Development cells chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Maintenance of telomeres - specialized complexes that protect the ends of chromosomes - is provided by the enzyme complex telomerase, which is a key factor that is activated in more than 80% of cancer cells, but absent in most normal cells. (rsc.org)
Telomeric ends of chromosomes consist of noncoding repeat sequences of guanine-rich DNA. (rsc.org)
Telomeres seal the ends of chromosomes in plants and animals much like the plastic tip on the end of a shoelace. (sciencedaily.com)
The enzyme telomerase, which is required for maintaining these structures on the ends of chromosomes, has been eliminated from the plant," Shippen said. (sciencedaily.com)
The lab focuses on telomeres, protective elements at the ends of chromosomes that are critical for genome integrity and shorten with cell division. (rockefeller.edu)

November 30, 2011 (Montreal, Quebec) - Partial or complete deletion of a specific gene, the MBD5 gene, on a specific region of chromosome 2 has been identified in every single individual affected by a microdeletion syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (medscape.com)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY, which triggers development of male gonads. (wikipedia.org)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male. (wikipedia.org)
1. Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene and allelic losses at chromosome arm 3p in primary renal cell carcinoma: evidence for a VHL-independent pathway in clear cell renal tumourigenesis. (nih.gov)
2. Epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene in both clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
5. Frequent 3p allele loss and epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A tumour suppressor gene from region 3p21.3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
7. Somatic mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene in non-familial clear cell renal carcinoma. (nih.gov)
9. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human CUL2 gene and the role of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor-binding protein (CUL2 and VBP1) mutation and loss in renal-cell carcinoma development. (nih.gov)
16. Comprehensive mutational analysis of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological parameters. (nih.gov)
17. The candidate tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A, from human chromosome 3p21.3 is involved in kidney tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)
This is due to the fact that the majority of the Y chromosome does not include any gene, including those needed for its recombination, unlike the X chromosome that has many essential genes located on it. (smgf.org)
AZFa is a highly variable region of Y chromosome, approximately 15-30Mb in size and includes a gene called DDX3Y which is believed to be involved in male sex determination. (smgf.org)
In this study, led by Tongguang (David) Wang, M.D., Ph.D., staff scientist at NINDS, the team showed that deactivation of the gene may free stem cells to become neurons. (nih.gov)
Some individuals with intestinal pseudo-obstruction have mutations, duplications, or deletions of genetic material in the X chromosome that affect the FLNA gene . (healthynj.org)
Deletions or duplications of genetic material that affect the FLNA gene can also include adjacent genes on the X chromosome. (healthynj.org)
An international research team recently discovered how some of these retroviral gene fragments affect embryonic cells if they are unleashed. (mpg.de)
For an individual organism however, uncontrolled gene modification does not bode well, especially during embryonic development. (mpg.de)
Around the 6 th week of the unborn baby's development, a gene on the Y chromosome of a developing boy tells the fetal tissue that will form the sex organs to become the testes. (chkd.org)
It's caused by a problem with a gene on the X chromosome. (chkd.org)
Brain-trait-associated variants impact cell-type-specific gene regulation during neurogenesis. (nih.gov)
The mutation occurs in a gene called KNSTRN, which is involved in helping cells divide their DNA equally during cell division. (stanford.edu)
As master regulators of chromatin accessibility, HDACs have been implicated in almost all nuclear functions, including DNA repair, DNA replication, chromosome segregation and gene expression. (le.ac.uk)
We have therefore used gene editing methods, such as CRISPR, to generate embryonic stem (ES) cell lines in which we can specifically 'switch off' HDAC1 and HDAC2, or components of specific complexes e.g. (le.ac.uk)
In the inherited form of risk, people with autism were more prone than healthy controls to have certain versions of a gene on Chromosome 7. (nih.gov)
Also drawing upon the AGRE resource, three other teams of researchers independently linked inherited variation in a gene on Chromosome 7, called CNTNAP2, with autism. (nih.gov)
1996. Planning the development of cystic fibrosis gene carrier screening. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, PTPN12 serves as a tumor suppressor gene through regulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LSCC cells. (degruyter.com)
Evidently it's stated that most genes, in cells, are expressed from both types of each chromosome linked gene. (healthjockey.com)
Researchers studying the tips of chromosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana-a weed in the mustard family-are learning about gene functions that determine how rapidly plants age, which could lead eventually to advances in human medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
Gene therapy's heady days of introducing the gene for adenosine deaminase into immune cells to treat a life-threatening congenital defect, as was done in the first gene therapy trial in 1990, have given way to an atmosphere of caution. (the-scientist.com)
Unlike other retroviruses (such as the Moloney leukemia virus, MLV) currently in use or under investigation for gene therapy, lentiviruses can transfect a high percentage of nondividing cells, making them a promising vector for terminally differentiated tissues. (the-scientist.com)
Further, in monocentric species chromosomes are known to engage in a high degree of intermingling with each other during cell division, a property that appears to play a role in regulating gene expression. (labmanager.com)

