• In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal (including human) cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokaryotic cells, which lack nuclei, have a single chromosome, but may also contain nonchromosomal DNA in the form of plasmids. (slideshare.net)
  • DNA synthesis occurred on either circular or linear plasmids coupled to the beads, but only DNA synthesis on the circular plasmid was inhibited by geminin and a. (shengsci.com)
  • Plasmids are circular extrachromosomal DNA while chromosomes are the type of genomic DNA having important factors for growth, reproduction etc. (rbsesolutions.com)
  • Plasmids are physically different from chromosomal DNA. (excedr.com)
  • An illustrative diagram of bacteria showing bacterial chromosomal DNA and Plasmids. (excedr.com)
  • Plasmids are artificially altered and constructed in labs to use as a tool for transferring foreign DNA in specific cell types. (excedr.com)
  • Currently, plasmids are constructed by first digesting DNA sequences using restriction enzymes and then ligating the ends of the DNA fragments using the enzyme DNA ligase. (excedr.com)
  • [12] It also has two circular, extrachromosomal, double-stranded DNA plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2. (wikidoc.org)
  • The bacterial cytoplasm has extrachromosomal self replicating autonomous circular DNA molecules known as Plasmids. (gkchronicle.com)
  • Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
  • Plasmids are circular DNA molecules most frequently found in bacteria but sometimes in other organisms as well. (keydifference.info)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exception - few viruses that contain single-stranded (ss) DNA, DNA exists as a double stranded (ds) molecule, in which the two strands wind around each other, forming a double helix. (slideshare.net)
  • Diversity of circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules among the Euglenids. (edu.pl)
  • In the 1950s, largely as the result of the pioneering work of James Watson (1928-) and Francis Crick (1916-), scientists discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules and how DNA stores and transmit genetic information. (faqs.org)
  • The second step is to insert the insulin gene into the vector.Viruses, liposomes (hollow spheres of fat molecules formed in solution), andplasmids (circular forms of DNA) are common vectors. (faqs.org)
  • It cuts DNA molecules by recognizing a specific sequence of 6 base pairs. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • With few exceptions, metazoan mtDNAs are covalently closed-circular molecules that autonomously replicate and transcribe within the organellar matrix. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While past research has pointed to a role for circularized, extrachromosomal MYCN oncogene sequences in neuroblastoma, the team explained, the full suite and the frequency of somatic mutations involving small or large stretches of circularized extrachromosomal DNA amplifications had not been fully explored. (genomeweb.com)
  • That finding prompted the team to take a closer look at these sequences using a modified version of circle sequencing (Circle-seq) in 21 of the neuroblastoma tumors, making it possible to enrich for circularized DNA. (genomeweb.com)
  • The circularized sequences were mapped back to their original sites in the genome using additional long-read and single-molecule real-time sequences, the investigators explained, and they validated candidate DNA circles with PCR and Sanger sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
  • Together, these approaches uncovered almost 5,700 small extrachromosomal circular DNAs per tumor, on average, and an average of 0.82 large, copy number-amplified extrachromosomal circular DNA sequences, the authors reported, noting that "DNA circularization is not restricted to proto-oncogenes, but also affects various coding and non-coding regions with yet unknown functional consequences. (genomeweb.com)
  • These grooves provide access for the binding of regulatory proteins to their specific recognition sequences along the DNA chain. (slideshare.net)
  • Restriction endonuclease recognizes a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • [4] Fujimoto S, Tsuda T, Toda M, Yamagishi H. Transposon-like sequences in extrachromosomal circular DNA from mouse thymocytes. (org.ua)
  • L1 sequences in HeLa extrachromosomal circular DNA: evidence for circularization by homologous recombination. (org.ua)
  • [11] Riabowol K, Shmookler Reis RJ, Goldstein S. Interspersed repetitive and tandemly repetitive sequences are differentially represented in extrachromosomal covalently closed circular DNA of human diploid fibroblasts. (org.ua)
  • DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. (lookformedical.com)
  • IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. (lookformedical.com)
