Gaba bipolar and amacrine cells retinal bipolar cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ganglion cells are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. (eyewire.org)
A great deal of preprocessing has been accomplished by the neurons of the vertical pathways (photoreceptor to bipolar to ganglion cell chain), and by the lateral pathways (photoreceptor to horizontal cell to bipolar to amacrine to ganglion cell chain) before presentation to the ganglion cell and so it represents the ultimate signaller to the brain of retinal information. (eyewire.org)
The ganglion cells (the output neurons of the retina) lie innermost in the retina closest to the lens and front of the eye. (eyewire.org)
We focused on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, which receive excitatory input from bipolar cells and inhibitory input from amacrine cells. (wustl.edu)
The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neurons of the retina. (org.es)
Fig 5 shows an overview drawing of the development of mouse retinal neurons. (org.es)
Bipolar cells are the last neurons to differentiate. (org.es)
Similarly, most retinal neurons differentiate before birth in other mammals (Altshuler et al. (org.es)
The order of synaptogenesis of retinal neurons is somewhat different from the order of neurogenesis. (org.es)
Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and mIPSCs of layer â £ pyramidal neurons in V1B of each group, and to analyze their differences and changes. (bvsalud.org)
Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
[1] They are found in the vertebrate retina , which serve as support cells for the neurons, as all glial cells do. (iiab.me)
They are the only retinal glial cell that shares a common cell lineage with retinal neurons. (iiab.me)
[4] Müller glia have also been implicated to serve as guidepost cells for the developing axons of neurons in the chick retina. (iiab.me)
As glial cells, Müller glia serve a secondary but important role to neurons . (iiab.me)
Further studies performed in mice have shown that overexpression of Ascl1 in Müller glia in conjunction with administration of a histone deacteylase inhibito r allowed for regeneration of retinal neurons from Müller glia. (iiab.me)