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiosis can lead to reduced fertility, miscarriages, or chromosomal disorders in progeny, such as Down Syndrome or Turner Syndrome. (nih.gov)
The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. (ottovonschirach.com)

Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation. (wikipedia.org)
Females have two pairs of sex chromosomes: for example, an XX female would have the same traits as any other female. (smgf.org)
Females retain both active X chromosomes. (smgf.org)
Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in somatic cells (cells other than egg and sperm cells). (healthynj.org)
X-inactivation ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell. (healthynj.org)
Because X-inactivation is random, in normal females the X chromosome inherited from the mother is active in some cells, and the X chromosome inherited from the father is active in other cells. (healthynj.org)
It's evidently stated that during embryo development, one of the X chromosomes is over-powered in each female cell to make sure that the levels of X-derived products are equalized in XX females and XY males through the X-Chromosome Inactivation process. (healthjockey.com)
Females have two X chromosomes (XX) in most of their cells, and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY) in most of their cells. (nih.gov)

These altered chromosomes might be created during embryonic development or later in life. (nih.gov)
Although once thought to be inactive, or "junk", recent studies have shown that these genes may be involved in human embryonic development, the growth of some tumors, and nerve damage during multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
We found that the messenger copies of some of the viral genes, the RNA, have an important impact on embryonic cells," says Denes Hnisz, research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin. (mpg.de)
The tasks of the embryonic cell - such as reading important embryonic genes - are neglected and a fatal imbalance develops. (mpg.de)
For this purpose, they removed Trim28, a protein that is responsible for silencing the viral remnants, from embryonic stem cells of mice, and monitored the immediate consequences. (mpg.de)
In the United States, a political debate is raging about whether or not to expand federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. (bioedonline.org)
The most common method of inducing embryonic stem cells to differentiate is to introduce growth factors or change the chemical composition of the surface on which they grow. (bioedonline.org)
In 1998, developmental biologist James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison was the first scientist to keep human embryonic stem cells alive in the laboratory. (bioedonline.org)
HDAC1/2 complexes are essential for embryonic development. (le.ac.uk)
The C-terminus of SPE-11 is required for proper embryonic development in C. elegans. (nih.gov)

