• Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • The cells in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms are termed amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells because they have a high amine content, are capable of amine precursor uptake, and contain an amino acid decarboxylase. (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Trk-like (A-B-C) proteins which are secreted by the cells making up the sub-population of the endocrine cells carry out the neurotrophin synthesis, amine and/or peptide storage as well as the regulation of the blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract. (fusabil.org)
  • In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • These cells produce SECRETIN and are found in the MUCOSA of upper SMALL INTESTINE and PYLORIC ANTRUM in mammals. (nih.gov)
  • Intestinal L cells are located in the MUCOSA of distal ILEUM and COLON . (nih.gov)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • Gastrointestinal endocrine cells are distributed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and they synthesize various kinds of gastrointestinal hormones. (fusabil.org)
  • The existence of endocrine cells has been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa of different fish species 8 - 18 . (fusabil.org)
  • En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. (bvsalud.org)
  • Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. (wikipedia.org)
  • APUD cells Neuroendocrine tumors List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Rehfeld JF (October 1998). (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 12 ] Pearse first used the term APUD in 1968 to unify a group of functionally and structurally similar neuroendocrine cells that are present throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term islet cell tumor is often used to identify neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas, this is a misnomer because many pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not develop directly from islet cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] Instead, the tumors arise from APUD stem cells, which are pluripotential neuroendocrine cells located within the ductular epithelium of the exocrine pancreas and elsewhere in the distal foregut. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas can be divided into functional and nonfunctional varieties. (medscape.com)
  • [ 13 ] APUD cells were once believed to originate from the embryologic neural crest, but current evidence suggests that these cells-and thus endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other endocrine tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg, carcinoid tumors)-actually develop from the embryologic endoderm. (medscape.com)
  • Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells ) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Parietal cells produce gastric acid ( hydrochloric acid ) in response to histamine (via H 2 receptors ), acetylcholine (M 3 receptors) and gastrin (CCK2 receptors). (wikidoc.org)
  • Furthermore, the sudden increase in gastric acid secretion following a meal can causes a physiological phenomenon called the alkaline tide , which is due to the production and export of bicarbonate from parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production. (wikidoc.org)
  • The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. (wikidoc.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • Endocrine function of bombesin regulates the secretion of gastric acid and its motility. (fusabil.org)
  • Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES . (nih.gov)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most pancreatic endocrine neoplasms discovered clinically are functional-that is, they secrete one or more hormonal products into the blood, which leads to a recognizable clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Other nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors likely secrete unknown products that are of little or no clinical significance. (medscape.com)
  • When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vertebrates, CCK-8 plays in important role in the control of gut motility, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and inhibition of gastric emptying 21 , 22 . (fusabil.org)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. (wikidoc.org)
  • Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with pancreatic neoplasms that have the histologic characteristics of a pancreatic endocrine tumor but no associated elevation in plasma hormone levels (excluding the pancreatic polypeptide level) and those without a recognizable clinical syndrome are considered to have nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a product that appears to be a marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors, but it is not a mediator of any specific PP-related clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Functional pancreatic endocrine neoplasms cause physiologic derangements related to the normal action of the hormonal product that the tumors overproduce. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Leydig Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Secretin also has been found in cells in the BRAIN and other tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Neurotensin regulates several biological processes, such as intestinal motility, secretion, vascular smooth muscle activity, and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but recent evidence indicates that in neurotensin there is also a potent neuroimmunomodulator 24 . (fusabil.org)
  • [ 2 ] Subsequently, four other classic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes have been described. (medscape.com)
  • Several other rare clinical syndromes have been proposed as possible functional endocrine syndromes associated with pancreatic neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
  • Upon stimulation, adenylate cyclase is activated within the parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • The use of radiolabeled octreotide to target radiation treatment toward a VIPoma is based on the affinity of octreotide for the somatostatin receptors on the VIPoma cells. (medscape.com)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Baker SP, Lee MM. Pubertal and adult Leydig cell function in Mullerian inhibiting substance-deficient mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • This increases intracellular cyclic AMP , which leads to activation of protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H + /K + ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
  • The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • The bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl - ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the blood. (wikidoc.org)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Anterior pituitary cells that produce GROWTH HORMONE. (wakehealth.edu)
  • In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
  • An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • This leads to an increase in gastric pH, impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Wu X, Wan S, Lee MM. Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal Leydig cell development. (umassmed.edu)
  • Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. (handwiki.org)
  • Balasinor NH, D'Souza R, Nanaware P, Idicula-Thomas S, Kedia-Mokashi N, He Z, Dym M. Effect of high intratesticular estrogen on global gene expression and testicular cell number in rats. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wu X, Zhang N, Lee MM. Mullerian inhibiting substance recruits ALK3 to regulate Leydig cell differentiation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Salva A, Hardy MP, Wu XF, Sottas CM, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK, Lee MM. M?llerian-inhibiting substance inhibits rat Leydig cell regeneration after ethylene dimethanesulphonate ablation. (umassmed.edu)