• Similar trends have also been observed in rhinovirus (HRV), enterovirus 71 (EV-71), and avian reovirus (ARV) infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human enteroviruses are distributed worldwide, with two major patterns of infections within a given geographical area: endemic and epidemic. (medscape.com)
  • Enteroviruses usually cause transient, often subclinical, infections. (medscape.com)
  • Enteroviral infections cover a wide range of illnesses that are caused by enteroviruses (EVs). (dermnetnz.org)
  • The teams will also test the efficacy and safety of two molecules (suramin and itraconazole) already used in other human diseases, to treat enteroviruses infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • This acquiring might donate to a better knowledge of anti-EV71 immunity and infections and could end up being helpful for seroepidemiological security and vaccine advancement. (healthyguide.info)
  • There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
  • Human infections with enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus A (CVA) are generally mild, but severe complications were more often reported for infections caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibition of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections by a novel antiviral peptide derived from EV-71 capsid protein VP1. (uitm.edu.my)
  • It provides reference diagnostics, molecular typing and surveillance of clinically relevant human polio virus, non-polio enterovirus, hepatitis A viruses, rotavirus, norovirus and other human gastroenteritis virus infections in Canada. (canada.ca)
  • The section types isolates of non-polio enterovirus in order to ensure Canada's polio free status and to carry out surveillance on emerging enterovirus infections of concern such as EV-71. (canada.ca)
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections typically cause hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina, followed by severe central nervous system complications, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis-like paralysis, neurogenic cardiopulmonary failure, and even death in young children. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Thus far, there is no effective vaccine or antiviral drug available for the clinical treatment of EV71 infections. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • To address this problem, we will use EV71 as a virus model to investigate tissue tropism during viral infections. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The first aim of this project is (1) to determine the host factors involved in tissue tropism during EV71 infections. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The second aim is (2) to identify the cis-regulators of EV71 infections. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Despite significant advances in health care, outbreaks of infections by enteroviruses (EVs) continue to plague the Asia-Pacific region every year. (ox.ac.uk)
  • During the course of viral infections, the human body produces neutralizing antibodies which play a defining role in clearing the virus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Overview of Enterovirus Infections Enteroviruses, along with rhinoviruses (see Common Cold) and human parechoviruses, are a genus of picornaviruses ( pico , or small, RNA viruses). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Along with individual coxsackievirus (A2-8 A10 A12 A14 and A16) EV71 is certainly classified in to the types individual enterovirus A which is certainly made up of most causative agencies responsible for hands foot and mouth area disease (HFMD) predicated on its genome series1 2 EV71 and CA16 are main etiological agencies for HFMD an exanthematous and self-limited febrile disease. (healthyguide.info)
  • Enterovirus 71(EV71)-associated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) decreased dramatically in Beijing from 2009 to 2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conducted a retrospective study of EV71-associated HFMD and its causative agent in Beijing, China, from 2009 to 2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EV71-associated HFMD decreased greatly in Beijing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, EV71 was not the primary causative agent of HFMD in Beijing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The low Re estimate of EV71 in Beijing implied that strategies for preventing and controlling HFMD were performed effectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, the etiology surveillance system in Beijing, and some other provinces in China found that the positive proportion of EV71-associated HFMD decreased dramatically. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus infection, characterized by fever, sore throat, general malaise, rash or herpes on the hands, feet, and mouth. (bioer.com.cn)
  • Among them, A16 and enterovirus 71 are the traditional high types, but A6 and A10 have gradually become the main pathogens causing HFMD in recent years. (bioer.com.cn)
  • Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging pathogen causing large epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. (uitm.edu.my)
