Estrogen aromatase excess syndrome sertoli cell only syndrome. Medical search. Frequent questions

Gynecomastia (also spelled gynaecomastia) is the abnormal non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. (wikipedia.org)
Gynecomastia may be caused by abnormal hormone changes, any condition that leads to an increase in the ratio of estrogens/androgens such as liver disease, kidney failure, thyroid disease and some non-breast tumors. (wikipedia.org)
This may occur even if the levels of estrogens and androgens are both appropriate, but the ratio is altered. (wikipedia.org)
Gynecomastia is thought to be caused by an altered ratio of estrogens to androgens mediated by an increase in estrogen action, a decrease in androgen action, or a combination of these two factors. (wikipedia.org)
Estrogen and androgens have opposing actions on breast tissue: estrogens stimulate proliferation while androgens inhibit proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
In aromatase excess syndromes, an apparent increase in the extraglandular aromatization of androgens leads to an increase in the circulating estrogen levels. (medscape.com)
With androgen excess, the extent of these changes is dependent on the level of androgens in the blood. (medscape.com)
A discrepancy between marked virilization in the mother and a minimal androgen effect in female offspring indicates placental aromatase activity, which converts androgens to estrogens, or androgen metabolism, which thus becomes less active. (health.am)
A defect in the placental conversion of androgens to estrogens causes virilization in female offspring. (health.am)
In the absence of aromatase, androgens cannot be converted to estrone, estradiol or estriol, and large quantities of androstenedione and testosterone are transferred to the maternal and fetal circulation, resulting in masculinization of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia of the female fetus. (health.am)
Management of excessive androgens in the female fetus is somewhat difficult and will differ, for example, if there is a family history of female pseudohermaphroditism or if androgen excess is suspected from ultrasonography. (health.am)
CAH is the most frequent cause of androgen excess and ambiguous genitalia in the female newborn and the various forms of CAH are due to defects in the biosynthesis of cortisol, with the subsequent excessive ACTH production leading to an accumulation of adrenal androgens and steroid precursors. (health.am)
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. (illnesshacker.com)
Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. (illnesshacker.com)
In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones" although all types are present in each sex, albeit at different levels. (illnesshacker.com)

0.01), which could be associated with Leydig cell hypertrophy. (biomedcentral.com)
In the interstitial compartment, however, short-term exposure leads to both histological and functional changes of the Leydig cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Testosterone is essential for male fertility, mediating its biological effects through the androgen receptor (AR) present in somatic Leydig, peritubular, and Sertoli cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent research also has thrown lights upon a significant role of orexins, especially orexin A, in regulation of male reproductive functions owing to their receptor expressions in vital testicular cells, such as Leydig cells, Sertoli cells as well as spermatozoa at different developmental stages, even in the epididymis and penis. (researchgate.net)

FSH is subject to oestrogen feed-back from the gonads via the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. (explained.today)

In the luteal-follicle phase transition period the serum levels of progesterone and estrogen (primarily estradiol) decrease and no longer suppress the release of FSH, consequently FSH peaks at about day three (day one is the first day of menstrual flow). (explained.today)

[1] FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cell s of the anterior pituitary gland [2] and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. (explained.today)
It is expressed in two cell types, most notably the basophils of the anterior pituitary. (explained.today)
In males , FSH induces Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein s (ABPs), regulated by inhibin 's negative feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary . (explained.today)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), were selected and briefly discussed in this review. (lidsen.com)
The most common human ovarian pathologies that cause infertility are Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), and both pathologies have been briefly discussed at the end of the review. (lidsen.com)
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine and metabolic disorder. (bvsalud.org)

The sex steroids (estrogen or testosterone) come from either the adrenal gland or the gonad, independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary portion of the pubertal axis. (medscape.com)

Although other irritants in the smoke may have contributed to the incident, there is supporting evidence that stable strontium can stimulate the release of histamine from mast cells in vitro (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)

Androgen excess is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. (medscape.com)
Androgen excess can affect different tissues and organs, causing variable clinical features such as acne, hirsutism, virilization and reproductive dysfunction. (medscape.com)

Specifically, activation of Sertoli cells by FSH sustains spermatogenesis and stimulates inhibin B secretion. (explained.today)

In early (small) antral follicles, FSH is the major survival factor that rescues the small antral follicles (2-5 mm in diameter for humans) from apoptosis (programmed death of the somatic cells of the follicle and oocyte). (explained.today)

