• Ionizing radiation is a known and well-quantified human cancer risk factor, based on a remarkably consistent body of information from epidemiological studies of exposed populations. (nih.gov)
  • Soon after the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, ionizing radiation was utilized for cancer treatment. (springer.com)
  • They don't even advocate some kind of ALARA policy (reducing exposures "as low as reasonably achievable"), an option which has been used to control ionizing radiation risks for generations. (microwavenews.com)
  • There were lectures on ionizing radiation, viruses, air pollution, light-at-night and EMFs. (microwavenews.com)
  • Doses of ionizing radiation below 200 mGy, however, have been shown to have beneficial effects in some experimental models of radiation-induced damage, but low-dose effects in the heart is still debated. (mcmaster.ca)
  • This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for ionizing radiation . (cdc.gov)
  • This public health statement tells you about ionizing radiation and the effects of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • It does not tell you about non-ionizing radiation, such as microwaves, ultrasound, or ultraviolet radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from many sources. (cdc.gov)
  • You can learn when and where you may be exposed to sources of ionizing radiation in the exposure section below. (cdc.gov)
  • However, it's unknown how many of the 1,467 current or former NPL sites have been evaluated for the presence of ionizing radiation sources. (cdc.gov)
  • As more sites are evaluated, the sites with ionizing radiation may increase. (cdc.gov)
  • This information is important because exposure to ionizing radiation may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Even in the event that you are exposed, it does not necessarily mean you will be harmed or suffer longterm health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • If you are exposed to ionizing radiation, many factors determine whether you'll be harmed. (cdc.gov)
  • What is ionizing radiation? (cdc.gov)
  • To explain what ionizing radiation is, we will start with a discussion of atoms, how they come to be radioactive, and how they give off ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the different types and sources of ionizing radiation, this profile will discuss the three main types: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • Before defining ionizing radiation, it is useful to first describe an atom. (cdc.gov)
  • Ionizing radiation is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, x ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the early years of radiobiology the cellular effects of ionizing radiation have been studied in the context of induced chromosomal aberrations, and early models of radiation action were largely based upon such studies (Savage 1996). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Report No. 136 (2001) presents an evaluation of the existing data on the dose-response relationships and current understanding of the health effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. (aapm.org)
  • This study provides a detailed characterization of the dose-dependent impact of ionizing radiation on skin cells (45, 60, or 80 grays). (mdpi.com)
  • The risk of exposure of the general public or military personnel to high levels of ionizing radiation from nuclear weapons or radiological accidents is a dire national security matter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ionizing radiation therapy (RT), either alone or in combination with additional immune stimulators, can render cancer cells visible to the immune system. (amegroups.org)
  • Ionizing radiation (IR) is used as a main treatment for many types of localized solid tumors where radiation therapy (RT) is considered the primary non-surgical modality in the curative treatment of cancer ( 1 , 2 ). (amegroups.org)
  • en] There is a continuing need to understand dose-response relationships for ionizing radiation in order to protect the health of the public and nuclear workers from undue exposures. (iaea.org)
  • there is a linear dose-response relationship between exposure to ionising radiation and the development of solid cancers in humans. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • In 2009, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) stated that radon gas delivers twice the radiation dose to humans as originally thought and is in the process of reassessing permissible levels. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • The Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation, convened by the US National Academy of Sciences, noted in a comprehensive 2006 review of the evidence that "… there is a linear dose-response relationship between exposure to ionising radiation and the development of solid cancers in humans. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • The aim of this study was to measure the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 in five anesthetized Danish Landrace pigs as an appropriate substitute for humans to quantitatively assess the absorbed doses for future clinical applications. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • For humans after an injection of 5 GBq \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201, the highest predicted absorbed doses are obtained for the kidneys (13.7 Gy), the osteogenic cells (3.9 Gy), the urinary bladder wall (1.8 Gy), and the liver (1.0 Gy). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • According to the biodistribution data in pigs, presented in this work, the expected radiation exposure in humans will be within the acceptable range. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is an illness in humans involving multiple organ systems caused by total- or partial-body exposure to radiation of greater than 2 Gy at a high dose rate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This term is commonly used in the field of radiation protection to describe the principle of minimizing exposure to radiation and other hazards to the lowest possible level that is practical and achievable. (proprofs.com)
