Efferent pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

The superior cerebellar peduncles represent the main output route from the cerebellum, and as such, most of their fibers are efferent. (wikipedia.org)
Afferent fibers relay sensory and metabolic information to the central nervous system, while efferent fibers provide the major neural pathway from the brain to peripheral tissues. (nih.gov)
Apart from a few fibers leaving the hippo-campus via the longitudinal stria ( B17 ), the fornix contains all other efferent pathways. (brainkart.com)
Midbrain pretectal nuclei and the two Edinger-Westphal nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) are connected to the efferent pathway via pupil fibers. (blogslite.com)
Once in orbit, efferent pupil fibers travel back to the eyeball with CN III, where they synapse in the ciliary ganglion, with only 3% of post-ganglionic fibers innervating the iris sphincter muscle (which allows for miosis) and the remaining 97% innervating the ciliary body (which regulates blinking) (which allows for accommodation). (blogslite.com)
Afferent vagal sensory receptors mediate the response to irritant or rapidly adapting receptor activation, Hering-Breuer, and the unmyelinated "C" fibers or "J" receptor pathways. (arizona.edu)
The oculomotor nerve also carries parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which is also in the midbrain providing the efferent pathway for the pupillary reflex. (medmastery.com)

Afferent neural signals originating in the myocardium and the lung are 'processed' at various levels of the neuroaxis - intrinsic cardiac neurons (the 'little brain' of the heart), lung afferents, extracardiac-intrathoracic ganglia (stellate ganglia), spinal cord, brain stem, and higher centers, and are required for the fine efferent cardiomotor and airway control via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (nih.gov)
The fiber bundles from the entorhinal area (B13) are thought to be the most important afferent system, where the pathways from the primary olfactory centers (prepiriform area), from the amygdaloid body, and from various regions of the neocortex terminate. (brainkart.com)

Here, using different experimental approaches, especially designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) chemogenetic technology, we found that sustained activation of G q -protein signaling impairs the functionality of striatal neurons and we unveil the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process: a phospholipase C/Ca 2+ /proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/cJun N -terminal kinase pathway. (jneurosci.org)
To analyze this effect anatomically, we manipulated G q -protein-dependent signaling selectively in neurons belonging to the direct or indirect striatal pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Acute G q -protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a decrease, respectively, of activity-dependent parameters. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, sustained G q -protein activation impaired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral performance and electroencephalography-related activity tasks controlled by either anatomical framework. (jneurosci.org)
Identification of efferent discharge patterns with direct, in vivo recordings from vestibular efferent neurons. (rochester.edu)
Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS , autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons. (bvsalud.org)
These neurons send excitatory efferent signals for the heat loss and inhibitory efferent signals for the heat production. (elsevierpure.com)

This efferent neural pathway is termed the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. (nih.gov)
This neural pathway will amplify the action of the toxin in its generation of secretory diarrhoea. (bmj.com)

Despite startle suppression being calculated similarly for both GPIAS and PPI, these use different neural pathways to regulate inhibition. (frontiersin.org)

Afferent pathways include the anterior spinocerebellar and tectocerebellar tracts. (wikipedia.org)

However, a less extensive body of research in both experimental animals and humans suggests that the efferent auditory nervous system, a network descending from auditory cortex to the cochlea, may serve an equally important role in auditory processing. (hearinghealthmatters.org)

Yasui YBreder CDSaper CBCechetto DF Autonomic responses and efferent pathways from the insular cortex in the rat. (jamanetwork.com)
The mechanical Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation by INSPGS might physiologically block the parasympathetic efferent, therefore turning off the efferent pathway of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex. (lupinepublishers.com)

The parasympathetic nervous system component includes neural receptors in the airways as well as afferent and efferent pathways that travel in the vagus nerves. (arizona.edu)

Like the preceding examples, the peripheral vestibular system is also endowed with a prominent efferent innervation. (rochester.edu)

Two major descending spinal cord motor pathways, the cortico- and rubrospinal tract, continue to express receptor components for class 3 semaphorins following injury, rendering them potentially sensitive to scar-derived semaphorins. (knaw.nl)