Large structural abnormalities in chromosomes become more common with age and may be linked to increased risk for cancer, according to 2 large-scale analyses. (nih.gov)
When cancer cells divide, though, most new cells end up with extra numbers of whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. (cancer.org)
Can we successfully treat cancer with certain drugs by destroying aneuploid cells? (cancer.org)
American Cancer Society (ACS) Research Scholar Jason M. Sheltzer, PhD, leads a team of scientists at Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut who are shedding light on why cancers become aneuploid, how these extra chromosomes affect tumors' growth and spread, and how aneuploidy might be used to develop new cancer treatments. (cancer.org)
They studied aneuploidy in ovarian, melanoma, and gastric cancer cell lines, comparing cells with and without extra chromosomes. (cancer.org)
Scientists have had little success in determining whether cancer cells are fueled by abnormal chromosomes," says Sheltzer. (cancer.org)
Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) releases chemicals that have been linked to cancer and childhood leukemia. (nih.gov)
It is rare to find such a wide-ranging perspective on this topic in one volume and this collection of papers will be valuable to investigators interested in many aspects of cell biology, genetics, and cancer. (cshlpress.com)
Researchers have identified a previously unknown oncogene that drives the development of a common human skin cancer in response to exposure to sunlight. (stanford.edu)
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common cancer in humans. (stanford.edu)
Aneuploidy is a critical early step toward the development of many types of cancer. (stanford.edu)
Furthermore, overexpression of mutant KNSTRN in laboratory-grown human skin cells disrupted their ability to segregate their DNA during cell division and enhanced the growth of cancer cells in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. (stanford.edu)
Stabilization of G-quadruplexes by small binding molecules called G4 ligands can prevent telomerase enzyme from maintaining telomere integrity in cancer cells. (rsc.org)
notably, they were more potent against cancer cells than in fetal lung fibroblasts. (rsc.org)
We recently published the first PROTACs to target HDAC1/2 specifically in cancer cells and are currently optimising additional molecules that target specific complexes. (le.ac.uk)
Leukemia is a type of cancer that results in the body making too many abnormal white blood cells. (medbroadcast.com)
Chromosomal mutations in the cell can allow it to inappropriately evade apoptosis and lead to the progression of cancer. (standardofcare.com)
There's a strong correlation between telomeres and the ability of cancer cells to divide. (sciencedaily.com)
On average, the pediatric cancer samples had four mutations that drove development of ALL. (newswise.com)
Overall, the group identified 376 significantly mutated genes that potentially drive cancer development. (newswise.com)
Because this is a cancer of embryonal cells, it is much more common in children, although it can occur in adults. (dana-farber.org)
Publications] Ogawa,H.: 'Combined treatment with TNP-47O and 5-fluorouracil effectively inhibits growth of murine colon cancer cells in vitro and liver metastasis in vivo. (nii.ac.jp)
Studies how telomeres protect chromosome ends from the DNA damage response and the role of telomeres in cancer. (rockefeller.edu)
The lab also aims to understand how telomere shortening limits cancer development and how telomere dysfunction can lead to genome instability in cancer. (rockefeller.edu)
By modeling this so-called telomere crisis in vitro, the de Lange lab showed that dicentric chromosomes lead to chromothripsis and kataegis, two extreme forms of mutational alteration observed in cancer. (rockefeller.edu)

Mitosis is the process by which the genome is transmitted from a mother cell into two daughter cells. (nature.com)
All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and only take on a well-defined shape during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (wikipedia.org)
A universal feature of mitosis is that all chromosomes become aligned at the spindle equator - the halfway point between the two spindle poles - prior to anaphase onset. (biologists.com)
One key problem faced by cells during mitosis is how to relocate chromosomes to the spindle equator and how to ensure this position is maintained until anaphase onset ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
This question has captivated mitosis researchers for over half a century because the alignment of chromosomes and the formation of a metaphase plate is a universal feature of animal cells ( Pereira and Maiato, 2012 ). (biologists.com)
Meiosis I is a type of cell division unique to germ cells, while meiosis II is similar to mitosis. (ottovonschirach.com)

Most cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which are made up of DNA, carrying genes that are tightly coiled around proteins. (cancer.org)
A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is called diploid. (cancer.org)
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes,are numbered from 1 to 22, from largest to smallest. (standardofcare.com)
Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (standardofcare.com)