  • The DNA sequences of ospA , ospB , rrs-rrlA , and ospC ideal for deer and the small mammals that maintain the I. were determined for use in our phylogenetic analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • eccDNA has been observed in various eukaryotic species and it is proposed to be a byproduct of programmed DNA recombination events, such as V(D)J recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • They also developed an improved eccDNA purification protocol that decreases linear DNA contamination within purified samples. (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically, eccDNA was purified using a two-step procedure that involved first isolating crude extrachromosomal DNA and subsequently digesting linear DNA via exonuclease digestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the term extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is becoming more widely used, while the term double minutes is now reserved for a specific subtype of eccDNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • eccDNA are circular DNA that have been found in human, plant, and animal cells and are present in the cell nucleus in addition to the chromosomal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • eccDNA is distinguishable from other circular DNA in cells, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), because it ranges in size from a few hundred bases to megabases and is derived from genomic DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Koliste cząsteczki DNA (eccDNA) występują powszechnie w komórkach eukariotycznych. (edu.pl)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) was discovered several decades ago, but little is known about its function. (opticnervenetwork.com)
  • Our investigation revealed that the utilization of rolling-circle amplification (RCA) and restriction enzyme linearization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) significantly enhanced the efficiency of enriching extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA). (opticnervenetwork.com)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is both a driver of eukaryotic genome instability and a product of programmed genome rearrangements, but its extent had not been surveyed in Oxytricha, a ciliate with elaborate DNA elimination and translocation during development. (shengsci.com)
  • SAN DIEGO--( BUSINESS WIRE )-- Boundless Bio , a next-generation precision oncology company developing innovative therapeutics directed against extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in aggressive cancers, today announced plans to present at the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, held virtually from October 7-10, 2021. (businesswire.com)
  • Extrachromosomal DNA, or ecDNA, are distinct circular units of DNA lacking centromeres but containing functional genes, including oncogenes, that are separated from tumor cell chromosomes. (businesswire.com)
  • Boundless Bio is a next-generation precision oncology company interrogating a novel area of cancer biology, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), to deliver transformative therapies to patients with previously intractable cancers. (businesswire.com)
  • Some of the DNA in cancer cells may be found in circular structures, rings of extrachromosomal DNA, or ecDNA, that may unloose all manner of mayhem. (genengnews.com)
  • In fact, ecDNA is a sort of DNA-ring circus. (genengnews.com)
  • According to Mischel and colleagues, ecDNA is more loosely packed and hence more accessible than chromosomal DNA. (genengnews.com)
  • The new findings appeared November 20 in Nature , in an article titled, " Circular ecDNA promotes accessible chromatin and high oncogene expression . (genengnews.com)
  • Furthermore, ecDNA is shown to have a significantly greater number of ultra-long-range interactions with active chromatin, which provides insight into how the structure of circular ecDNA affects oncogene function, and connects ecDNA biology with modern cancer genomics and epigenetics. (genengnews.com)
  • The authors suggest that ecDNA, because of its increased DNA copy numbers and in association with enhanced chromatin accessibility, promotes massively increased transcription of the oncogenes. (genengnews.com)
  • The shape of cancer ecDNA is different than normal DNA, and that has really important implications, both for our understanding of cancer biology and clinical impact. (genengnews.com)
  • Extrachromosomal DNA-or ecDNA-was discovered decades ago, but it's only now, with advanced technology, that researchers can investigate their sequence, structure and regulation. (sbpdiscovery.org)
  • Pipeline for the identification of extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA) from Circle-seq, WGS, and ATAC-seq data that were generated from cancer and other eukaryotic cells. (nf-co.re)