  • Previous attempts to characterise cardiovascular risks in cohorts suggests ionising radiation increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. (bmj.com)
  • The goal is to keep radiation doses and risks as low as reasonably possible, taking into account factors such as technology, economics, and social factors. (proprofs.com)
  • It suggests implementing safety measures and procedures to reduce radiation risks in various settings, such as medical facilities, nuclear power plants, and industrial sites. (proprofs.com)
  • By following ALARA principles, individuals can ensure that radiation exposure is kept at the lowest level that is reasonably achievable, thus minimizing potential health risks. (proprofs.com)
  • This could include medical procedures such as X-rays or radiation therapy, where the benefits of the procedure outweigh the potential risks of radiation exposure. (proprofs.com)
  • The International Commission on Radiological Protection maintains a model of health risks as a function of absorbed dose and other factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical calculation using the latest figures of radiation carcinogenesis risks indicates that the average miner has a 1:670 chance of contracting cancer, most likely lung cancer, as a result of workplace radiation exposure. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • A NIOSH study of acute exposure to methyl-alcohol (67561) vapors from duplicating machines is examined to demonstrate the dose/response relationship between reported illness and suspect causal agent. (cdc.gov)
  • A dose of 100 to 200 rad delivered to the entire body in less than a day may cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS), but is usually not fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • The roentgen, used to quantify the radiation exposure, may be related to the corresponding absorbed dose by use of the F-factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • METHODS: Rate ratios (RRs) for categories of lung dose and linear excess relative rates (ERRs) per unit lung dose were estimated to evaluate the associations between lung absorbed dose and death from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease. (cdc.gov)
  • This has generated very significant interest in assessing the biological effects of proton pulses delivered at very high dose rates. (frontiersin.org)
  • In 2006, the US National Academy of Sciences released its Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation (VII) report, which focused on the health effects of radiation doses at below 100 millisieverts. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • For example, the 1999 Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation VI report reviewed 11 studies covering 60,000 underground uranium miners. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, C/Barranco de La Ballena s/n, 35010, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. (amegroups.org)
  • Therapeutic doses of radiation therapy are often given and tolerated well even at higher doses to treat discrete, well-defined anatomical structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The risk of thyroid cancer rises with increasing radiation dose, according to the most thorough risk analysis for thyroid cancer to date among people who grew up in the shadow of the 1986 Chernobyl power-plant disaster. (scienceblog.com)
  • This is the first study of its kind to establish a dose-response relationship between radiation dose from Chernobyl and thyroid cancer. (scienceblog.com)
  • This is the first study of its kind to establish a dose-response relationship between radiation dose from Chernobyl and thyroid cancer," said Davis, referring to the observation that as radiation doses increase, so does the risk of thyroid cancer. (scienceblog.com)
  • We found a significant increased risk of thyroid cancer among people exposed as children to radiation from Chernobyl, and that the risk increased as a function of radiation dose. (scienceblog.com)
  • The pro-nuclearists have gone into full-spin-ahead mode, misrepresenting the latest UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) report on Chernobyl. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • Chernobyl doses. (radioecology-exchange.org)
  • Chernobyl Doses, Volume 3-Habitat and Vegetation Near the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Station. (radioecology-exchange.org)
