HistonesProteinsPromoters and enhancersEnhancersRegulatorProteinStem cellsBase pairsNucleosomesDifferentiationReplicationNucleosome assemblyRegulationDevelopmentalTumorEncodeDiseasesInteractsChromatin assemblyVertebratesRegulateRegulatoryStimulateModificationsExpressionHumanLymphocytesCellContrastTypicallyStudiesLinker
Histones9
- First, histones collaborate with transcription factors to provide for their own removal or structural modification, resulting in gene derepression. (nature.com)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy data suggest that PfNapS interacts with core histones (tetramer, octamer, H3, H4, H2A and H2B) at a different site from its interaction with linker histone H1. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to playing an important role in histone exchange during nuclear processes, histone chaperones function in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of histones, in histone storage, in nucleosome assembly and they act as a link between chromatin remodeling factors and histones [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- PfNapL and PfNapS do not interact with each other and unlike PfNapL, PfNapS is able to deposit histones onto DNA [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
- The basic unit of chromatin in eukaryotes, the nucleosome, consists of 147 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around an octamer of four core histones, comprising an H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to packaging the DNA into the nucleus, histones play multiple roles in gene expression, DNA replication and DNA damage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
- The core histones can be extensively modified on their N- and C-terminal tails and globular domains, and these modifications may change binding sites for regulatory factors or neutralize the charge of lysine residues via acetylation. (biomedcentral.com)
- A con- ventional nucleosome consists of linker DNA and around 147 bp of DNA wrap- ped around an octamer of histones. (hse.ru)
Proteins7
- The UGT1 family constitutes a complex gene locus on human chromosome 2q37 and comprises 13 first exons that encode the unique N-terminal domains of the UGT1A proteins and exons 2 to 5 that encode the C-terminal domain, which is identical in all UGT1A family members ( Owens and Ritter, 1992 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- These genes are involved in T cell regulation, including interferons, interleukin (IL),tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as linker for activation of T cells (LAT), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and adapter proteins. (frontiersin.org)
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
- In metazoans, these histone proteins are encoded by the set of replication-dependent histone genes, which encode representatives of all five classes of histone proteins [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Xenopus), as well as invertebrates like sea urchins and Drosophila, store large amounts of histone mRNA and proteins in the egg and start development with a series of rapid cell cycles in the absence of zygotic transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
- Homeodomain proteins play key roles in development and gene regulation in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
- It consists of about 147 base pairs wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. (hse.ru)
Promoters and enhancers1
- Not all DNA is packaged into nucleosomes, there are regions of nucleosome-free DNA, particularly at promoters and enhancers of active genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Enhancers1
- During thymocyte maturation, enhancers of genes encoding for TCRδ ( Tcrd ) and TCRα ( Tcra ), Eδ 8 , and Eα, work as a developmental switch controlling transition from Tcrd to Tcra activity at the Tcrad locus. (aai.org)
Regulator1
- The first project focuses on E2F1, a regulator of genes important for cell cycle progression and apoptosis. (mdanderson.org)
Protein14
- POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 (also known as Oct-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU3F1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Functional interaction between the POU domain protein Tst-1/Oct-6 and the high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y". Molecular and Cellular Biology. (wikipedia.org)
- DNA in chromatin is organized in arrays of nucleosomes 1 .Two copies of each histone protein, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, are assembled into an octamer that has 145?147 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around it to form a nucleosome core (of relative molecular mass 206K). (nature.com)
- The other project involves the study of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human p53 gene that results in either arginine (R) or proline (P) at position 72 of the p53 protein. (mdanderson.org)
- Combined with miRNAs-based transcriptome sequencing assay, it was found that Tanshinone IIA downregulated miR-125b level and upregulated its target gene STARD13 (StAR-related lipid transfer protein 13) level, thus inactivating the miR-125b/STARD13 axis, which had been previously confirmed to promote breast cancer progression. (biomedcentral.com)
- Studies on rodent UGT genes have demonstrated that the transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) and CAAT-enhancer binding protein are important positive regulators of UGT expression in the liver (Hansen et al. (aspetjournals.org)
- Octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct-4) is a molecular marker for stem cells that plays an essential role in maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal processes in various types of benign and malignant tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Target gene prediction and dual luciferase assays showed that miR-188-5p could target the 3'untranslated region of the calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) gene and inhibit luciferase activity. (koreascience.kr)