  • We demonstrate that the majority of genomic rearrangements in neuroblastoma involve circular DNA, challenging our current understanding about cancer genome remodeling," the authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • They combined advanced sequencing techniques with pioneering bioinformatics algorithms to construct a detailed genomic map of the circular DNA. (mskcc.org)
  • In this model, large portions of genomic DNA operate as 'sinks', which are filled by 'sources', such as available histone variants, covalent modifications to histones, the readers of these modifications and non-coding RNAs. (biologists.com)
  • Genomic and Plasmid DNA are two distinct varieties of DNA found in living species. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA comprises all the genetic material present in an organism's genome - including all genes as well as non-coding regions - while the nucleoid area in prokaryotic cells contains nucleic DNA for non-eukaryotic cells. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA plays an essential role in development and functioning as it provides instructions to build and maintain cell constituents. (keydifference.info)
  • Contrasting genomic DNA, plasmid DNA functions independently from it to act as its own genetic component - usually providing antibiotic resistance or enzyme production capabilities to its host. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA holds immense value because it acts as the complete set of instructions necessary for the development, functioning, and overall character of individuals. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA is passed from parent to child during reproduction and determines their physical characteristics, susceptibilities to diseases, and predispositions. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA regulates gene expression by activating or inactivating certain genes depending on cell types or developmental stages, providing critical regulation of proper cell functioning and specialization. (keydifference.info)
  • As disease research depends heavily on genomic DNA sequencing techniques for the identification of genetic variants associated with disease occurrence, understanding genomic DNA's importance can enable advancements in diagnostics, personalized medicine, and genetic counseling services. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA refers to all the DNA present within an organism's genome. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA contains genes: these include fragments that encode instructions for producing proteins as well as non-coding regions with regulatory functions that comprise it's structure. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA is unique for each organism and inherited through sexual reproduction from its parents. (keydifference.info)
  • Genomic DNA serves as an indispensable repository of genetic information that determines an organism's characteristics, susceptibility to illness, and overall characteristics of life forms. (keydifference.info)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA is derived from chromosomal DNA, can range in size from 50 base pairs to several mega-base pairs in length, and can encode regulatory elements and full-length genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sporadically, they also contain non-chromosomal DNA, generally in circular form, due to recombination of chromosomal fragments, movement of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus, uptake of extracellular DNA, or the presence of selfish DNA of endogenous or exogenous origin, like transposons and viruses. (embo.org)
  • Because of their ease and ability to be inserted into chromosomal DNA, they are also referred to as episomes in the context of prokaryotes. (excedr.com)
  • Several procedures for the detection and isolation of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA were modified for use with the methanogens. (pdx.edu)
  • identified using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), cytogenetic analysis, and structural modeling that extrachromosomal circular DNA is highly amplified and common in various types of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • With that in mind, Henssen and colleagues from Germany, the US, and Spain profiled matched tumor and normal blood samples from 93 neuroblastoma patients using whole-genome sequencing and an algorithm that uncovers circularized DNA based on paired read orientation, uncovering preliminary evidence for complex and relatively frequent ecDNAs in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
  • The paper describes how Mischel and colleagues demonstrated the structure of circular DNA by integrating ultrastructural imaging, long-range optical mapping, and computational analysis of whole-genome sequencing. (genengnews.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells maintain their genome as linear chromosomes in the nucleus and smaller, circular chromosomes in their autonomous organelles. (embo.org)
