• This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
  • C. botulinum is a group of culturally distinct organisms that are alike only in that they are clostridia and produce antigenically distinct neurotoxins with a similar pharmacologic action. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • PA protein forms the central part of the complete anthrax toxin, and translocates the A moiety into host cells after assembling as a heptamer in the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • While herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is generally associated with oral lesions like cold sores or fever blisters (see Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes ), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is usually associated with genital herpes. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria, though there is a pore-forming AB toxin found in the eggs of a snail. (wikipedia.org)
  • This approach combines results from cancer immunotherapy with the high toxicity of AB toxins, giving raise to a new class of chimeric protein drugs, called immunotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two-phase mechanism of action of AB toxins is of particular interest in cancer therapy research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Four distinct forms of botulism can occur, depending on the mode of acquisition of the toxin. (cdc.gov)
  • Genital herpes is a common condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (Figure 24.14), an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that is classified into two distinct types. (pressbooks.pub)
  • They can be classified as Type III toxins because they interfere with internal cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
  • Examples of the "A" component of an AB toxin include C. perfringens iota toxin Ia, C. botulinum C2 toxin CI, and Clostridium difficile ADP-ribosyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Foodborne botulism results from the ingestion of food containing preformed toxin. (cdc.gov)
  • Infant botulism is due to the endogenous production of toxin by germinating spores of C. botulinum in the intestine of the infant. (cdc.gov)
  • The exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is another example of an AB toxin that targets the eukaryotic elongation factor 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less commonly, the term "AB toxin" is used to emphasize the monomeric character of the B component. (wikipedia.org)
  • The general idea is to modify the B component of existing toxins to selectively bind to malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some forms, the degree and type of autonomic system involvement varies extensively. (medscape.com)
  • The heavy chain navigates the toxin into target cells and is responsible for transfers through several membranes. (listlabs.com)
  • however, in contrast to TeNT, botulinum is usually encountered when bacteria multiply and produce toxin in contaminated foods and the toxin is swallowed with the contaminated food. (listlabs.com)
  • The general idea is to modify the B component of existing toxins to selectively bind to malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • one polyclonal raised against the heavy chain is an effective capture antibody for ELISAs and other detection strategies and the other antibody, a mouse monoclonal will specifically bind to type A light chain. (listlabs.com)
  • They can be classified as Type III toxins because they interfere with internal cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum toxin (BoNT) appear quite different at first glance, however, when we take a closer look at how these toxins function, they are more similar than suggested by the diseases they cause. (listlabs.com)
  • Currently, 5 types of hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) have been defined (see Table 1). (medscape.com)