Most of the Y chromosome does not recombine with the X chromosome during meiosis. (smgf.org)
The pseudoautosomal regions , or parts of X and Y chromosomes that can cross over to each other during meiosis, are very short. (smgf.org)
It can apparently be noticed in meiosis, sexual reproduction to succeed in producing viable cells. (healthjockey.com)
The researchers state that their new discovery gives an insight to how X chromosomes couple during meiosis. (healthjockey.com)
Germ cells transition to meiosis, erase genomic imprints, and reactivate the X chromosome. (nih.gov)
In humans, the egg and sperm cells are formed through a particular kind of cell division called meiosis where the genetic material of the parent cell is divided up twice, resulting in these haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes. (genome.gov)
The likelihood that alleles will recombine during meiosis varies with the linear distance of one chromosome to another in the chromosomal sequence, this distance is referred to in centimorgans. (standardofcare.com)
This occurs in prophase of meiosis I. How many rounds of cell division occur? (ottovonschirach.com)
During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another. (ottovonschirach.com)
In meiosis-II the separation of two chromatids occur so that equal number of chromatids (in fact chromosome due to duplication of genetic material) goes to each of the daughter cell. (ottovonschirach.com)
Thus, at the end of meiosis-II, four daughter cells are formed. (ottovonschirach.com)
In meiosis II, these chromosomes are further separated into sister chromatids. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis I includes crossing over or recombination of genetic material between chromosome pairs, while meiosis II does not. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis occurs in the primordial germ cells, cells specified for sexual reproduction and separate from the body's normal somatic cells. (ottovonschirach.com)
In preparation for meiosis, a germ cell goes through interphase, during which the entire cell (including the genetic material contained in the nucleus) undergoes replication. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis II produces 4 haploid daughter cells, whereas meiosis I produces 2 diploid daughter cells. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis is the process that creates gametes - sperm and egg cells - containing only one, or a haploid, set of chromosomes. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis occurs over two cycles of cell division, which sperm cells complete before fertilization. (ottovonschirach.com)
The goal of meiosis I is to separate homologous chromosomes. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis 1 separates the pair of homologous chromosomes and reduces the diploid cell to haploid. (ottovonschirach.com)
Meiosis begins with a parent cell that is diploid, meaning it has two copies of each chromosome. (ottovonschirach.com)
Explanation: Crossing over occurs when chromosomal homologs exchange information during metaphase of Meiosis I. During this stage, homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and exchange genetic information. (ottovonschirach.com)

Two copies of chromosome 16, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (nih.gov)
The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 16. (nih.gov)
This deletion affects one of the two copies of chromosome 16 in each cell. (nih.gov)
Changes in the structure or number of copies of a chromosome can also cause problems with health and development. (healthynj.org)
Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells. (healthynj.org)
Less commonly, affected males may have two or three extra X chromosomes (48, XXXY or 49, XXXXY) or extra copies of both the X and Y chromosomes (48, XXYY). (healthynj.org)
Unexpectedly, not the viral proteins, but rather copies of the genetic material itself generate an imbalance in the cell. (mpg.de)
Once Trim28 was gone, the cell unsurprisingly read more ERV genes, producing RNA copies with the help of the RNA polymerase enzyme. (mpg.de)
Somatic, or normal, cells have two copies of each chromosome. (rvc.ac.uk)
1 In families from the NIMH-funded Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), Children's Hospital Boston, and Iceland, about one percent of nearly 1500 people with autism or related developmental delays were either missing, or had duplicate copies of, about 25 genes in the Chromosome 16 area. (nih.gov)
Most cells in humans are diploid rather than haploid, meaning they have two copies of each chromosome. (genome.gov)
Duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies, called chromatids or sister chromatids, joined by a centromere. (standardofcare.com)
The X shape is due to a constricted region called the centromere that serves to connect sister chromatids, which are the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome. (labmanager.com)

All single-copy Y-linked genes are hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have known for more than 100 years that these extra chromosomes exist, but questions remain about how aneuploidy helps tumors survive. (cancer.org)
Publications] Koyama,N.: 'Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in basal cell carcinoma : its clonality and involvement in the development of carcinogenesis. (nii.ac.jp)

Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). (genome.gov)
In other words, a single set of chromosomes in two separate haploid cells come together as two sets of chromosomes in a single diploid cell. (genome.gov)
Full sets of chromosomes together constitute the genome, the entire genetic information of an organism. (labmanager.com)