1. The parasympathetic system, the dominant efferent pathway in animals, which provides the baseline tone of mild bronchoconstriction that characterizes the normal respiratory tract. (vin.com)

Several putative roles of the mammalian caudal efferent system have been gleaned from this work. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
The mammalian efferent vestibular system utilizes cholinergic mechanisms to excite primary vestibular afferents. (rochester.edu)

More peripheral stimulus-specific influences might involve the efferent auditory pathway (Althen et al. (uni-frankfurt.de)

Here, we (1) review the motor elements or phases that comprise the reach, grasp, and retract movements of reaching behavior, (2) highlight the role of intersectional genetic tools in linking these movements to their neuronal substrates, (3) describe spinal cord cell types and their roles in skilled reaching, and (4) how descending pathways from the brain and the sensory systems contribute to skilled reaching. (nih.gov)
The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the location of the first synapse in pain pathways, and as such, offers a very powerful target for regulation of nociceptive transmission by both local segmental and supraspinal mechanisms. (bris.ac.uk)

Then, efferent pathways involving the salivary, respiratory and vasomotor centres and cranial nerves mediate vomiting. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
Although primary neural control of airway function is through parasympathetic pathways, more recent evidence indicates that there are important adrenergic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural mechanisms that may also influence respiratory function. (arizona.edu)

Multiple relays of information processing efficiently proceed from the cornea to the brain, and any lesion in the visual or the pupillary reflex pathway may result in visual pathology. (statpearls.com)

2. Laterality of cerebellar afferent and efferent pathways in a healthy right-handed population: A diffusion tensor imaging study. (nih.gov)
4. Modification of Cerebellar Afferent Pathway in the Subacute Phase of Stroke. (nih.gov)
6. Disrupted cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway in patients with hemimegalencephaly. (nih.gov)
14. DTI fiber tractography of cerebro-cerebellar pathways and clinical evaluation of ataxia in childhood posterior fossa tumor survivors. (nih.gov)
17. Teaching NeuroImages: Diffusion tensor tractography of cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways in Rasmussen encephalitis. (nih.gov)
By including realistic mossy fiber signals, as well as realistic conduction delays in afferent and efferent pathways, the model allowed the investigation of timing and predictive processes relevant to cerebellar involvement in the control of movement. (mit.edu)

Characterizing the Access of Cholinergic Antagonists to Efferent Synapses in the Inner Ear. (rochester.edu)
This suggests that nicotinic synapses and the intramural NO pathway in the gastric myenteric plexus are involved in the mediation of gastric relaxation following chronic vagotomy. (bl.it)

Transmissions from pretectal nuclei are made through efferent pathways. (blogslite.com)

Part I will provide a brief overview of the anatomy and physiology of the caudal efferent system and review of some animal literature on the topic. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
In the decades that followed, a more sophisticated understanding of the anatomy, pharmacology, and function of the efferent system was developed in animal models. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
The Long and Winding Road-Vestibular Efferent Anatomy in Mice. (rochester.edu)

Many sensory systems are endowed with efferent feedback mechanisms that can modulate their primary input to the brain. (rochester.edu)
Muscarinic brain networks modulate the activity of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. (nih.gov)

Many clinicians are curious if reliable assays of caudal efferent system function will ever be introduced to the clinic. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Part II will provide a brief review of the human caudal efferent auditory system literature and end with a discussion regarding the progress and limitations of clinical assays of the caudal efferent system. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Development of behavioral assays for monitoring and evaluating vestibular efferent function in alert animal models. (rochester.edu)

In addition to cholinergic neural mechanisms, bronchomotor tone may also be influenced by adrenergic mechanisms and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural pathways. (arizona.edu)

The efferent part of the pathway (blue) is the impulse/message that is sent from the mid-brain back to both pupils via the ciliary ganglion and the third cranial nerve (the oculomotor nerve), causing both pupils to constrict, even even though only one eye is being stimulated by the light. (cehjournal.org)

A large neuronal circuit can be recognized in this system of pathways. (brainkart.com)

