (frontiersin.org)
  • The development of a new approach for the recovery of microbial genomes from metagenomic data using differential coverage. (edu.au)
  • Metagenomics has transformed our understanding of microbial diversity across ecosystems, with recent advances enabling de novo assembly of genomes from metagenomes. (peerj.com)
  • Read mapping analyses revealed that the depth of coverage within individual genomes is significantly more uneven in PCR-amplified datasets versus unamplified metagenomes, with regions of high depth of coverage enriched in short inserts. (peerj.com)
  • We found that a pipeline combining read deduplication and an assembly algorithm originally designed to recover genomes from libraries generated after whole genome amplification (single-cell SPAdes) frequently improved assembly of contigs ≥10 kb by 10 to 100-fold for low input metagenomes. (peerj.com)
  • Here we show that a modified assembly pipeline can lead to an improved de novo genome assembly from PCR-amplified datasets, and enables a better genome recovery from low input metagenomes. (peerj.com)
  • Development of a tool for estimating the completeness and contamination of microbial genomes recovered from metagenomes. (edu.au)
  • Parks D, Imelfort M, Skennerton C, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW (2015) CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. (edu.au)
  • The first large-scale recovery of thousands of microbial genomes from diverse microbial lineages from metagenomes. (edu.au)
  • In this field of research, the analysis of genomes and metagenomes of environmental relevance must take into account the corresponding habitat (contextual) data, e.g. water depth, physical and chemical parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Members of this protein family, to date, are found in a completed prokaryotic genome if and only if the species is one of the archaeal methanogens. (nih.gov)
  • We also describe the predicted metabolic pathways and enzymes differentially present in the tumor-associated microbiome, and show an enrichment of virulence-associated bacterial genes in the tumor microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Caryophyllaceae represents one lineage that has experienced a particularly high rate of mitochondrial gene loss relative to other angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest a markedly expanded role for nuclear gene products in the translation of mitochondrial genes in S. latifolia and raise the possibility of altered selective constraints operating on the mitochondrial translational apparatus in this lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Haroon MF, Hu S, Shi Y, Imelfort M, Keller J, Hugenholtz P, Yuan Z, Tyson GW (2013) Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to nitrate reduction in a novel archaeal lineage. (edu.au)
  • Additional attention has been paid to the gut microbiome in this cohort and the research community has used the HMP reference dataset to analyze the mobile gene content, the antibiotic resistome, the bacteriophage composition and the presence of putative pathogens in this key subset of the human microbiome reference dataset. (nih.gov)
  • Silver Age of GOLD Introduces New Features The Genomes OnLine Database makes curated microbiome metadata that follows community standards freely available and enables large-scale comparative genomics analysis initiatives. (doe.gov)
  • We confirmed host phylogeny using the sequencing method and analyzed the influence of host phylogeny and bioclimatic zone parameters on the rodent gut microbiome using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. (microbial-ecology.net)
  • In this review, we discuss considerations of the study design for each data feature, the limitations in gene and protein abundance and their rate of expression, the current data integration methods, and microbiome influences on gene and protein expression. (rsc.org)
  • The requirement for a total of 6-12 fingers, each of which binds three base pairs, provides enough specificity to address a unique sequence in a genome as complex as the three billion base pairs of human DNA. (ddw-online.com)
  • Because of the hierarchical nature of the Gene Ontologies, these annotations will help the comparison of gene content across genomes at variable levels of specificity and eventually allow GO term enrichment analysis. (nih.gov)
  • This software is a step towards the creation of specialised tools to study constrained distributions and habitat specificity of genes correlated with specific processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Computational methods for determining the function of genes in newly sequenced genomes have been traditionally based on sequence similarity to genes whose function has been identified experimentally. (doe.gov)
  • Similarly, accurate sequence alignment is essential for gene prediction, which involves identifying the location and function of genes within a genome. (bioinformaticshome.com)
  • but contain genes for specific segments [MD:M00010 M00011]. (easyomics.org)
  • We addressed this issue by experimentally demonstrating the existence of functional disrupted genes in archaeal genomes. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, genetic and simple obesity share similar structural and functional features of dysbiosis, such as higher production of toxins with known potential to induce metabolic deteriorations (e.g. trimethylamine-N-oxide and indoxyl sulphate), higher abundance of genomes containing genes coding enzymes involved in the production of these toxic co-metabolites and higher abundance of pathways for biosynthesis of bacterial antigens (such as endotoxin) [13-15]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Mitochondrial gene loss and functional transfer to the nucleus is an ongoing process in many lineages of plants, resulting in substantial variation across species in mitochondrial gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genome has also experienced a major reduction in tRNA gene content, including loss of functional tRNAs of both native and chloroplast origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomes of plant mitochondria, like any organelle genome, depend on highly integrated functional coordination with the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) "native" tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome and inherited from the α-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria, 2) chloroplast-like tRNAs, which are also encoded in the mitochondrial genome but which were acquired by functional gene transfer from the chloroplast genome during land plant evolution, and 3) nuclear-encoded tRNAs imported from the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The observed progressive decrease in defecation frequency and concomitant increase in the electrical conductivity (EC) preceded or took place in absence of significant changes at the taxonomic, functional gene, metabolome and intestinal metal profile levels. (frontiersin.org)
  • We applied these insights to genome construction, successfully assembling the 40 kb T7 bacteriophage genome from up to 52 parts and recovering infectious phage particles after cellular transformation. (bvsalud.org)
  • It provides high quality genome annotations for these genomes across the whole phylogenetic tree. (nmpdr.org)
  • The distributional patterns of microbial genes suggested Dead Sea community trends in mono- and divalent cation metabolisms as well as in transposable elements. (nature.com)