  • During 2013 to 2016 prior to the introduction of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine, the incidence and mortality of HFMD have been leading the type C notifiable infectious diseases, affecting an average of more than 2.2 million children every year in China ( http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), for which there are currently no therapeutics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • From this study, we report two new, highly potent neutralizing antibodies, A9 and D6, against enterovirus 71 (EV71), the causative agent of HFMD. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a febrile disorder usually caused by coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus 71, or other enteroviruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Studies have shown that co-infection with CVA16 and human enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause serious complications in the central nervous system (CNS) and increase the chance of genetic recombination. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease is an acute infectious disease commonly in clinical, which mainly caused by Coxsackievirus A group 16 strain (CVA16), human enterovirus 71 (EV71), with the characteristics of fast infectious speed and complex infectious pathways, especially the highest morbidity for the preschool children under the age of five [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedres.info)
  • [ 8 ] Similarly, nosocomial infection of enteroviruses in neonatal intensive care units has been described. (medscape.com)
  • It has been suggested that enteroviruses can be transmitted antenatally, either transplacentally or potentially via ascending infection. (medscape.com)
  • When maternal enterovirus infection is acquired during late pregnancy, vertical transmission has been shown to be relatively common. (medscape.com)
  • This severe form has been associated with infection by EV71 whose outbreak in Cambodia in 2012 killed 52 children in three months. (pasteur.fr)
  • Fevrier M, Dorgham K, Rebollo A (2011) CD4 + T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: role of apoptosis. (virosin.org)
  • Fu Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Tang T, Zhou Q, Feng C, Jin Y, Wu Z (2017) Exosome-mediated miR-146a transfer suppresses type I interferon response and facilitates EV71 infection. (virosin.org)
  • Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
  • Taken together, these data highlight E151 as a promising antiviral agent against EV71 infection. (lgyeas.org)
  • Open in a separate window FIG 1 Effects of food dyes on infection of RD cells by EV71-GFP. (lgyeas.org)
  • EV71-GFP viruses were incubated with different dyes at 300 M in cell culture medium at 37C for 1?h and then inoculated into RD cells in 96-well plates at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 1. (lgyeas.org)
  • Other enteroviruses are the Coxsackie A and B viruses (CVA and CVB) and the echoviruses (ECHO: enteric cytopathic human orphan). (dermnetnz.org)
  • Aseptic meningitis caused by EV71 and coxsackie A viruses-the predominant pathogens for the hand, foot, and mouth disease-is currently an important concern in mainland China. (omicsdi.org)
  • Enteroviruses (including non-polio enteroviruses such as coxsackie and echo viruses) commonly cause diseases such as cardiomyopathy, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and aseptic meningitis. (canada.ca)
  • Their study of EV71 began in 1998, when a large EV71 outbreak occurred in Taiwan. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Molecular characterization of an outbreak of enterovirus-associated meningitis in Mossel Bay, South Africa, December 2015-January 2016. (omicsdi.org)
  • The Infectious Disease and Immunology group has been well reputed in pioneering studies to identify the EV71 outbreak in the past decade. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • Enterovirus 71 Outbreak, Brunei by: Sazaly AbuBakar, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • MAF earlier made an appeal for help in the investigation into an outbreak of Salmonella in sparrows which is suspected to be linked to an increase of reported cases in humans. (health.gov.au)
  • The Company is developing a number of new vaccine products, including vaccines for pneumococcal conjugate, enterovirus 71 (EV71) (against Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease), Japanese Encephalitis, animal and human rabies, HIB and epidemic meningitis, chickenpox, mumps and rubella. (sinovacbio.cn)
  • In the case of some viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), contradictory results have been reported in different research studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses in the picornavirus-like supercluster include important classical and growing human being and animal pathogens. (monossabios.com)
  • The importance of these RNA viruses as human being and animal pathogens and the lack of antiviral medicines make it imperative to develop therapeutics against these viruses. (monossabios.com)
  • Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
  • 3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