In most animal cells, chromosomes are metacentric, where their centromeres are located on one small region of the sister chromatids. (nature.com)
To think about the problem of congression, it is important to consider what the end point of this process looks like: all sister chromatids (duplicated chromosomes) are positioned halfway between the two spindle poles, with sister kinetochores bound to microtubule bundles, the so-called kinetochore (K)-fibres that emanate from opposite spindle poles. (biologists.com)
The original chromosome and the copy are called sister chromatids. (standardofcare.com)
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell. (ottovonschirach.com)

With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 1920s Theophilus Painter determined that X and Y chromosomes determined sex in humans (and other mammals). (wikipedia.org)
The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (wikipedia.org)
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (nih.gov)
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the Y chromosome). (healthynj.org)
The Chromosome 16 hot spot may be especially prone to such spontaneous rearrangements of genetic material because it evolved relatively recently and is unique to humans and other primates. (nih.gov)
In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid. (genome.gov)
So, if we can understand what a cell sees in terms of telomere structure and function that allows it to decide if a telomere is functional or not in plants, we hope that will be translatable to understanding how cell division is controlled in humans," she said. (sciencedaily.com)

Evidently in the process, all of the homologous chromosomes have to simultaneously couple up with each other. (healthjockey.com)

You can make all kinds of unnatural things inside of cells by tweaking proteins to do unusual chemistry," says Boeke. (newscientist.com)
provide instructions for making proteins that are involved in sperm cell production and development, although the specific functions of these proteins are not well understood. (medlineplus.gov)
Loss of this genetic material likely prevents the production of one or more proteins needed for normal sperm cell development. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosome 16 likely contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (nih.gov)
For the first cell to develop into an entire organism, genes, RNA molecules and proteins have to work together in a complex way. (phys.org)
These proteins progressively disappeared as the cells were served two rounds of "cocktails. (nih.gov)
The modification of proteins by s mall u biquitin-related mo difier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. (mdpi.com)
RNA polymerase and other necessary factors that selectively dock onto genes often assemble into droplets that contain a lot of proteins and float around in the cell nucleus - much like oil droplets in a salad dressing. (mpg.de)
Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. (standardofcare.com)
Chromosomes are composed of chromatin fiber, which are made of nucleosomes, which are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. (standardofcare.com)
In each individual cell in our body, our DNA, the molecule carrying the instructions for development and growth, is packaged together with proteins into structures called chromosomes. (labmanager.com)

For example, somatic pairing in mammals facilitates the inter-chromosomal communication required for X-chromosome inactivation and DNA repair. (nih.gov)
Some genes on the X chromosome escape X-inactivation . (healthynj.org)

The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (wikipedia.org)
The autosomes (non-gender chromosomes) are labeled according to their positions on certain human chromosomal maps. (smgf.org)

Using new CRISPR tools, researchers learn extra chromosomes promote tumor growth and paradoxically may help some treatments work. (cancer.org)
4. Investigation of tumor suppressor genes apart from VHL on 3p by deletion mapping in sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cRCC). (nih.gov)
11. The genetic locus NRC-1 within chromosome 3p12 mediates tumor suppression in renal cell carcinoma independently of histological type, tumor microenvironment, and VHL mutation. (nih.gov)
They compared the DNA sequences of genes from the tumor cells with those of normal skin and looked for mutations that occurred only in the tumors. (stanford.edu)
The gain and loss functional experiments were used to investigate the effects of miR-146b-3p transfection on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. (degruyter.com)
The functional analyses showed the tumor-promoting role of miR-146b-3p on the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness abilities of LSCC cell. (degruyter.com)
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common malignancies of head and neck, ranked as the 11th most common tumor among male malignancies and 2nd among all respiratory malignancies [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
Rhabdomyosarcomas usually have some chromosome abnormality or genetic mutation in the cells of the tumor. (dana-farber.org)
Gonadoblastoma is a rare gonadal tumor consisting of a mixture of germ cells and sex-cord stromal derivatives resembling immature granulosa and Sertoli cells. (kaiserpermanente.org)
In this study, a novel tumor suppressor locus was identified and localized after the transfer of a human chromosome 4 into U251 human GBM cells. (nih.gov)