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to responding directly to light, these cells may receive excitatory and inhibitory influences from rods and cones by way of synaptic connections in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
These photoreceptor cells project both throughout the retina and into the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
These cells come with distinct functional signature, size, and morphology, and their dendritic arbors have been shown to be confined to specific sublayers of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina. (eyewire.org)
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye. (eyewire.org)
Retinal ganglion cells collectively transmit image-forming and non-image forming visual information from the retina to several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. (eyewire.org)
Ganglion cells are larger on average than most preceding retinal interneurons and have large diameter axons capable of passing the electrical signal, in the form of transient spike trains, to the retinal recipient areas of the brain many millimeters or centimeters distant from the retina. (eyewire.org)
R2A-immunoreactivity (R2A-IR) was noted in all layers of the retina, with specific localizations in the outer segments of red/green and blue cone photoreceptors, B-type horizontal cells, several types of amacrine cells, Müller cells and the majority of cells in the ganglion cell layer. (nih.gov)
Although the localization of the R2A subunit was anticipated in ganglion cells, amacrines and Müller cells, the presence of this receptor subunit to the cells in the outer retina was not expected. (nih.gov)
These findings support pharmacological data showing that NMDA directly facilitates GABA release in retina and retinal cultures [I.L. Ferreira, C.B. Duarte, P.F. Santos, C.M. Carvalho, A.P. Carvalho, Release of [3H]GABA evoked by glutamate receptor agonist in cultured chick retinal cells: effect of Ca2+, Brain Res. (nih.gov)
R.C. Kubrusly, M.C. deMello, F.G. deMello, Aspartate as a selective NMDA agonist in cultured cells from the avian retina, Neurochem. (nih.gov)
Intl. 32 (1998) 47-52] or reduction of GABA in vivo [N.N. Osborn, A.J. Herrera, The effect of experimental ischaemia and excitatory amino acid agonist on the GABA and serotonin immunoreactivities in the rabbit retina, Neurosci. (nih.gov)
Since the majority of GABAergic synapses in the inner retina are onto both rod and cone bipolar axon terminals [R.G. Pourcho, M.T. Owzcarzak, Distribution of GABA immunoreactivity in the cat retina: A light and electron-microscopic study, Vis. (nih.gov)
John Dowling's The Retina , published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. (nhbs.com)
It includes completely new chapters on color vision and retinal degenerations and genetics, as well as sections on retinal development and visual pigment biochemistry, and presents the latest knowledge and theories on how the retina is organized anatomically, physiologically, and pharmacologically. (nhbs.com)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
These findings show that retinal functionality is not spatially homogeneous, likely reflecting ecological requirements that favour the early development of dorsal retina, and reflecting different roles in vision in the mature animal. (biorxiv.org)
Although the retina cannot experience patterned vision beforehand, it is remarkable that RGCs are already capable of encoding information originating from photoreceptors and transmit it to retinal central targets as soon as eyes open. (biorxiv.org)
In the retina, RGCs synapse with bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs respectively. (org.es)
The last synaptic element to link photoreceptors in the outer retina and RGCs in the inner retina is the synaptic connection between bipolar cells and RGCs (Fig. 5A) (Stone et al. (org.es)
Horizontal Cell Feedback to Cone Photoreceptors in Mammalian Retina: Novel Insights From the GABA-pH Hybrid Model. (neurotree.org)
Grove JCR , Hirano AA, de Los Santos J, McHugh CF, Purohit S, Field GD , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Novel hybrid action of GABA mediates inhibitory feedback in the mammalian retina. (neurotree.org)
Sun X , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Calcium-activated BKCa channels govern dynamic membrane depolarizations of horizontal cells in rodent retina. (neurotree.org)
Liu X , Grove JC , Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Dopamine D1 receptor modulation of calcium channel currents in horizontal cells of mouse retina. (neurotree.org)
Parallel Inhibition of Dopamine Amacrine Cells and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Non-Image-Forming Visual Circuit of the Mouse Retina. (neurotree.org)
The inverted image of the objects projected to the retina, however can be processed at high resolution only at the central fovea, where light reaches the cone receptor cells directly. (9dok.org)
Glutamate antagonists selective for hyperpolarizing bipolar cells, such as 2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), caused dose- and calcium-dependent release of dopamine from the retina. (tmc.edu)
This indicated that depolarizing bipolar cells were not involved in retinal circuitry underlying the release of dopamine in the turtle retina. (tmc.edu)
Light responses of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the foetal mammalian retina. (ucsf.edu)
The synaptic inputs to a subtype of gamma cell with dendrites ramifying in the outer sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rabbit retina were identified in a retinal connectome developed using automated transmission electron microscopy. (marclab.org)
The synaptic inputs rsuggest that gamma cells in rabbit retina would have light responses like their homologs in mouse retina, OFF responses to small stimuli in the receptive field center that are suppressed by a variety of larger stimuli. (marclab.org)
His research has focused on understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of electrical activity in the retina that convey visual information to the brain, and their origins in retinal circuitry, using large-scale multi-electrode recordings. (stanford.edu)
The goal of our research is to develop an artificial retina -- an electronic implant that will restore vision to people blinded by retinal degeneration. (stanford.edu)
We use large-scale multi-electrode recording from the retina to study normal light-evoked activity in hundreds of retinal ganglion cells of multiple types simultaneously, and then evoke similar patterns of activity by electrical stimulation. (stanford.edu)
Between embryonic day 12 and postnatal day 21, six major neuronal and one glia cell type are generated from multipotential progenitors in a characteristic sequence during mouse retina development. (biomedcentral.com)
Revealing the intrinsic program of gene regulation that accompanies mammalian retinal development is a key step for eventual cure of many human retina diseases and blindness. (biomedcentral.com)
They are the most common type of glial cell found in the retina. (iiab.me)
While their cell bodies are located in the inner nuclear layer of the retina, they span across the entire retina. (iiab.me)
[3] They are to be critical to the development of the retina in mice, serving as promoters of retinal growth and histogenesis via a non-specific esterase mediated mechanism. (iiab.me)
[14] Studies in human models have demonstrated that Müller glia have the potential to serve as stem cells in the adult retina [15] and are efficient rod photoreceptor progenitors. (iiab.me)

three different types of photoreceptors are present within this tissue: cones, rods and the newly discovered intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (researchgate.net)
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ( ip RGCs). (researchgate.net)

ipRGCs are both pre- and postsynaptic to dopaminergic amacrine cells (DA cells) via reciprocal synapses, with ipRGCs sending excitatory signals to the DA cells, and the DA cells sending inhibitory signals to the ipRGCs. (wikipedia.org)
Electron microscopy of the rod bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layer shows that they make ribbon synapses only upon amacrine cell profiles (Fig. 8). (utah.edu)
These receptor molecules are concentrated at sites of synapses with amacrine and bipolar cells. (eyewire.org)
By labeling RGC dendrites biolistically in YFP-NL2-expressing retinas, we were able to map the spatial distribution and thus densities of inhibitory postsynaptic sites on the dendritic arbors of individual large-field RGCs across ages.Results: We demonstrate that YFP-NL2 is present at inhibitory synapses in the inner plexiform layer by its co-localization with gephyrin, the γ2 subunit of the GABA A receptor and glycine receptors. (wustl.edu)
Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
The synapses of amacrine cells in the IPL appear first. (org.es)