  • Currently active research projects are funded supporting clinical and basic investigations on virulence factors, pathogenic mechanisms and drug resistances of human pathogens, including enterovirus, H1N1 and seasonal influenza viruses, dengue virus and hepatitis B and C viruses, group A streptococcus, Helicobacter pylori and mycobacteria. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • This review summarises CA antiviral action on the following viruses: influenza A virus (H1N1/H3N2/H7N9), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, enterovirus 71 (Ent 71), adenoviruses (AdenV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (archivepp.com)
  • Generating human artery and vein cells from pluripotent stem cells highlights the arterial tropism of Nipah and Hendra viruses. (stanford.edu)
  • We will also test other enteroviruses or plus-strand RNA viruses for comparison. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Dye E151 not only prevented EV71 attachment but also eluted attached viruses in a concentration-dependent manner. (lgyeas.org)
  • Coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus type 71 are also significant causes of cutaneous disease. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and EV71 cause exanthems (skin rash or skin eruption as a symptom of a more general disease) or enanthems (rash on the mucous membranes). (dermnetnz.org)
  • Herpangina Herpangina is a febrile disorder caused by numerous group A coxsackieviruses and occasionally other enteroviruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To investigate the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses (EVs) among patients with sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis admitted to three major hospitals in West Bank, Palestine from 2012 to 2015. (omicsdi.org)
  • However, limited studies were carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiology characteristics of EV71. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The EV71 vaccine, Inlive ® , is an innovative vaccine under 'Category 1 Preventative Biological Products' and commercialized in China in 2016. (sinovac.com)
  • However, this vaccine only protects against EV71 and its use raises many issues for which it is essential to provide scientific data: what immunization strategy must be adopted? (pasteur.fr)
  • It will also study the socio-economic contribution of a vaccination program using the anti-EV71 vaccine already available and it will inform the health authorities on the economic soundness of the establishment a vaccination program using an already developed and tested vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
  • The varicella vaccine is derived from the Oka strain and propagated in SINOVAC's proprietary Human Diploid Cell (SV-1 strain), which is made by culturing and harvesting the virus, adding stabilizers and freeze-drying. (malvern-online.com)
  • The EV71 vaccine, Inlive®, is an innovative vaccine commercialized in China in 2016. (malvern-online.com)
  • The most well known of the enteroviruses is the poliovirus (PV) but this has mostly been eradicated. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating viral translation and replication in neuron or non-neuron cell lines and the cellular host proteins involved will help identify novel molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • the level of cross-protection between different circulating EV71 isolates worldwide. (pasteur.fr)
  • Moreover, E151 inhibited the interaction between EV71 and its cellular uncoating factor cyclophilin A. studies demonstrated that E151 at a dose of 200?mg/kg of body weight/day given on the initial 4 days of challenge protected AG129 mice challenged with 10 the 50% lethal dose of wild-type EV71 isolates. (lgyeas.org)
  • and human being coronavirus 229E, transmissible gastroenteritis disease (TGEV), murine hepatitis disease (MHV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), feline infectious peritonitis disease (FIPV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), in the family. (monossabios.com)
  • Sinovac Biotech Ltd. is a China-based biopharmaceutical company that focuses on the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of vaccines that protect against human infectious diseases including hepatitis A, seasonal influenza, H5N1 (bird flu) pandemic influenza and H1N1 influenza. (sinovacbio.cn)
  • Unfortunately, no drugs or vaccines have been approved for the treatment of human coronaviruses, but there is an urgent need for in-depth research on emerging human infectious coronaviruses. (newvita.com)
  • Molecular detection and genotyping of enteroviruses from CSF samples of patients with suspected sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis from 2012 to 2015 in West Bank, Palestine. (omicsdi.org)
  • The kit is used for the qualitative detection of Enterovirus in specimens from throat swab. (mabsky.com)
  • Since the first reported detection of EV71 in 1998, subgenotype C4 has been the predominant agent circulating in mainland China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serological diagnosis is the routine method of detecting enteroviruses, which includes neutralizing antibody detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (creative-biolabs.com)
  • As no commercial antiviral drugs against EV71 are currently available, our findings open an avenue to exploit the development of permitted food dye E151 as a potential anti-EV71 agent. (lgyeas.org)