Previous studies suggest that a type of structural abnormality in chromosomes called genetic mosaicism may play a role in certain health conditions such as miscarriages, birth defects and some cancers. (nih.gov)
People with this chromosomal abnormality are missing a sequence of about 520,000 base pairs, also written as 520 kb, at position p12.2 on chromosome 16. (nih.gov)

This Commentary aims to document recent advances concerning the two kinetochore-based force-generating mechanisms that drive mitotic chromosome congression in vertebrate cells: depolymerisation-coupled pulling (DCP) and lateral sliding. (biologists.com)

A new study, involving scientists from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) in England and the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG) in Russia, has found that all songbirds have an additional chromosome in their germ cells unlike other avian species. (rvc.ac.uk)

The development is being hailed as a milestone for biology. (newscientist.com)

If the chromosomes don't separate correctly, the daughter cells will have abnormal amounts of DNA. (stanford.edu)
The abnormal chromosome complements in lymphocytes indicate that there may be in vivo chromosome instability in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. (bmj.com)
If abnormal cells accumulate in the brain and spinal cord (as in AML), the symptoms include vomiting and headaches. (medbroadcast.com)
Occasionally, abnormal cells can accumulate in the skin, causing lumps ( chloromas ) or skin rashes. (medbroadcast.com)
We found that mutant mice with the specific deletion of Mea6 in granule cells displayed abnormal posture, balance, and motor learning, as indicated in footprint, head inclination, balanced beam, and rotarod tests. (frontiersin.org)

In males with more than one additional chromosome, the extra genetic material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. (healthynj.org)
The additional chromosome found in the germ cells of songbirds is not presented in their somatic cells and is referred to as the 'Germline Restricted Chromosome' (GRC). (rvc.ac.uk)
The team concluded that the GRC has formed in the common ancestor of all songbirds about 35 million years ago as a small additional chromosome. (rvc.ac.uk)

The human body is a complex organism made up of trillions of living cells that continuously duplicate and divide to help the body grow and develop. (cancer.org)
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (standardofcare.com)

Sometimes referred to as the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. (standardofcare.com)

For instance, the natural chromosome III contains about 315,000 letters of the genetic code. (newscientist.com)
By contrast, the SynIII chromosome is heavily altered from the natural chromosome. (newscientist.com)
de Lange and her colleagues determined the fate of telomeres lacking one or more of the six shelterin subunits, showing that cells perceive their natural chromosome ends as damaged DNA when shelterin is compromised. (rockefeller.edu)

While pairing must be robust in meiotic cells, interactions between homologs in somatic cells are tightly regulated and occur only under specialized circumstances. (nih.gov)
GRC is transmitted to offspring from mothers and is discarded from all somatic cells of the offspring in the early stages of development. (rvc.ac.uk)

Where one sex has two identical chromosomes and the other has one of each type of sex chromosome, the former are called the X-chromosomes. (daviddarling.info)
A person's Y-DNA is passed down virtually unchanged from father to son, so people with a common paternal ancestor will have almost identical genetic markers on their Y-chromosome. (smgf.org)
In a genome-wide scan, a research team called the Autism Consortium found identical mutations associated with autism at the Chromosome 16 site in three separate samples. (nih.gov)

Each cell has half the number of chromosomes present in the diploid cell. (ottovonschirach.com)

An affected man's body may produce no mature sperm cells (azoospermia), fewer than the usual number of sperm cells (oligospermia), or sperm cells that are abnormally shaped or that do not move properly. (medlineplus.gov)
Most cases of this condition result from new (de novo) deletions on the Y chromosome that occur during formation of sperm cells in an affected individual's father who is not himself infertile. (medlineplus.gov)
A nomal human male has one X- and one Y-chromosome in his body cells, and his sperm cells are haploid, containing either an X- or a Y-chromosome. (daviddarling.info)

The parent cell undergoes one round of DNA replication followed by two separate cycles of nuclear division. (ottovonschirach.com)