Therefore, they constitute a third class of photoreceptors, in addition to rod and cone cells. (wikipedia.org)
Photoreceptive ganglion cells have been isolated in humans, where, in addition to regulating the circadian rhythm, they have been shown to mediate a degree of light recognition in rodless, coneless subjects suffering with disorders of rod and cone photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
The phototransduction mechanism in these cells is not fully understood, but seems likely to resemble that in invertebrate rhabdomeric photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
As was pointed out in a previous section, only one morphological type of bipolar cell has been found to make connections with the rod photoreceptors. (utah.edu)
It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and amacrine cells. (eyewire.org)
In humans, visual signals from 126 million photoreceptors funnel down to one million ganglion cells that convey at least a dozen representations of a visual scene to higher brain regions. (nhbs.com)
These are followed by the synaptic formation between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the OPL. (org.es)
Vesicular Release of GABA by Mammalian Horizontal Cells Mediates Inhibitory Output to Photoreceptors. (neurotree.org)
Hirano AA, Liu X , Brecha NC , Barnes S . Analysis of Feedback Signaling from Horizontal Cells to Photoreceptors in Mice. (neurotree.org)
The simplest circuitry based on these findings is signal transmission from photoreceptors to hyperpolarizing bipolar cells then to GABAergic cells, and finally to dopaminergic amacrine cells. (tmc.edu)
Among the later increased population, only about 40% genes are correlated with rod photoreceptors, indicating that multiple cell types contributed to gene expression in this phase. (biomedcentral.com)

Targeted Deletion of Vesicular GABA Transporter from Retinal Horizontal Cells Eliminates Feedback Modulation of Photoreceptor Calcium Channels. (neurotree.org)

ipRGCs contain membrane receptors for the neurotransmitters glutamate, glycine, and GABA. (wikipedia.org)
This invaginating contact is known to bear metabotropic glutamate receptors in the bipolar dendrite membrane (Fig. 5). (utah.edu)
After eye opening, a surge of glutamate receptor-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and GABA/glycine receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents emerges around P25 (Fig. 5B). (org.es)

In the inner nuclear layer, 48% of all cells residing in the amacrine cell layer were R2A-IR including a cell resembling the GABAergic A17 amacrine cell. (nih.gov)
Results showed that all GABAergic-amacrines and displaced amacrines express the R2A-subunit protein. (nih.gov)
R. Huba, H.D. Hofmann, Transmitter-gated currents of GABAergic amacrine-like cells in chick retinal cultures, Vis. (nih.gov)
M. Yamashita, R. Huba, H.D. Hofmann, Early in vitro development of voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in GABAergic amacrine cells, Dev. (nih.gov)
Early chronic treatment with the NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide to evoke premature GABAergic inhibitions from P4 to P8, prevented the GABA polarity shift and corticostriatal pause response at control postnatal days. (bvsalud.org)
These are from axons and long dendrites of GABAergic amacrine cells, and they provide 60% of all the input. (marclab.org)

The first step in this process is the binding of amacrine and bipolar cell neurotransmitters onto specialized receptor proteins embedded in ganglion cell dendritic membrane. (eyewire.org)

RGCs differentiate first followed by amacrine cells, cones and horizontal cells. (org.es)

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the cells which are responsible for transferring information from the eye to the brain. (eyewire.org)
Unexpectedly, the adult ratio of inhibitory/excitatory postsynaptic sites was rapidly attained, shortly after glutamatergic synaptogenesis commenced (postnatal day 7).Conclusion: Our observations suggest that bipolar and amacrine cell synaptogenesis onto RGCs appear coordinated to rapidly attain a balanced ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapse densities prior to the onset of visual experience. (wustl.edu)
We have investigated the ontogeny of light-driven responses in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (biorxiv.org)
Using a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array, we recorded from hundreds to thousands of RGCs simultaneously at pan-retinal level, including dorsal and ventral locations. (biorxiv.org)
We recorded simultaneously from hundreds to thousands of RGCs at near pan-retinal level using the high-density large-scale CMOS-based Active Pixel Sensor multielectrode array (APS-MEA) featuring 4096 electrodes (42 μm pitch) arranged in a 64x64 configuration, covering an active area of 7.12 mm 2 25 - 27 , allowing us to discriminate topographical differences in light responses. (biorxiv.org)
2009. See also RGCs of human, cat and rabbit retinas in the ganglion cell chapter in Webvision ). (org.es)