  • From 2009 to 2019, EV71 strains prevalent in Beijing shared high homology in each gene segment and evolved with a rate of 4.99*10 − 3 substitutions per site per year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of EV71 in Beijing was estimated around 2003 when the EV71 strains were transmitted to Beijing from east China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conducted genetic analyses to investigate the phylogenetic characteristics, geographic diffusion pathway, and phylodynamic features of EV71 strains in Beijing from 2009 to 2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because sequence analysis of the 5′-UTR amplicon showed that this enterovirus strain was closely related to other human enterovirus A strains, another set of consensus primers (5′-TGCCCACAYCARTGGATHAA-3′ and 5′-CCTGACCACTGNGTRTARTA-3′) specific for the viral protein 2-viral protein 3 region of human enterovirus A was used for typing. (blogspot.com)
  • Many enteroviruses cause diseases with associated cutaneous or mucous membrane reactions. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (SINOVAC) is a China-based biopharmaceutical company that focuses on the R&D, manufacturing, and commercialization of biomedical products that protect against human infectious diseases. (blogspot.com)
  • This review aims to briefly summarise CA and its derivative's antiviral properties on various human viral diseases and their ability to fight the current COVID-19 disease. (archivepp.com)
  • Chikungunya and yellow fever virus cause vector-borne viral diseases in humans. (iita.org)
  • Find information, tools and facts about symptoms, risks and how to prevent, treat and manage human diseases and illnesses. (canada.ca)
  • Human history is the history of the fight against outbreaks of various diseases, epidemics and pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From past to present, humans have been challenged with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, chronic diseases and genetic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enteroviruses cause outbreaks that range from small, community clusters due to acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, to large nationwide human enterovirus 71 epidemics. (medscape.com)
  • There are enteroviruses epidemics caused by various serotypes reported in Taiwan every year. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Aerial transmission is another important route by which enterovirus D68 and other serotypes cause respiratory illness. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 437 hospitalized patients were reported, and enteroviruses were detected in the specimens from 84 patients (19.2%) and were identified into 17 serotypes. (omicsdi.org)
  • Multiple serotypes were responsible for enterovirus meningitis in mainland China. (omicsdi.org)
  • Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are the most frequently reported cause of aseptic meningitis with or without CSF pleocytosis in childhood. (omicsdi.org)
  • Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus associated with aseptic meningitis in Shandong Province, China, 2006-2012. (omicsdi.org)
  • BACKGROUND:Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are common causal agents of aseptic meningitis in young children. (omicsdi.org)
  • This project aims to study the pathogenesis of EV71-associated encephalitis. (pasteur.fr)
  • Tissue samples of heart, lung, spleen, and rectum, and nasopharyngeal and rectal swab specimens were positive for enterovirus by virus culture in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. (blogspot.com)
  • Moreover inhibition design against anti-EV71 VP1 reactions in three groupings was certainly different. (healthyguide.info)
  • The virus enters human cells via endocytosis by binding the ACE2 receptor and releasing its positive-sense RNA genome. (news-medical.net)
  • Phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods based on the EV71 genome were used to determine the evolution features, origin, and spatiotemporal dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results Creation of recombinant EV71 capsid and truncated VP1 protein As well as the three EV71 capsid protein VP0 VP1 and VP3 we also designed five truncated VP1 protein EV71 VP141-297 VP161-297 VP11-60 VP1134-297 and VP145-58 (Fig. 1a). (healthyguide.info)
  • Vigilant monitoring of this emerging recombinant enterovirus is needed to prevent its transmission to other regions. (blogspot.com)
  • Recombinant Human Enterovirus 71 in Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Patients by: Yoke-Fun Chan, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Most cases, including the death of a 70 year old Christchurch man, involved a strain not normally seen in humans, called type 160, the same strain killing sparrows in Canterbury, Marlborough, Manawatu and Waikato. (health.gov.au)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the lab test igm reagents distributed by Genprice. (gentaurprices.com)
  • Taken jointly these results first of all characterized the anti-EV71 antibody replies which are mostly against VP1 epitopes predicated on common enterovirus cross-reactive series. (healthyguide.info)