Female pseudohermaphroditism due to placental aromatase deficiency, which has recently been reported by several investigators, illustrates the critical role of placental aromatization in protecting the fetus from excess androgen exposure. (health.am)
Detection of mutations in this gene has confirmed the fundamental role of aromatase for the fetal-placental unit and for sexual differentiation of the female fetus. (health.am)
Chollangi T, Clabault H, Thibeault A, Yong HE, Narula S, Menkhorst E, Sanderson JT, Vaillancourt C, Murthi P (2018) An electrical impedance-based assay to examine functions of various placental cell types in vitro. (hudson.org.au)

In gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, the presence of testosterone in boys or estrogen in girls is not secondary to activation of the HPG axis. (medscape.com)

An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)

Their absence or the absence of androgen receptors results in a female phenotype, despite the presence of a 46 XY karyotype (eg, androgen insensitivity syndrome). (medscape.com)
Sex hormone steroids , also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. (illnesshacker.com)

Ovarian tumors include luteoma of pregnancy, arrhenoblastoma, hilar-cell tumor, masculinizing ovarian stromal cell tumor, and Krukenberg tumor. (health.am)
The ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN) was treated with testosterone to construct the PCOS model in vitro, and the cells were further treated with the lyophilized powder of BSJPF. (bvsalud.org)

Circulating sex steroids (testosterone or estrogen) cause secondary sexual development. (medscape.com)

In females , FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cell s. (explained.today)

In both males and females , FSH stimulates the maturation of primordial germ cells. (explained.today)

Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge prior to 6 weeks and the infrastructure to support gonad development is further influenced by various genes. (pediatricurologybook.com)
We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
Seminiferous epithelium of both groups of rats displayed normal histology without any loss of germ cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In bio-experiments, BSJPF significantly alleviated the arrested proliferation of KGN cells in G0/G1 phase and reduced the active levels of autophagy and apoptosis of KGN cells induced by testosterone. (bvsalud.org)
AIM: To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by real-time quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC. (bvsalud.org)

Medications such as aromatase inhibitors have been found to be effective and even in rare cases of gynecomastia from disorders such as aromatase excess syndrome or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but surgical removal of the excess tissue can be needed to correct the condition. (wikipedia.org)

Transdermal estrogen creams or testosterone gels or ingestion of oral contraceptives are other possible exogenous sources of exposure to sex steroid hormones. (medscape.com)
Present study was designed to establish a causal connection between changes in the cell-cell junction protein expression at the blood-testis barrier and alterations in the adult rat testis histology following an anti-androgen flutamide exposure. (biomedcentral.com)

Congenital or genetic causes include McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). (medscape.com)
1 This newer classification incorporates a wide range of conditions, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( CAH ), ovotesticular DSD , androgen insensitivity syndrome ( AIS ). (pediatricurologybook.com)

As shown by examination of semi-thin and ultrathin sections, cell surface occupied by the basal ES connecting neighboring Sertoli cells and the number of gap and tight junctions coexisting with the basal ES were apparently reduced in flutamide-treated rats. (biomedcentral.com)
In the testis, Sertoli cells serve as supporting cells and reside as a basal epithelial lining within the seminiferous epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)

The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome 11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by GnRH , inhibited by inhibin , and enhanced by activin . (explained.today)

Other causes may include Klinefelter syndrome, metabolic dysfunction, or a natural decline in testosterone production. (wikipedia.org)

the endocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). (50webs.org)

In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
They create a specialized microenvironment to support the germ cell development especially through the formation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). (biomedcentral.com)

Such a review cannot be comprehensive due to space constraints and I focused on the commitment of the female cell lineage and avoided discussing the male cell lineage. (lidsen.com)

The cell bodies of these neurons are clustered in groups, called nuclei. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
These hormones are made in the cell bodies and then transported to the axon terminals. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Both prolactin and estrogen can affect adrenal androgen production. (medscape.com)

The gland consists of numerous cell types, which specialize in making and releasing specific hormones. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

de Kretser DM, Stanton P, O'Donnell L (2018) Structure/Cells overview. (hudson.org.au)

Anatomy8

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs8

Phenomena and Processes2

Information Science1

Androgens15

Leydig4

Hypothalamic pitu1

Estradiol1

Anterior pituitary3

Polycystic Ovary Sy3

Adrenal gland1

Stimulate1

Androgen excess2

Spermatogenesis1

Somatic1

Placental3

Axis1

Gonads1

Receptors2

Ovarian2

Steroids1

Granulosa cell1

Females1

Germ cells3

Proliferation3

Medications1

Exposure2

Congenital adrenal hyp2

Basal2

GnRH1

Metabolic1

Endocrine1

Development2

Female1

Bodies2

Production1

Types1

Overview1