  • Many of the conclusions reached from this review, when aggregated with those of Chapters 1 and 3 , contribute to the judgments made in this report about human cancer risk at low doses and low dose rates. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Conclusions: These data support the effectiveness of the MVA vaccine-including a single dose of the vaccine-in preventing mpox disease and highlight the appropriateness of risk factor-based prioritization of immunization early in the epidemic. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Non-linear dose-response models using restricted cubic splines revealed sublinear responses at lower internal doses, suggesting that linear models that are common in radioepidemiological cancer studies may poorly describe the association between uranium internal dose and CSD mortality. (cdc.gov)
  • At BHP Billiton's Olympic Dam underground uranium/copper mine in South Australia, the total dose per miner is approximately 6 millisieverts (mSv) per year allowing for the new ICRP dose coefficients). (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • Based on these data, the absorbed organ dose coefficients for a 70-kg patient were calculated with OLINDA/EXM. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Typical examples of risk estimation include use of Japanese atomic bomb survivor data to estimate future risk from radiation-related cancer among American patients receiving multiple computed tomography scans, persons affected by radioactive fallout, or persons whose livelihoods involve some radiation exposure, such as x-ray technicians, interventional radiologists, or shipyard workers. (nih.gov)
  • A NIOSH study of cancer mortality in relation to chronic radiation exposure in a shipyard is summarized to show the concept of cumulative or serially additive doses in the epidemiologic assessment of chronic workplace exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The incidence of thyroid cancer was 45 times greater among those who received the highest radiation dose as compared to those in the lowest-dose group. (scienceblog.com)
  • The incidence of thyroid cancer was 45 times greater among those who received the highest radiation dose as compared to those in the lowest-dose group, according to a team of American and Russian researchers led by Scott Davis, Ph.D., and colleagues at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. (scienceblog.com)
  • But ours is the first report that provides quantitative estimates of thyroid-cancer risk in relation to individual estimates of radiation dose," said Davis, also chairman of the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Seattle. (scienceblog.com)
  • Aggressive tumors typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to radiation therapy and cancer progression via several molecular and physiologic mechanisms. (springer.com)
  • We conclude that CR and KDs may act synergistically with radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer patients and provide some guidelines for implementing these dietary interventions into clinical practice. (springer.com)
  • Despite these advancements, several cancer types continue to elude modern treatment techniques with radiation therapy (RT). (springer.com)
  • In the US, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the American Cancer Society have all refused to alert the public about EMFs. (microwavenews.com)
  • Cancer patients previously treated with high doses of radiation are at a greater risk to develop cardiovascular complications later in life. (mcmaster.ca)
  • There seems to be a never-ending cabal of paid industry scientific "consultants" who are more than willing to state the fringe view that low doses of ionising radiation do not cause cancer and, indeed, that low doses are actually good for you and lessen the incidence of cancer. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • The most comprehensive study of nuclear workers by the IARC, involving 600,000 workers exposed to an average cumulative dose of 19mSv, showed a cancer risk consistent with that of the A-bomb survivors. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • Most other cancers caused by radiation are not that easy to detect above the high background natural rates of cancer. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • It is the proverbial needle in a haystack scenario - but in this case the needles (radiation-induced cancer) look the same as the hay (other cancers). (infiniteunknown.net)
  • At this stage, previous dose estimates to miners need to be approximately doubled to accurately reflect the lung cancer hazard. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • A 15-country study of nuclear industry workers (excluding mining) published in 2005, the largest study of nuclear industry workers ever conducted, found a statistically-significant increased risk of cancer and leukaemia in nuclear industry workers, even at low radiation doses. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • Besides the direct effects of radiation in reducing viable cancer cells, RT may induce modifications on the local microenvironment that can affect tumor development ( 5 ). (amegroups.org)
  • However, the numerically equivalent SI unit submultiple, the centigray (symbol cGy), is widely used to report absorbed doses within radiotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • With recent technological advances, modalities such as Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) or Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) can conform doses to tumours more precisely than possible a few decades ago sparing the normal tissue to a larger extent. (frontiersin.org)