- Schreiber E, Matthias P, Muller MM, Schaffner W. Rapid detection of octamer binding protein with "miniconcentrations", microwave-ready from a Lillilogian tot up of stalls. (upb.ro)
- A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
- Human and mouse histone gene symbols previously followed a genome-centric system that was not applicable across all vertebrate species and did not reflect the systematic histone protein nomenclature. (biomedcentral.com)
- This prompted a collaboration between histone experts, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee (MGNC) to revise human and mouse histone gene nomenclature aiming, where possible, to follow the new protein nomenclature whilst conforming to the guidelines for vertebrate gene naming. (biomedcentral.com)
- To reveal the effect of enzyme digestion into cell clumps on protein levels of octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4) and sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) in the human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and its possible molecular mechanism. (shsmu.edu.cn)
- Several patients with clinical features of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have fusion of the TEL (ETV6) gene on 12p13 with ABL on 9q34 and express a chimeric Tel-Abl protein that contains the same portion of the Abl tyrosine kinase fused to Tel, an Ets family transcription factor, rather than Bcr. (shengsci.com)
Stem cells1
- Previous studies have suggested that this high regenerative capacity is mediated by endometrial stem cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Base pairs1
- TheX-raycrystalstructureofthenucleosomecoreparticleofchromatinshowsinatomicdetailhowthehistoneprotein octamer is assembled and how 146 base pairs of DNA are organized into a superhelix around it. (nature.com)
Nucleosomes1
- Eukaryotic genomes are usually packed into nucleosomes, which comprise of 147 bp DNA wrapping around a histone octamer, forming the structural units of chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation4
- The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells can be affected by numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, and chemokines. (frontiersin.org)
- The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells is accompanied by large-scale changes in the coordinated expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors (TFs) and chemokines that are correlated with their survival, effector function, and self-renewal ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The changes of differentiation marker gene expression were detected by qPCR method. (koreascience.kr)
- In contrast, the 'facultative' heterochromatin corresponds to the deposition of H3K27me3 on gene-rich regions, whose silencing is transient and dynamic across developmental processes, allowing cell type-specific differentiation and rapid adaptation of gene expression [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication6
- Chromatin is highly dynamic, a characteristic that is vital in regulating nuclear processes such as transcription and replication which require access to DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
- The replication-dependent histone genes encode messenger RNAs (mRNAs) which differ from all other cellular mRNAs: instead of being polyadenylated, these mRNAs end in a stem-loop structure. (biomedcentral.com)
- Some of the "replication-dependent" histone genes can also produce polyadenylated mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, analysis of global gene expression in normal non-dividing tissues revealed that a subset of 10 human replication-dependent histone genes produced polyadenylated mRNAs in all non-dividing tissues analyzed [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In mammals, the replication-dependent genes are found at four discrete loci. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are 4 genes in a third distinct locus on chromosome 1, and a single replication-dependent histone H4 gene on chromosome 12 (with a neighboring H2A gene for which replication dependency is uncertain). (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleosome assembly1
- A histone chaperone that facilitates nucleosome assembly by mediating the formation of the histone octamer and its transfer to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
Regulation5
- The report covers research from the authors' laboratories on the structure and regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, glucuronidation of xenobiotics and endobiotics, the toxicological relevance of UGTs, the role of UGT polymorphisms in cancer susceptibility, and gene therapy for UGT deficiencies. (aspetjournals.org)
- These studies have provided fundamental insights into UGT gene structure and regulation, isozyme substrate selectivity, and interindividual variability. (aspetjournals.org)
- Interindividual UGT variability likely plays an important role in drug efficacy and xenobiotic toxicity, as well as in hormonal regulation and certain diseases, which in some cases may be amenable to therapeutic manipulations including gene therapy. (aspetjournals.org)
- Structure and Tissue-Specific Regulation of UGT Genes (P.I.M., P.A.G., Y.I., A.J.H. (aspetjournals.org)
- These experiments indicated that Tα3-Tα4 collaborates with factors bound to Tα1-Tα2 for the strict developmental regulation of Tcra rearrangement. (aai.org)
Developmental1
- First, the expression of miR-188-5p in goat muscle tissues at different developmental stages was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (koreascience.kr)
Tumor4
- Cancer genetics, DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell cycle My current research is focused on two transcription factors that respond to DNA damage and play important roles in regulating tumor development. (mdanderson.org)