  • Hence alien DNA is integrated into the recipient genome (it has ori). (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • On one of the structural similarity levels of spatial organization of DNA in the genome of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (org.ua)
  • Programmed genome rearrangements in Oxytricha produce transcriptionally active extrachromosomal circular DNA. (shengsci.com)
  • Plasmid DNA may not form part of the human genome, yet still play an essential role within our bodies. (keydifference.info)
  • These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can identify gene indels, mutations, or previously undescribed genetic elements, including extrachromosomal plasmid DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • The eluted DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme PacI to linearize mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and an exonuclease that can digest linear DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poza materiałem genetycznym organelli półautonomicznych: mitochondriów i chloroplastów (mtDNA, cpDNA) u Eukarya spotyka się też koliste cząsteczki DNA pochodzące od kanonicznych, liniowych loci chromosomowych. (edu.pl)
  • These essential subcellular organelles contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is an extrachromosomal genetic element. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [2] DeLap RJ, Rush MG. Change in quantity and size distribution of small circular DNAs during development of chicken bursa. (org.ua)
  • nf-core/circdna is a bioinformatics best-practice analysis pipeline for the identification of circular DNAs in eukaryotic cells. (nf-co.re)
  • Rapid isolation of animal mitochondrial DNA by alkaline extraction. (org.ua)
  • [16] Van Tuyle GC, McPherson ML. A compact form of rat liver mitochondrial DNA stabilized by bound proteins. (org.ua)
  • Mitochondrial DNA. (org.ua)
  • 2021) DNA binding to TLR9 expressed by red blood cells promotes innate immune activation and anemia. (news-medical.net)
  • There are two chemically distinct types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). (slideshare.net)
  • [5] Bertelsen AH, Humayun MZ, Karfopoulos SG, Rush MG. Molecular characterization of small polydisperse circular deoxyribonucleic acid from an African green monkey cell line. (org.ua)
  • Suppose that the base sequence T-G-G-C-T-A-C-T on a DNA molecule carries the instruction "make insulin. (faqs.org)
  • Other scientists were quick torecognize that this provided a means of cutting a large DNA molecule into well-defined smaller fragments. (faqs.org)
  • In the DNA helix, the hydrophilic deoxyribose- phosphate backbone of each chain is on the outside of the molecule, whereas the hydrophobic bases are stacked inside. (slideshare.net)
  • Single-molecule kinetics reveal microscopic mechanism by which High-Mobility Group B proteins alter DNA flexibility. (shengsci.com)
  • We developed a new single-molecule method to probe non-specific DNA interactions for two HMGB homologs: the human HMGB2 box A domain and yeast Nhp6Ap, along with chimeric mutants replacin. (shengsci.com)
  • B. anthracis has a single chromosome which is a circular, 5,227,293-bp DNA molecule. (wikidoc.org)
  • Plasmid DNA serves as a second small DNA molecule with additional genetic data. (keydifference.info)
  • The sequencing revealed the process by which specific DNA sections separate from a chromosome to form the circles before reintegrating into the chromosome at a different location. (mskcc.org)
  • Even so, the team's follow-up analyses - including RNA sequencing experiments - indicated that rearrangements stemming from extrachromosomal circular DNA from MYCN and other genes may be a recurrent and ongoing source of new mutations through a multi-hit model in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
  • Plasmid DNA plays an integral part in genetic engineering and biotechnology, serving as vectors to introduce specific genes into cells for therapeutic production, gene function research studies, or to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (keydifference.info)
  • Our goal for this project is to understand more about the functional relevance of circular extrachromosomal DNA in medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain cancer," says Chavez, assistant professor at Sanford Burnham Prebys. (sbpdiscovery.org)
  • DNA is present not only in chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms, but also in mitochondria and the chloroplasts of plants. (slideshare.net)
  • [8] Stanfield SW, Helinski DR. Cloning and characterization of small circular DNA from Chinese hamster ovary cells. (org.ua)