  • The epidemiologic dose/response approach to evaluate workplace exposures in the absence of direct environment measurements is examined in an evaluation of health consequences of ozone (10028156) exposure in flight attendants. (cdc.gov)
  • Definitive SRS has historically been performed in a single fraction, with dose limited by tumor size in order to minimize toxicity ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Because tumor control is related to dose, multi-fraction approaches have been proposed for larger lesions to reduce recurrence without increasing toxicity. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Although chemotherapy (CT) and traditional fractionated radiation have been described as immunosuppressive ( 2 ), recent data suggests that RT can modulate anti-tumor immune responses ( 3 ), modifying tumor and its microenvironment ( 4 ). (amegroups.org)
  • As a consequence, they cannot directly activate the specific CD4+ T cell-mediated tumor immunity, which is essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. (amegroups.org)
  • The maximal permissible levels that are recommended in the United States by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) for people exposed to radiation other than background radiation and from medical applications are 1 mSv per year for the general population and 50 mSv per year for radiation workers employed by nuclear-related industries (Federal Register 1987). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Ionising radiation is a human carcinogen, but the evidence is less clear that exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR) increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. (bmj.com)
  • There is a growing recognition that exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR) may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and reduce longevity. (bmj.com)
  • Multiple studies have highlighted the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in radiation-induced cardiovascular damage. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The evaluation was prompted by the need to reassess the common use, for radiation protection purposes, of the linear-nonthreshold dose-response hypothesis in the light of new experimental and epidemiological findings, including growing evidence of adaptive responses to small doses of radiation which may enhance the capacity of cells to withstand the effects of further radiation exposure, and new evidence concerning the possible nature of neoplastic initiation. (aapm.org)
  • Radiation therapy has become one of the main forms of treatment for various types of cancers. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The heart can receive varying doses of radiation depending on the type of therapy and can even reach doses in the range of 17 Gy. (mcmaster.ca)
  • This reevaluation was carried out by Scientific Committee 1-6, which was charged to reassess the weight of scientific evidence for and against the linearnonthreshold dose-response model, without reference to associated policy implications. (aapm.org)
  • On several occasions in recent years uranium mining companies have brought guest speakers to Australia to argue that low-level radiation exposure is not only harmless but actually good for you. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • AUA members include companies such as Toro Energy, Uranium One and Heathgate Resources that have been promoting the view that low-level radiation is beneficial, and funding the Australian visits of people prepared to promote those views. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • OBJECTIVE: Linear and non-linear dose-response relationships between radiation absorbed dose to the lung from internally deposited uranium and external sources and circulatory system disease (CSD) mortality were examined in a cohort of 23731 male and 5552 female US uranium enrichment workers. (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: There was a suggestion of modestly increased IHD risk in workers with internal uranium lung dose above 1 milligray (mGy) (RR=1.4, 95%CI 0.76 to 2.3) and a statistically significantly increased IHD risk with external dose exceeding 150 mGy (RR=1.3, 95%CI 1.1 to 1.6) compared with the lowest exposed groups. (cdc.gov)
  • ERRs per milligray were positive for IHD and uranium internal dose and for both outcomes per gray external dose, although the CIs generally included the null. (cdc.gov)
  • For the purposes of this report, it does not include background radiation of about 1.2 mSv delivered to the lungs from radon and radon progeny or other high-LET radiation. (nationalacademies.org)
  • ALARA stands for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" and is a concept that recommends minimizing radiation exposure to the lowest possible level. (proprofs.com)
  • The development of advanced molecular biodosimetry methods, those that measure biological response, such as transcriptomics, to screen large populations of radiation-exposed victims is key to improving survival outcomes during radiological mass casualty scenarios. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, relatively few human populations have been exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause observable, long-term health effects from which to derive dose-response relationships. (iaea.org)