The gamma cell was always postsynaptic in the IPL, confirming its identity as a ganglion cell. (marclab.org)

Photosensitive ganglion cells respond to light by depolarizing, thus increasing the rate at which they fire nerve impulses, which is opposite to that of other photoreceptor cells, which hyperpolarize in response to light. (wikipedia.org)
The progenitor cell can then divide and differentiate into a number of retinal cell types, including photoreceptor cells , that may have been damaged during injury. (iiab.me)

6.4 Development of retinal ganglion cell dendritic structure and synaptic connections. (org.es)

An ipRGC therefore does not rely on Müller cells and/or retinal pigment epithelium cells for this conversion. (wikipedia.org)
receptor cells nourished by pigment epithelium II. (9dok.org)

Based on the antibody intensities and the COX and LDH activity, Müller glial cells (MGCs) had the lowest capacity for glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, and OXPHOS. (molvis.org)
Müller glia , or Müller cells , are a type of retinal glial cells , first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller. (iiab.me)

2001). In rabbit and rat, the amplitudes of retinal light responses measured by electroretinography continuously increases in the first month after birth and reaches the adult level by the ages of P30 to P40 (Gorfinkel et al. (org.es)
Smith BJ, McHugh CF, Hirano AA, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Transient and sustained ganglion cell light responses are differentially modulated by intrinsically produced reactive oxygen species acting upon specific voltage-gated Na channel isoforms. (neurotree.org)
The other amacrine cell inputs to the gamma cell should have a much greater impact on the light responses because they are far more numerous. (marclab.org)

The retinal circuitry underlying the release of dopamine was examined in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, using neurochemical release studies, anatomical techniques, and biochemistry. (tmc.edu)

The A17 is characterized by always making a return synapse known as a reciprocal synapse to the rod bipolar axon terminal. (utah.edu)
It typically received only one synapse per bipolar cell from at least 4 types of OFF bipolar cells. (marclab.org)

These synaptic currents, through a complex interplay of dendritic structure and other potential sensitive ion channels (Fohlmeister and Miller, 1997), alter ganglion cell firing rates, and convey visual signals to the brain. (eyewire.org)
When neurotransmitters are applied to the solution bathing ganglion cells, membrane currents are induced. (eyewire.org)
AMPA, kainate or NMDA evoke excitatory currents in both ON and OFF type cat beta cells (Cohen et al, 1994). (eyewire.org)
NMDA currents are of the typical 'conditional' sort, dominant only if cells are depolarized first by other excitatory neurotransmitters, or in the absence of extracellular magnesium. (eyewire.org)

The mucous lining of the LARYNX, consisting of various types of epithelial cells ranging from stratified squamous EPITHELIUM in the upper larynx to ciliated columnar epithelium in the rest of the larynx, mucous GOBLET CELLS, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells. (lookformedical.com)

YFP-NL2 puncta were apposed to the vesicular inhibitory transmitter transporter VGAT but not to CtBP2, a marker of presynaptic ribbons found at bipolar cell terminals. (wustl.edu)
in 6 instances, the bipolar cells presynaptic to the gamma cell or their electrically coupled neighbors also provided input to an amacrine cell that inhibited the gamma cell. (marclab.org)

2 (1989) 425-435], we hypothesize that the NMDA-receptor plays a crucial role in providing feedback inhibition onto rod and cone bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
Farrell SR , Rankin DR, Brecha NC , Barnes S . Somatostatin receptor subtype 4 modulates L-type calcium channels via Gβγ and PKC signaling in rat retinal ganglion cells. (neurotree.org)

the dendritic arbor, the cell body, and the axon. (nih.gov)

how can we precisely electrically stimulate retinal ganglion cells using an implant? (stanford.edu)

They contain the photopigment melanopsin in varying quantities along the cell membrane, including on the axons up to the optic disc, the soma, and dendrites of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The optic nerve collects all the axons of the ganglion cells and this bundle of more than a million fibers (in man at least) then passes information to the next relay station in the brain for sorting and integrating into further information processing channels. (eyewire.org)
Ganglion cells extract features of the visual world, encode them in frequency modulated spike trains, and send them coursing along optic nerve axons to various visual brain centers. (eyewire.org)