- Between February 1986 and March 1990, 56 patients with relapsed Hodgkin's disease treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, carmustine, and etoposide (CBV) received an autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT) rather than an autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) because each patient had a marrow abnormality, either hypocellularity or tumor involvement. (shengsci.com)
- It is the outcome of many factors, including the cross-talk between tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment and the acquisition and accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells. (molcells.org)
- In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on hepatic CSCs, with special emphasis on their putative origins, relationship with hepatitis viruses, regulatory signaling networks, tumor microenvironment, and how these factors control the stemness of hepatic CSCs. (molcells.org)
Encode1
- In chicken, there is a single large cluster, analogous to the largest mammalian cluster, which contains genes for all five histone types, all of which encode mRNAs ending in a stem loop. (biomedcentral.com)
Diseases2
- In each of these diseases, genes that play a role in the proliferation or activation of CD8+ T cells have been found to be affected by epigenetic modifications. (frontiersin.org)
- Various cytokines, transcription factors, and other regulatory molecules have been found to be differentially methylated in CD8+ T cells in autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Interacts1
- The class III POU factor Brn-4 interacts with other class III POU factors and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U". Brain Research. (wikipedia.org)
Chromatin assembly1
- Chromatin assembly factor 1. (lookformedical.com)
Vertebrates1
- In other vertebrates, the organization of histone genes is variable. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulate1
- Studies on the mechanisms that regulate UGT genes, in a temporal and tissue-specific manner, should contribute significantly to understanding the basis for these differences. (aspetjournals.org)
Regulatory2
- Here we report a genome-wide landscape of chromatin accessibility of 20 tissues in two female pigs at ages of 6 months using ATAC-seq, and identified 557,273 merged peaks, which greatly expanded the pig regulatory element repository. (biomedcentral.com)
- We identified both positive and negative significant correlations between the regulatory elements and gene transcripts, which showed distinct distributions in terms of their strength and distances from corresponding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulate1
- e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens. (lookformedical.com)
Modifications3
- These modifications may silence genes or activate them. (biomedcentral.com)
- We established genome-wide patterns of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications, and found these marks mutually exclusive within gene-rich regions but not within repeats. (biomedcentral.com)
- In most organisms, the opened euchromatin is enriched in tri-methylation of lysine 4 and lysine 36 (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3), two concomitant modifications associated with active transcription [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression3
- The factors that govern this specificity of UGT expression remain largely unknown. (aspetjournals.org)
- brpf1 mutants display anterior transformations of pharyngeal arches due to progressive loss of anterior Hox gene expression. (silverchair.com)
- The compact architecture of heterochromatin limits the accessibility of the transcription machinery to the embedded DNA, thereby silencing gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Human3
- In the human genome the largest cluster is on chromosome 6 and contains more than 60 genes, and the second cluster on chromosome 1 contains 10-12 genes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Consequently, deregulation of AKT is a major factor enhancing both oncogenesis and resistance to treatment in many human malignancies [ 4 , 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- Recent studies have shown that soluble factors elaborated by human T lymphocytes enhance erythroid burst formation by human peripheral blood null cells. (shengsci.com)
Lymphocytes1
- CD8+ T cells, also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are one subtype of T cell ( 6 ), characterized by robust production of interferon (IFN)-γ and cytolytic activities via perforin (PRF)/granzymes (GZM) or Fas mechanisms to kill target cells ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Cell5
- Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Glucosamine entering the cell is also converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate using GNK (GlcNAc kinase). (biomedcentral.com)
- Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
- GNA1/GNPNAT1 (glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) then converts glucosamine-6P (which can also be made by glucosamine entering the cell) into GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate), also utilizing acetyl-CoA that is made from fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
- Accordingly, H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin is considered as a barrier to cell fate changes, by preventing some transcription factors to bind DNA [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Contrast1
- The UGT2 family, in contrast, is encoded by separate genes clustered on chromosome 4q13 and consists of the UGT2A and UGT2B subfamilies. (aspetjournals.org)
Typically1
- finally, the sample is isotropically expanded (typically ~4.5× in the most commonly used protocols [ 6 ]) upon dialysis with an excess of water ( Fig 1A ). (plos.org)
Studies1
- Gene knockout and localization studies were also performed on PfNapS using transfection studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Linker1
- The repeating nucleosome cores further assemble into higher-order structures which are stabilized by the linker histone H1 and these compact linear DNA overall by a factor of 30?40. (nature.com)