  • Our estimates of radiation-related risk are uncertain, reflecting statistical variation and our imperfect understanding of crucial assumptions that must be made if we are to apply existing epidemiological data to particular situations. (nih.gov)
  • None of the absorbed doses calculated will exceed organ toxicity levels. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • What the report therefore said was that statistical limitations and large uncertainties precluded being able to single out any radiation-induced cancers. (infiniteunknown.net)
  • This paper provides an updated review of the recent progress achieved in ultra-high dose rate radiobiology experiments employing laser-driven protons, including a brief discussion of the relevant methodology and dosimetry approaches. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we summarize recent studies from animal models and human data focusing on the effects and mechanism(s) of action of radiation-induced damage to the heart, as well as the effects of high and low doses of radiation and dose rates. (mcmaster.ca)
  • It has been suggested that a high single dose of RT may induce an immune response that leads to the priming of antigen-specific dendritic cells (DCs). (amegroups.org)
  • Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. (lookformedical.com)
  • This principle is applied in various industries and settings where radiation is present, such as nuclear power plants, medical imaging, and industrial radiography. (proprofs.com)
  • In more recent years, findings of persistent postirradiation genomic instability, bystander effects, and other types of cellular response have posed additional questions regarding the mechanisms underlying the cytogenetic and mutagenic effects of radiation and their potential to contribute to radiation tumorigenesis. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Bystander effects induced by radiation are characterized by biological responses, which are observed in non-irradiated cells that are in the vicinity of irradiated cells. (amegroups.org)
  • In most power plant scenarios, where the radiation environment is dominated by X- or gamma rays applied uniformly to the whole body, 1 rad of absorbed dose gives 1 rem of effective dose. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other situations, the effective dose in rem might be thirty times higher or thousands of times lower than the absorbed dose in rad. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low-LET background radiation worldwide is responsible for an average annual effective dose per person of about 0.9 mGy per year (UNSCEAR 2000b). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Differential pathway activation was also identified across PBI and TBI, pointing towards altered molecular response for different degrees of bone marrow sparing and radiation doses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The evaluation focuses on the mutagenic, clastogenic (chromosome-damaging), and carcinogenic effects of radiation, since these effects are generally postulated to be stochastic and to increase in frequency as linear-nonthreshold functions of radiation dose. (aapm.org)
  • The estimated excess relative risk per unit organ dose equivalent in the lung due to the plutonium α particles at age 60 equals, according to the present study, 0.6/Sv, with a radiation weighting factor of 20 for α particles. (bioone.org)
  • The dose deposition profile of protons in the form of a "Bragg peak" imparts a unique normal tissue sparing ability [ 6 ] while depositing maximal dose within tumours [ 4 , 7 ]. (frontiersin.org)
  • All investigators were members of the International Consortium for Research on the Health Effects of Radiation funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research. (scienceblog.com)
  • To investigate whether exposure to atomic bomb radiation altered the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or accelerated the progress toward chronic hepatitis after HCV infection, the seropositivity of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined for 6,121 participants in the Adult Health Study of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (bioone.org)
  • Low-dose radiation may promote heart health and reduce damage from oxidative stress and inflammation, however there are few studies focusing on the impact of low-dose radiation on the heart. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Recent research has heightened rather than lessened concern about the adverse health impacts of low-level radiation. (onlineopinion.com.au)
  • The Röntgen equivalent physical (rep), introduced by Herbert Parker in 1945, was the absorbed energetic dose to tissue before factoring in relative biological effectiveness. (wikipedia.org)
  • For low-LET radiation an absorbed dose of 1Gy 1 (1000 mGy) corresponds to an equivalent dose of 1 Sv (1000 mSv). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Changes in the jejunal transcriptomic profiles in GT3-treated and irradiated animals were compared to healthy controls to assess the extent of radiation damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Radiation protection is ultimately a political process that involves consent by stakeholders, a diverse group that includes people who might be expected to be risk-averse and concerned with plausible upper limits on risk (how bad could it be? (nih.gov)