  • Lukas Chavez, Ph.D. , has received $3.2 million from the National Institutes of Health to study how unique DNA circles found in cancer cells drive deadly pediatric brain tumors. (sbpdiscovery.org)
  • Researchers from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), in collaboration with an international research team, have discovered that DNA circles can contribute to the development of childhood cancers. (mskcc.org)
  • Epigenetics of a tandem DNA repeat: chromatin DNaseI sensitivity and opposite methylation changes in cancers. (shengsci.com)
  • The cohesive ends generated by the restriction endonuclease made it possible to join double helical DNA fragments from different sources by complementary base-pairing. (faqs.org)
  • The enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites into fragments. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • NEW YORK - New research suggests circularized DNA falling outside of linear chromosomes may serve as a recurrent source of somatic rearrangements in neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer affecting immature cells in the sympathetic nervous system. (genomeweb.com)
  • The team, led by MSK computational biologist Richard Koche and Anton Henssen of Charité University Hospital Berlin, made this discovery by studying extrachromosomal DNA in neuroblastoma cells. (mskcc.org)
  • The circular DNA was surprisingly pervasive, with each neuroblastoma cell containing an average of 5,000 rings. (mskcc.org)
  • By 2019, GLASS had acquired and analyzed glioma samples, DNA sequencing data and clinical annotations from 222 patients. (jax.org)
  • In the cytoplasm of the bacteria, the main DNA lies bare without being enclosed in a nucleus. (gkchronicle.com)
  • PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)
  • The remainder maintain telomere length with ALT, a pathway based on homologous recombination (a mechanism used for DNA repair). (sens.org)
  • In humans and other eukaryote organisms, normal DNA is packed into cell nuclei by tightly wrapping it around closely bunched clusters of protein complexes called histone octamers. (genengnews.com)
  • In 1973, an American biochemist Paul Berg often referred to as the father ofgenetic engineering developed a method for joining the DNA of two different organisms, a monkey virus known as SV40 and a second virus known as lambda phage. (faqs.org)
  • • The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein is termed the "central dogma" of molecular biology and is descriptive of all organisms, with the exception of some viruses that have RNA as the repository of their genetic information. (slideshare.net)
  • The technique in which genetic material (DNA & RNA) is chemically altered and introduced into host organisms to change the phenotype. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • All living organisms package their DNA with chromatin proteins. (biologists.com)
  • While plasmid DNA cannot be passed between organisms directly, both types play important roles in biological processes with potential implications in fields like biotechnology, genetics, and medicine. (keydifference.info)
  • YY1-mediated chromatin loops play substantial roles in basic biological processes like gene regulation, cell differentiation, and DNA replication. (researchgate.net)
  • The genetic information found in DNA is copied and transmitted to daughter cells through DNA replication. (slideshare.net)
  • A piece of alien DNA has no the sequence called Origin of replication (ori) needed for starting replication. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • Eukaryotic High-Mobility Group B (HMGB) proteins alter DNA elasticity while facilitating transcription, replication and DNA repair. (shengsci.com)
  • De novo assembly of genuine replication forks on an immobilized circular plasmid in Xenopus egg extracts. (shengsci.com)
  • We describe an improved model of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts, in which a circular plasmid immobilized on paramagnetic beads is used as a template. (shengsci.com)
  • At the cellular level there are many causes of motor neuron death: DNA mutations, constant oxidative stress, and protein aggregation, among others. (sens.org)
  • Scientists found that the precise arrangement (or sequence) of nitrogen bases A, C, G. and T on the DNA strand is the recipe that codes for the manufacture of specific chemical compounds, namely proteins. (faqs.org)
  • These enzymes usually do not cut straight acrossthe two strands of DNA, but in a staggered fashion. (faqs.org)
  • Telomeres are repetitive noncoding DNA strands at the ends of eukaryotic (plants, animals, etc.) chromosomes. (sens.org)
  • They bind to specific recognition sequence of the DNA and cut the two strands at specific points. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • DNA methylation and chromatin DNaseI sensitivity were analyzed in and adjacent to D4Z4 repeat arrays, which consist of 1 to approximately 100 tandem 3.3-kb units at subtelomeric 4q and 10q. (shengsci.com)
