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Shiga ToxinShiga Toxin 2Shiga Toxin 1Shiga ToxinsShigella dysenteriaeShiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coliEscherichia coli O157Hemolytic-Uremic SyndromeEscherichia coli InfectionsEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliBacterial ToxinsCholera ToxinEscherichia coliCytotoxinsT-2 ToxinTrihexosylceramidesMolecular Sequence DataRicinGlobosidesProphagesProtein SubunitsVero CellsRibosome Inactivating ProteinsTetanus ToxinAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coli ProteinsAntitoxinsFecesAdhesins, BacterialVirulence FactorsDiarrheaCercopithecus aethiopsSerotypingBotulinum Toxins, Type AEscherichia coli VaccinesMarine ToxinsDysentery, BacillaryEnterotoxinsVirulenceBase SequenceShigellaBacteriophagesCattlePolymerase Chain ReactionMacromolecular SubstancesButyric AcidToxoidsHemolysin ProteinsHeLa CellsEdema Disease of SwineCell LineColiphagesProtein BindingAntibodies, BacterialGolgi ApparatusGenes, BacterialDNA, BacterialCattle DiseasesBinding SitesRNA, Ribosomal, 28SFood MicrobiologyGlycolipidsRabbitsMutationRecombinant ProteinsClathrin Heavy ChainsKineticsAdenylate Cyclase ToxinCloning, MolecularEndosomestrans-Golgi NetworkProtein TransportFoodborne DiseasesP Blood-Group SystemTrisaccharidesLethal Dose 50Enteropathogenic Escherichia coliGlycosphingolipidsBacterial ProteinsLysogenySequence Analysis, DNAProtein ConformationDisease OutbreaksCells, CulturedReceptors, Cell SurfaceModels, MolecularRecombinant Fusion ProteinsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayProtein Synthesis InhibitorsBiological TransportBrefeldin ATranscytosisIntestinesElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldSequence Homology, Amino AcidNeutralization TestsPlasmidsEndocytosisMolecular WeightMutagenesis, Site-Directed
EscherichiaStrainsColiSTECShigellaBacteriaInhibit protein synthesisPlant toxin ricinGlobotriaosylceramideSLTACholera toxinProteinBacterialStx1EndotheliumVeroDifferentiatePentamerPathogensMembranesBacillusRetrogradeAntigenSymptomsMechanismsMolecularIncludeVesselsEffectsResearchersCellListCellsBodySurfacePresenceTargetStandardSimilarComplexCore
Escherichia7
Strains5
  • Shiga toxin type 1 and type 2 (Stx-1 and 2) are the Shiga toxins produced by some E. coli strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • in fact, some strains traditionally considered E. coli (including those that produce this toxin) in fact belong to this lineage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Being closer relatives of Shigella dysenteriae than of the typical E. coli, it is not at all unusual that toxins similar to that of S. dysenteriae are produced by these strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shiga toxin can also be produced by some strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The application of molecular techniques in food is large, several authors comment on the detection and quantification of strains of pathogenic microorganisms present in foods and the presence of toxins and waste allergens not related to specific goods in production lines. (peertechzpublications.com)
Coli7
  • In 1977, researchers in Ottawa, Ontario discovered the Shiga toxin normally produced by Shigella dysenteriae in a line of E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
  • The E. coli version of the toxin was named "verotoxin" because of its ability to kill Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells) in culture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shiga toxin 1 and 2 provided by List Labs are recombinantly expressed in E. coli and are highly purified. (listlabs.com)
  • Product #161 Shiga Toxin 1, recombinant from E. coli, is provided lyophilized in PBS buffer. (listlabs.com)
  • Product #162 Shiga Toxin 2, recombinant from E. coli, is provided as a liquid in a Tris buffer solution. (listlabs.com)
  • Shiga toxins are made by bacteria the Shigatoxigenic group of E. coli (STEC), which includes the deadly serotype O157:H7. (mostlyscience.com)
  • Many examples of phages that are recognized as being involved in such processes are known, for example, the Shiga toxin-encoding (Stx) phages-a key virulence factor of Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC)-are the causative agents of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), a major contributor to disease associated with STEC infection [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
STEC1
  • No se detectó presencia de patógenos STEC en las muestras de las manos del personal, ni en los reservorios de agua o muestras de comida. (medicinabuenosaires.com)
Shigella4
  • The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shigella dysenteriae is a type of bacteria that causes a severe form of intestinal infection called shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Shigella dysenteriae is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that causes shigellosis, a severe form of bacillary dysentery. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Shigella were discovered over 100 years ago by a Japanese microbiologist named Shiga, for whom the genus is named. (medscape.com)
Bacteria3
  • The development of anti-infectives against a large range of AB-like toxin-producing bacteria include. (listlabs.com)
  • S flexneri, enteroinvasive gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for the worldwide endemic form of bacillary dysentery. (medscape.com)
  • Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. (lecturio.com)
Inhibit protein synthesis1
  • Shiga toxins act to inhibit protein synthesis within target cells by a mechanism similar to that of the infamous plant toxin ricin. (wikipedia.org)
Plant toxin ricin1
Globotriaosylceramide2
  • The B subunits of the toxin bind to a component of the cell membrane known as glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). (wikipedia.org)
  • The B polypeptide forms a pentamer that binds to the eukaryotic cell receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). (listlabs.com)
SLTA1
  • MT-6402 is an ETB consisting of a single chain variable fragment (scFv), with affinity for PD-L1, fused to the enzymatically active de-immunized Shiga-like toxin-A subunit (SLTA) and a class I antigen derived from the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). (webull.com)
Cholera toxin1
  • SMAP2, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf1 with a putative clathrin-binding domain, has previously been shown to participate in the retrograde transport of the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) from recycling endosomes. (biologists.com)
Protein6