1994). The immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy is now the most illustrative way of seeing the rod bipolar cells in mammalian retinas (Cuenca personal communication) (Fig. 7). (utah.edu)
The revised edition calls attention to general principles applicable to all vertebrate retinas, while showing how the visual needs of different animals are reflected in their retinal variations. (nhbs.com)
There was a dose- and calcium-dependent release of dopamine from turtle retinas incubated in $\sp3$H-dopamine after perfusion of the GABA antagonist bicuculline. (tmc.edu)

Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. (lookformedical.com)

Most commonly the output of the rod bipolar ribbon is to a dyad of amacrine cell processes, one of which is known as AII and the other as A17, a reciprocal amacrine (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
The one is a small-field, bistratified cell given the name AII in its original description, to compare with the other amacrine common at the rod bipolar ribbon dyad, known then as as AI (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). (utah.edu)

This finding suggests that many types of stimuli in the receptive field surround or outside of the classical receptive field would provide potent inhibition to the gamma cell. (marclab.org)

Retinal ganglion cells vary significantly in terms of their size, connections, and responses to visual stimulation but they all share the defining property of having a long axon that extends into the brain. (eyewire.org)

As such, they have been shown to serve as important mediators of neurotransmitter ( acetylcholine and GABA specifically) degradation and maintenance of a favorable retinal microenvironment in turtles. (iiab.me)

Different genes in the same functional clusters are expressed in the different developmental stages, suggesting that cells might change gene expression profiles from differentiation to maturation stages. (biomedcentral.com)
The major role of the Müller cells is to maintain the structural and functional stability of retinal cells. (iiab.me)

As a consequence current flows into the cell altering membrane potential. (eyewire.org)

The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)

They represent a very small subset (~1%) of the retinal ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
However, a subset of Müller glia has been shown to originate from neural crest cells. (iiab.me)

Müller glia are derived developmentally from two distinct populations of cells. (iiab.me)

There are at least 30 distinct types of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, each sensitive to different features of the visual environment, and these can be grouped according to their morphology. (marclab.org)
what visual signals are transmitted by the diverse ganglion cell types to the brain? (stanford.edu)
how can retinal cell types be recognized and separately targeted by the implant? (stanford.edu)
Whereas optogenetic techniques provide exquisite molecular and temporal specificity for testing the function of specific cell types in sensory acuity, they currently carry inherent and technical limitations that can lead to different levels of opsin expression and activation or suppression strength across individual animals. (jneurosci.org)
Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)

This allows for both divergence of the rod signal and collection (convergence) of signals from many rods and rod bipolars, by means of these amacrine cells, before synaptic output to ganglion cells. (utah.edu)
what computational models can accurately reproduce these diverse retinal signals? (stanford.edu)

mRNA expression data of energy-related genes were extracted from our whole retinal Affymetrix microarray data. (molvis.org)
Nakajima Y, Moriyama M, Hattori M, Minato N, Nakanishi S . Isolation of ON bipolar cell genes via hrGFP-coupled cell enrichment using the mGluR6 promoter. (neurotree.org)

Image of a section from a human brain organoid showing patches of developing neural progenitor cells (green and red). (berkeley.edu)
[2] [17] It has been shown in zebrafish that Müller glia undergo dedifferentiation into multipotent progenitor cells . (iiab.me)

In this revised edition, Dowling draws on twenty-five years of new research to produce an interdisciplinary synthesis focused on how retinal function contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms. (nhbs.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms17

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs67

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Neurons18

Retina43

Photosensitive retinal gangl2

Synapses6

Photoreceptors11

Vesicular GABA transp1

Glutamate3

GABAergic6

Embedded in ganglion1

Horizontal1

RGCs6

Postsynaptic1

Photoreceptor2

Ganglion cell dendritic1

Pigment epithelium2

Glial Cells2

Light Responses3

Circuitry1

Synapse2

Currents4

Epithelium1

Presynaptic2

Receptor2

Dendritic1

Electrically1

Axons3

Retinas3

Intrinsic1

Dyad2

Inhibition1

Responses1

Neurotransmitter1

Functional2

Membrane1

Immunoreactivity1

Subset2

Populations1

Types5

Signals2

Genes2

Progenitor cells2

Synthesis1