  • Human DNA typically forms long, twisting double helices of genetic material: roughly three billion base pairs organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes miraculously squeezed into every cell nucleus, each averaging just six micrometers in diameter. (genengnews.com)
  • Laid out end-to-end, all of the DNA in a single cell nucleus would extend roughly six feet and all of the DNA in one person's body would span roughly twice the diameter of the solar system, more than seven billion miles. (genengnews.com)
  • To extract crude extrachromosomal DNA, the cells were lysed with a pH 11.8 alkaline lysis buffer, neutralized with a neutralization buffer, and precipitated using a precipitation buffer. (wikipedia.org)
  • New research has revealed that red blood cells function as critical immune sensors by binding cell-free DNA, called nucleic acid , present in the body's circulation during sepsis and COVID-19, and that this DNA-binding capability triggers their removal from circulation, driving inflammation and anemia during severe illness and playing a much larger role in the immune system than previously thought. (news-medical.net)
  • Mangalmurti says that this DNA-binding discovery could also have implications for research into using red blood cells in diagnostics. (news-medical.net)
  • Mangalmurti and fellow researchers are studying whether this is a valid option in diagnosing infection in critically ill patients and if this DNA-binding mechanism by red blood cells is a universal mechanism of anemia in parasitic infections. (news-medical.net)
  • Rather than passing DNA to subsequent generations by dividing into genetically identical daughter cells-a process called mitosis, involving paired chromosomes that divide and used by all eukaryotes-cancer cells propagate somewhat like bacterial cells. (genengnews.com)
  • DNA in the cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas would normally contain that base sequence since the islets are the regions in which insulin is produced in mammals. (faqs.org)
  • This copy can be obtained from a natural source (like DNA in islets of Langerhans cells), or it can be manufactured artificially in the laboratory. (faqs.org)
  • [3] Yamagishi H, Kunisada T, Tsuda T. Small circular DNA complexes in eucaryotic cells. (org.ua)
  • [6] Smith CA, Vinograd J. Small polydisperse circular DNA of HeLa cells. (org.ua)
  • The C protein has been purified from cells carrying the Ptrp-C plasmid, and a preliminary study of C protein-DNA binding properties has been carried out. (shengsci.com)
  • DNA must be able to not only replicate precisely each time a cell divides, but also to have the information that it contains be selectively expressed. (slideshare.net)
  • identified that double minutes only comprise roughly 30% of extrachromosomal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • As research has continued, different subtypes of extrachromosomal circular DNA have been identified that are not double minutes (e.g., microDNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Electron microscopic research on the extrachromosomal genetic elements of Escherichia coli. (org.ua)
  • His Bioinformatics research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Microarray and DNA microarray. (research.com)
  • The research aims to expose how the circular pieces of DNA contribute to therapy resistance and open new therapeutic avenues to improve the lives of people affected by these devastating diseases. (sbpdiscovery.org)
  • RESEARCH ogy of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast and Midwest appear DNA Extraction and Amplifi cation similar. (cdc.gov)
  • They observed that when viruses entered the bacteria, the viral DNA was cut into small pieces and inactivated by certain bacterial enzyme. (faqs.org)
  • Piper DNA virus 1 and 2 are endogenous pararetroviruses integrated into chromosomes of black pepper (Piper nigrum L). VirusDisease 33 (1), 114-118. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Phosphodiester linkages between nucleotides (in DNA or RNA) can be cleaved hydrolytically by chemicals, or hydrolyzed enzymatically by a family of nucleases: deoxyribonucleases for DNA and ribonucleases for RNA. (slideshare.net)
  • They remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
  • In this scanning electron micrograph of inside the nucleus of a cancer cell, chromosomes are indicated by blue arrows and circular extrachromosomal DNA are indicated by orange arrows. (genengnews.com)
  • Matthias Fischer has researched Bioinformatics in several fields, including Microarray, DNA microarray, Cancer and Gene expression profiling. (research.com)
  • If a way could be found to insert the base sequence into the DNA of bacteria, for example, then those bacteria would be capable of manufacturing insulin. (faqs.org)