Finally, the team discovered that interactions on the stem cell surfaces between HML-2 and another immune cell protein called CD98HC may restrain differentiation by triggering internal chemical reactions that are known to control cell growth and tumors. (nih.gov)
Some rhabdomyosarcoma tumors may begin in the fetus, where rhabdomyoblast cells develop in the initial fetal development stages. (dana-farber.org)
Age-incidence profiles for extracranial, extragonadal germ cell tumors (left graph) and for gonadal germ cell tumors (right graph). (kaiserpermanente.org)
The development of primary human brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), has been associated with a number of molecular and chromosomal abnormalities. (nih.gov)
Hybrid clones containing a transferred neomycin-resistance tagged chromosome 4 revealed an inability to form tumors in nude mice and a greatly decreased efficiency of soft agarose colony formation. (nih.gov)

This means a male cannot compensate for detrimental mutations on his single X chromosome. (smgf.org)
But before bringing personalized therapies into the clinic, scientists need to map the different mutations that drive the development of leukemia across the landscape of diverse disease subtypes. (newswise.com)
Several of these genetic subtypes were previously unknown, and we also identified common secondary and tertiary mutations that lead to development of ALL. (newswise.com)

The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes-X and Y-because they determine whether a person is male or female. (nih.gov)

Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm and causes male infertility, which means it is difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. (medlineplus.gov)
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects a girl's development and appearance. (nih.gov)
Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a disorder that affects the development of blood vessels in the lungs. (nih.gov)
The researchers focused on kids in extreme situations to better understand how stress affects brain development. (sott.net)
However, this study provides limited insights on how Mea6 plays roles in CNS development because Nestin-driven Cre recombinase inevitably affects all types of neural cells in the CNS. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, holocentricity fundamentally affects genome organization as well as how chromosomes behave during cell division. (labmanager.com)

A new study led by André Marques from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, now reveal the striking effects of this non-classical mode of chromosome organization on genome architecture and evolution. (labmanager.com)

Genetic mosaicism can arise when portions of chromosomes-or even entire chromosomes-are deleted or duplicated as a cell divides. (nih.gov)
When a normal cell divides as it should, chromosomes copy themselves and separate symmetrically into two new cells. (cancer.org)
The cell divides into two cells, and then each cell divides again, producing four cells. (bioedonline.org)

Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (nih.gov)
The researchers performed most of their experiments on blood cells, drawn from healthy volunteers at the NIH 's Clinical Center , that they genetically transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells, which can then turn into any cell type in the body. (nih.gov)
The researchers sped up this process by turning off HERV-K, HML-2 genes in the stem cells or by treating the cells with antibodies against the HML-2 protein. (nih.gov)
Researchers believe that these genetic changes may impair the function of the filamin A protein, causing abnormalities in the cytoskeleton of nerve cells (neurons) in the gastrointestinal tract. (healthynj.org)
The researchers found that a particular region of KNSTRN is mutated in about 20 percent of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and in about 5 percent of melanomas. (stanford.edu)
The researchers found the UV-induced KNSTRN mutation in about 20 percent of actinic keratoses - a premalignant skin condition that often progresses to squamous cell carcinoma - but never in 122 samples of normal skin, indicating the mutation is likely to be an early event in the development of squamous cell carcinomas. (stanford.edu)
Earlier researchers evidently were clueless as to how the particular chromosomes get together and proceed from there. (healthjockey.com)

A small amount of missing genetic material on the p arm of chromosome 16 causes a condition called 16p12.2 microdeletion, which is associated with physical and developmental abnormalities in some affected individuals. (nih.gov)
It can be caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 16 in a region known as 16q24.1. (nih.gov)
A deletion of genetic material in a region of the X chromosome called Xp22 causes microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome. (healthynj.org)
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the genetic material is combined in the resulting zygote cell. (genome.gov)

Without the Y chromosome, the fetal tissue in a female baby that will form the sex organs becomes the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. (chkd.org)
Here we combine exome sequencing of human fetal and maternal tissues with single-cell RNA-sequencing of five donors. (nih.gov)
Finally, we show that roughly 30% of the PGCs are still reactivating their inactive X chromosome and that this is related to transcriptional stage rather than fetal age. (nih.gov)