  • Putative phage genomes were assembled and showed a high level of unaffiliated genes, mostly from hypolithic viruses. (waikato.ac.nz)
  • Homology-based reconstruction of regulatory networks for bacterial and archaeal genomes. (openwetware.org)
  • Divergence in one region of 18S rRNA appears to be the result of a gene conversion event, in which recombination with a homologous gene of chloroplast origin led to the complete replacement of a helix in this ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • (e) After 100 simulations we searched for the core genes dataset and the cut-off where the average detection of simulated HGT was the highest but the average detection of native core genes was the lowest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complete genetic package, or genome, of S. islandicus contains a set of core genes that are shared among all members of this group, with some minor differences in the sequence of nucleotides that spell out individual genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • MetaLook allows scientists to investigate sequence data in their environmental context and to explore correlations between genes and habitat parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2022. Analysis of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes and Sugar Transporters in Penicillium echinulatum: a Genome-wide Comparative Study of the Fungal Lignocellulolytic System. (openwetware.org)
  • DNA ligases, critical enzymes for in vivo genome maintenance and modern molecular biology, catalyze the joining of adjacent 3'-OH and 5'-phosphorylated ends in DNA. (bvsalud.org)
  • The screening methodology described provides a fast and efficient way to explore the T. kodakarensis genome for a variety of nucleic acid modifying activities and may have implications for similar exploration of enzymes and pathways that underlie core cellular processes in other Archaea. (bvsalud.org)
  • To complete the overall dataset, the human genome sequence has also been analyzed for these subjects. (nih.gov)
  • The database encompasses reductive bacterial-type dsrA/B, oxidative bacterial-type dsrA/B, and reductive archaeal-type dsrA/B. (arb-silva.de)
  • Sequencing has also shown that mitochondrial genomes have, to variable extents, undergone a streamlining process ("reductive evolution" [ 20 ]), leading to a marked loss of coding capacity compared to that of their closest eubacterial relatives. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study reports the identification and structural and expression analysis of the AQPs found in the diploid progenitor genomes of A. hypogea i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genome contains the fewest genes of any angiosperm mitochondrial genome sequenced to date, with intact copies of only 25 of the 41 protein genes inferred to be present in the common ancestor of angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It's still 100 per cent archaeon, but the presence of genes we usually associate with eukaryote cell biology is absolutely fascinating. (newscientist.com)
  • I hypothesize that the appearance of sex facilitated the merging of the endosymbiont and host genomes during early eukaryote evolution. (huji.ac.il)
  • (c) For the HTG simulations, 100 genes were chosen from the other 118 genomes and 100 random core ORFs were in silico introduced in the genome under analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis uncovered a mechanism of adaptive SNV homogenization reminiscent of gene conversion, which is actively driven by selection. (elifesciences.org)
  • Genome-wide analysis revealed the presence of 32 and 36 AQPs in A. duranensis and A. ipaensis , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of RNA-seq data from A. hypogea revealed a similar expression pattern for the different AQP paralogs of AA and BB genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The SIPs were the first to be unraveled via genome sequence analysis and are generally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Function prediction methods can be extended using gene context analysis approaches such as examining the conservation of chromosomal gene clusters, gene fusion events and co-occurrence profiles across genomes. (doe.gov)
  • Construction and Analysis of Gene Co-Expression Network in the Pathogenic Fungus Ustilago maydis. (openwetware.org)
  • Metatranscriptomic analysis and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to investigate changes in Fe(III)-reducer gene expression and Fe(III) crystallinity, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Presumably, the endosymbiont gradually evolved into an organelle through a process referred to as genome reduction. (reasons.org)
  • S-layer, adhesin, and flagellin gene expression), and selective microbial competition (e.g., bacteriocin gene expression) between the slow and fast oxygenation treatments during microbial Fe(III) reduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, the metatranscriptomic data indicate that Methanobacterium was significantly more active in the reduction of CO 2 to CH 4 and in the expression of class(III) signal peptide/type-IV pilin genes following repeated fast oxygenation compared to slow oxygenation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Explainable Artificial Intelligence as a reliable annotator of archaeal promoter regions. (openwetware.org)
  • The arsenite methylation activity of ArsR M and its ability to bind to its own gene promoter were confirmed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-seq showed a high fraction (84%) of T. kodakarensis genes were transcribed in E. coli despite differences in promoter structure and translational machinery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genome, Archaeal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
  • In contrast, the microbial metabolomes, intestinal element and metal profiles, the diversity of bacterial, archaeal and fungal microbial communities were not significantly affected. (frontiersin.org)
  • The contest, in case you wonder, was for the most abundant set of genes in the known universe, or at least in the genomic data banks available on Earth. (asmblog.org)
  • These data confirm that the mitochondrial genome originated from a eubacterial (specifically α-proteobacterial) ancestor but raise questions about the evolutionary antecedents of the mitochondrial proteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • (b) The efficiency of our MM approach, the BM approach, and a GC% approach to detect foreign ORFs was tested by performing in silico HGT simulations using a variety of core gene datasets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies have mostly been based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which is limited in taxonomic resolution at the genus level and inferred functionality. (frontiersin.org)
  • A number of specific and general insights into mitochondrial genome evolution follow from these data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of a RT-PCR strategy with shotgun proteomics demonstrates that interrupted genes in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus are expressed in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • primary source] showed that archaeal genes appeared in Eukarya about 2.3 billion years ago (Bya) while eubacterial genes appeared 2.1 Bya. (harvard.edu)
  • or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)