  • cost-averse and concerned with lower limits on risk (can you prove there is a nontrivial risk at current dose levels? (nih.gov)
  • How radiation-related risk is viewed by individuals and population subgroups also depends very much on perception of related benefit, which might be (for example) medical, economic, altruistic, or nonexistent. (nih.gov)
  • However until now nobody had taken the next step to find out just how much a risk there is and whether it rises along with radiation dose. (scienceblog.com)
  • That model calculates an effective radiation dose, measured in units of rem, which is more representative of the stochastic risk than the absorbed dose in rad. (wikipedia.org)
  • The durability of MVA vaccine-induced immunity is unknown, and at-risk persons should receive 2 doses of MVA. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and types of ESRD among a cohort of US firefighters compared to the US general population, and to examine exposure-response relationships. (cdc.gov)
  • The author concludes that future research of toxins in the workplace assessments should concentrate on continuing development of reliable data collection systems, development of more sensitive and specific measures of outcome, and the development of data systems for systematic recording and storage of data on dose and outcome. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter considers the general aspects of dose-response relationships for radiobiological effects and subsequently reviews the largely cellular data on a range of radiobiological end points. (nationalacademies.org)
  • 100 mGy, with emphasis on the lowest doses where relevant data are available. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This is important to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals, as exceeding the maximum allowed dose could have harmful effects. (proprofs.com)
  • Individuals developing H-ARS or GI-ARS are considered to benefit from treatment with radiation medical countermeasures (MCMs) and have generally been the focus of research efforts for developing MCMs and for the identification of biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Individuals exposed to supralethal doses of radiation developing NV-ARS, on the other hand, are considered incurable with MCMs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, nonhuman primates were exposed to either 12.0 Gy cobalt-60 gamma (total-body irradiation, TBI) or X-ray (partial-body irradiation, PBI) 24 h after administration of a potential radiation medical countermeasure, gamma-tocotrienol (GT3). (biomedcentral.com)
  • One potential radiation MCM under advanced development as a pre-exposure prophylaxis for H-ARS is gamma-tocotrienol (GT3), a component of vitamin E [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source. (lookformedical.com)
  • Doses of 200 to 1,000 rad delivered in a few hours will cause serious illness, with poor prognosis at the upper end of the range. (wikipedia.org)
  • The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. (lookformedical.com)
  • Finally, we will describe the more important types of radiation to which you may be exposed. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: The incidence of mpox per 100 person-years was 8.83 among patients with 0 doses, 3.32 among patients with 1 dose, and 0.78 among patients with 2 doses of MVA vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
  • NIOSH studies of chronic occupational lead (7439921) exposure are discussed to show the relationship of blood lead concentrations to the occurrence of symptoms and to the prevalence of alterations in hematologic function. (cdc.gov)
  • For both α particles and γ rays, the results of the analysis are consistent with linear dose dependences. (bioone.org)
  • The main focus of the review is the issue of cellular effects at low doses of low-LET (linear energy transfer) radiation. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Limitations included the inability to evaluate exposure-response relationships for some ESRD types due to small observed numbers, the limitations of the surrogates of exposure, and the lack of information on more sensitive outcome measures for potential kidney effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Individual dose levels should remain? (proprofs.com)
  • This means that the individual dose levels should be kept at a level that is lower than the maximum allowed dose. (proprofs.com)
  • Fourteen and 10 studies reporting external radiation doses were included in meta-analyses using SMR and ERR/Sv, respectively. (bmj.com)
  • Dose thresholds are about 50% higher for dose rates of 20 rad/h, and even higher for lower dose rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser-accelerated proton beams have unique temporal emission properties, which can be exploited to deliver Gy level doses in single or multiple pulses at dose rates exceeding by many orders of magnitude those currently used in FLASH approaches. (frontiersin.org)
  • A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual substances added together [compare with antagonistic effect and synergistic effect ]. (cdc.gov)
  • A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together [compare with additive effect and synergistic effect ]. (cdc.gov)