Given that the caudal efferent system directly modulates cochlear mechanics and auditory nerve physiology, there has been much interest in developing clinical procedures to assay this system in humans. (hearinghealthmatters.org)

The cornea is the first anterior part of the eye that refracts light and helps transfer neural signals to the brain via the visual pathway. (statpearls.com)

Efferent pathways (cerebellothalamic) run from the deep gray matter nuclei of the cerebellum to the thalami via the superior peduncles. (ajnr.org)
If thalamic nuclei are damaged, retrograde degeneration of their related pathways may occur. (ajnr.org)
The afferent pathway for visual function starts from the retina and moves through the optic tracts and lateral geniculate nuclei, terminating in the visual cortex. (lecturio.com)
There are two Edinger-Westphal nuclei in CN III, and they serve as the beginning point of the efferent route. (blogslite.com)

We do know that when these efferent pathways are electrically stimulated, afferent output from vestibular endorgans is profoundly inhibited or excited, suggesting that vestibular efferents may be involved in both negative and positive feedback. (rochester.edu)
If such efferent activity occurs under physiological conditions, it is almost certain to modify and transform vestibular information traveling to the CNS . (rochester.edu)
Yet, very little information is available as to how and when these efferent actions ultimately impact the processing of vestibular information in an alert animal. (rochester.edu)

A positive RAPD means there are differences between the two eyes in the afferent pathway due to retinal or optic nerve disease. (cehjournal.org)

Additionally, these efferent pathways may also provide the appropriate circuitry for interactions with other sensory systems. (rochester.edu)

The cerebral cortex relates to the cerebellum (particularly its white matter) via corticothalamocerebellar pathways. (ajnr.org)

To understand how the pupils react to light, it is important to understand the light reflex pathway (Figure 1). (cehjournal.org)
The visual (retino-thalamocortical) pathway and pupillary light reflex pathway are the two essential ways through which the eye perceives and responds to changes in the environment. (statpearls.com)
Pupil light reflex pathway. (pinterest.com)

The afferent part of the pathway (red) refers to the nerve impulse/message sent from the pupil to the brain along the optic nerve when a light is shone in that eye. (cehjournal.org)

There is evidence to suggest that changes in cochlear mechanics in patients with tinnitus have resulted from dysfunction of efferent control, and reflect hyperexcitability in the auditory pathways. (ucl.ac.uk)

This suggests that an intramural pathway does not mediate gastric relaxation in an extrinsically denervated stomach. (bl.it)

The bronchodilatory effects of β 2 adrenoreceptors are mediated not only through increasing cAMP concentrations but also perhaps more importantly through a cAMP-independent pathway that involves activation of a large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. (vin.com)

Presumably this is due to the "strengthening" of the caudal efferent system with low-level noise exposure (Brown et al. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
As well, the exposure to solvent s can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. (cdc.gov)

One specific efferent circuit believed to be involved in the early stages of auditory processing is the olivocochlear system in the caudal brainstem. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Germinal experiments on the caudal efferent auditory system were performed using animal models. (hearinghealthmatters.org)

Please see the scripts in BGCT_matlab_paper2 file for the MATLAB codes of the improved BGCT model by incorporating a new efferent pathway representing direct connection from the GPe to the cerebral cortex. (yale.edu)

Either the afferent or the efferent pathway contributes to the pupillary light response. (blogslite.com)

Pupillary disorders result from defects in areas of the visual afferent and efferent pathways. (lecturio.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Fibers7

Centers2

Neurons7

Neural pathway2

Inhibition1

Afferent Pathways1

Auditory cortex1

Autonomic2

Vagus1

Innervation1

Receptor1

Parasympathetic system1

Mammalian2

Peripheral1

Spinal Cord2

Respiratory2

Pupillary reflex1

Cerebellar6

Synapses2

Pretectal1

Anatomy3

Modulate2

Assays3

Cholinergic1

Cranial1

Neuronal1

Humans1

Signals1

Nuclei4

Vestibular3

Retinal1

Sensory systems1

Cerebellum1

Reflex3

Optic nerve1

Control1

Suggests1

Activation1

Exposure2

System2

Direct1

Light1

Visual1