  • Research regarding the web host humoral defense replies against EV71 derive from the neutralizing antibody assay primarily. (healthyguide.info)
  • Within this research we portrayed the EV71 capsid protein and some BMN-673 8R,9S truncated VP1 protein to systematically analyze the web host antibody response to these protein and confirmed that individual anti-EV71 antibody replies are mostly turned on in response to VP1 especially to epitopes predicated on the normal enterovirus cross-reactive series. (healthyguide.info)
  • Investigation into the mechanisms of neutralization revealed that binding of A9 to EV71 blocks receptor binding but also destabilizes and damages the virus capsid structure. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Enteroviruses have been classified into five groups based on their molecular properties. (dermnetnz.org)
  • They subsequently focused on viral-host interactions, in which molecular targets for drug discovery were identified, and series of compounds were developed that inhibit EV71 replication. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of A9 and D6 bound with EV71 shed light on the locations and nature of the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • evidence for efficacy is based on early treatment in animal models infected with enterovirus (EV) D68 and it has not been given in a systematic manner to AFM patients to allow for measurements of efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • There is no clear human evidence for efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of AFM, and there is some evidence in a mouse model with EV-D68 that corticosteroids may be harmful. (cdc.gov)
  • There is no clear human evidence for efficacy of plasma exchange in the treatment of AFM, and it has not been given in a systematic manner to AFM patients to allow for measurements of efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • People are generally susceptible to enteroviruses and can be infected in different age groups, mainly in children under 5 years old. (bioer.com.cn)
  • Their participation contributed significantly to the laboratory diagnosis of EV71. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was recently identified causing pneumonia in humans, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (peerj.com)
  • Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • All enteroviruses are antigenically heterogeneous. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dr. Shih was awarded the National Medal for Outstanding Youth in 2004 for contributing to EV71 research in Taiwan. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • There are more than 200 virus species that can infect humans, not including many others that affect humanity by targeting plants and animals used by people. (genetex.com)
  • Numerous viral species are zoonotic, meaning they can jump from animals and infect humans. (dupischai.com)
  • In the preliminary results, low viral replication rates were observed in Drosha-knocked-down human glioblastoma (SF268) cells compared with negative control (NC)-siRNA-treated SF268 cells. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • We also identified structural elements that might play roles in modulating the stability of the EV71 particles, including particle integrity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease (enteroviral stomatitis ) is caused by Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Disclaimer: The use of the drug names is for informational purposes only, and does not imply endorsement or criticism of the product or manufacturer by the U.S. Government, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • As our closest living relatives, non-human primates uniquely enable explorations of human health, disease, development, and evolution. (stanford.edu)
  • Cyclical Patterns of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Caused by Enterovirus A71 in Malaysia. (uitm.edu.my)
  • The ability of EV71 to induce disease depends on both viral genetics and the host environment. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • IMPORTANCE Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children and is responsible for thousands of deaths in the past 20?years. (lgyeas.org)
  • Disease X represents the knowledge that a serious international epidemic could be caused by a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease," the WHO explains on its website. (medscape.com)
  • Possible sources of such a disease include a mutation of a known disease, a disease arising through a human-animal interaction, or an act of terror. (medscape.com)
  • Last week the Canterbury Medical Officer of Health, Dr Mel Brieseman, said 37 human cases of the disease have been notified in the past 10 weeks. (health.gov.au)
  • In the titer reduction assay, the EE variants (VP1-98E,145E) of RG/EV71-B5 and RG/EV71-C4 were slightly sensitive to E122, E123, and E151 but resistant to E129. (lgyeas.org)
  • Interestingly, none of the banana plant extracts (concentration 1-100 µg/mL) were active against EV71. (iita.org)
  • Different parts such as leaf, pseudostem and corm, collected separately and extracted with four different solvents (hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water), were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and yellow fever virus (YFV). (iita.org)