  • After entering a cell via a macropinosome, the payload (A subunit) cleaves a specific adenine nucleobase from the 28S RNA of the 60S subunit of the ribosome, thereby halting protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
  • In addition to inhibiting protein synthesis, Shiga toxins induce cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. (listlabs.com)
  • This is in reference to both the repeating structure of the shiga toxin protein which is comprised of 5 alpha-beta subunits in a pentamer, giving it the lovely snowflake-like appearance, despite how deadly the toxin is. (mostlyscience.com)
  • Shiga toxin exerts its effects on host cell protein synthesis, leading to severely compromised kidney function, damaged blood vessels and organ beds. (mostlyscience.com)
  • Together, our work explains how Retro-2 prevents retrograde trafficking of toxins by inhibiting TA-protein targeting, describes a general CRISPR strategy for predicting the MOA of small molecules, and paves the way for drugging the TRC pathway to treat broad classes of viruses known to be inhibited by Retro-2. (elifesciences.org)
Bacterial2
  • Binding of the subunit B to Gb3 causes induction of narrow tubular membrane invaginations, which drives formation of inward membrane tubules for the bacterial uptake into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gb 3 glycosphingolipids are the specific receptors for bacterial Shiga toxin. (springer.com)
Stx11
  • Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. (wikipedia.org)
Endothelium2
  • A specific target for the toxin appears to be the vascular endothelium of the glomerulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also the only species that produces an exotoxin called Shiga toxin, which is responsible for the damage to the intestinal epithelium and the renal endothelium. (stemcelldaily.com)
Vero1
  • 2018 ). Here, we will solely focus on the less recognized globosides and in particular the globoside Gb 3 , which is the membrane receptor for vero toxins. (springer.com)
Differentiate2
  • Microbiologists use many terms to describe Shiga toxin and differentiate more than one unique form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conserved active-site residues in the Rab switch II region stabilising the nucleotide-free form differentiate these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
Pentamer1
  • Shiga toxins, also called verotoxins, consists of two domains: the A polypeptide confers the activity, and the B polypeptide pentamer confers the receptor-specific binding. (listlabs.com)
Pathogens1
  • Biological agents and pathogens are controlled when they are an isolated live culture of a pathogen agent, or a preparation of a toxin agent which has been isolated or extracted from any source, or material including living material which has been deliberately inoculated or contaminated with the agent. (advocatetanmoy.com)
Membranes2
  • Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt2Aa forms filamentous oligomers when exposed to lipid membranes or detergents. (ki.si)
  • The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
Bacillus1
  • is a gram-negative bacillus Bacillus Bacillus are aerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli. (lecturio.com)
Retrograde1
Antigen1
  • The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. (edu.au)
Symptoms1
Mechanisms2
  • Its drug platform technology, known as engineered toxin bodies (ETBs), leverages the resident biology of a genetically engineered form of Shiga-like Toxin A subunit to create novel therapies with potent and differentiated mechanisms of action for cancer. (webull.com)
  • Back when I was an undergrad at the University of the Sunshine Coast , the Honors research project I designed was going to be elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shiga-like toxin leading to kidney pathophysiology seen in haemolytic uraemic syndrome . (mostlyscience.com)
Molecular1
  • Together these proteins form a molecular switch that can be turned on and off. (elifesciences.org)
Include2
  • Isolated live cultures of a pathogen agent include live cultures in dormant form or in dried preparations, whether the agent is natural, enhanced or modified. (advocatetanmoy.com)
  • Pathogenesis varies based on the strain, but it can include toxin production, invasion of the mucosal surface, and adhesion with alteration of enterocyte structure. (lecturio.com)
Vessels2
  • The toxin is effective against small blood vessels, such as found in the digestive tract, the kidney, and lungs, but not against large vessels such as the arteries or major veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a localized model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), new vessels formed around the inflammatory lesion, followed by sprouting of adjacent corticospinal tract (CST) fibers. (listlabs.com)
Effects3
Researchers1
  • It has been suggested by some researchers that the gene coding for Shiga-like toxin comes from a toxin-converting lambdoid bacteriophage, such as H-19B or 933W, inserted into the bacteria's chromosome via transduction. (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
  • B cell receptors (BCR) of mature lymphoid malignancies are exceptional in that they harbor tumor-specific-stereotyped sequences in the form of point mutations that drive self-engagement of the BCR and autologous signaling. (bvsalud.org)
List1
Cells1
Body1
  • ECOnti will form a quasi-autonomous body with dedicated project management and communications, including a website. (pharmaceutical-networking.com)
Surface1
  • Two classes have been characterized: toxins, biological and surface adhesion molecules that affect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (lecturio.com)
Presence1
  • The transcription factor RBPJ forms a coactivator complex in the presence of a Notch signal, whereas it represses Notch target genes in the absence of a Notch stimulus. (uni-ulm.de)
Target1
Standard2
  • Anti-Shiga Toxin 1 or Anti-Shiga Toxin 2 Antibody, when paired with the Anti-Shiga Toxin Camelid Antibody, can be used in a standard sandwich ELISA. (listlabs.com)
  • Unadjusted and adjusted odds interviewed using standard case investigation forms. (cdc.gov)
Similar1
  • Typically the filter material could also be in sheet or pad kind, typically similar to the form of a starting sheet or pad of the fibrous substrate, appropriate for use within the above- mentioned face mask. (orthodontistlamesa.com)
Complex1
  • Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding experiments reveals that TMEM115 interacts with the COG complex, and might self-interact to form dimers. (biologists.com)
Core1
  • The pitching research template (PRT) is designed to help pitchers identify the core elements that form the framework of any research project. (uwo.ca)