This cell-to-cell interaction, when combined with the introduction of specific growth factors ( in vitro ), can induce cells to differentiate along a specific pathway. (bioedonline.org)
The subsequent in vitro functional analyses showed the inhibitory effect of PTPN12 over-expression on the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness abilities of LSCC cell line. (degruyter.com)

X-chromosomes occur in other organisms as well, such as fruitflies. (daviddarling.info)

A normal human female has two X-chromosomes in her body cells, so that each of her ova (eggs) is haploid , having only one X-chromosome. (daviddarling.info)
This means that most of the Y-chromosome is passed on as a haploid , i.e., not recombined, and thus is not shared with other males. (smgf.org)
Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells. (genome.gov)
A haploid cell has only a single set of chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Telophase II: Newly forming gametes are haploid, and each chromosome now has just one chromatid. (ottovonschirach.com)

The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 62 million base pairs, making it similar in size to chromosome 19. (wikipedia.org)
The human Y chromosome carries 693 genes, with 107 of these being protein-coding, but some genes are repeated and that makes the number of exclusive protein-coding genes just 42, the numbers are given for telomere-to-telomere CHM13. (wikipedia.org)
Thanks to continuous advances in human stem cell research, studies that make use of embryo models are progressing quickly. (phys.org)
Human Y- (left) and X- (right) chromosomes. (daviddarling.info)
Sex chromosomes are inherited (see heredity ) in the same way as the other 22 human chromosome pairs, normal persons being either XX (female) or YY (male). (daviddarling.info)
6. [Development of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC)--the responsible genes for the development of hereditary and sporadic human RCCs]. (nih.gov)
The Y-chromosome is a chromosome found in almost all human males. (smgf.org)
Thus, a human male has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell, the Y chromosome and a pair of X chromosomes. (smgf.org)
In a normal human male, one of the X chromosomes in each cell is randomly deactivated and all his descendants will inherit this X-chromosome silence. (smgf.org)
Therefore, the genes present on a human female's single X chromosome are expressed in her. (smgf.org)
Currently, scientists have identified three regions of interest on the human Y chromosome that they believe contain many genes that code for numerous functions essential to male-specific traits: AZFa region, AZFb region and AZFc region. (smgf.org)
The article describes a series of preclinical experiments that showed how some human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) genes inscribed into chromosomes 12 and 19 may help control the differentiation, or maturation, of human stem cells into the trillions of neurons that are wired into our nervous systems. (nih.gov)
The sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell. (healthynj.org)
Genes on the X chromosome are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (healthynj.org)
Here, we map e/sQTLs, and allele-specific expression in cultured cells representing two major developmental stages, primary human neural progenitors (n = 85) and their sorted neuronal progeny (n = 74), identifying numerous loci not detected in either bulk developing cortical wall or adult cortex. (nih.gov)
It appears from literature that human cytomegalovirus enhances DNA repair capacity in host cells, without producing detectable lesions in cellular DNA or inhibiting DNA synthesis (Nishiyama and Rapp 1981 ). (springer.com)
In contrast to mouse, human female germ cells develop asynchronously. (nih.gov)
Altogether, we uncover the complexity and cell-to-cell heterogeneity of transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling in female human germ cells. (nih.gov)
The structure of the cerebellum is extremely conserved among species from rodents to human, and its development involves the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic events controlled by multiple genetic cascades. (frontiersin.org)
Like the plastic tip that wears out allowing the lace to fray and become hard to use, so does the telomere break down in most cells in the human body over time. (sciencedaily.com)
Systematic Analysis of Cell-to-Cell Expression Variation of T Lymphocytes in a Human Cohort Identifies Aging and Genetic Associations. (nih.gov)
The VIRxSYS trial is unique, in that this five-patient, Phase I safety trial is the first in which a lentiviral vector has been used to modify cells that are subsequently returned to a human subject. (the-scientist.com)
Suppression of transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity after transfer of chromosome 4 into U251 human glioma cells. (nih.gov)

Japanese scientists have successfully produced cloned mice using freeze-dried cells in a technique they believe could one day help conserve species and overcome challenges with current biobanking methods. (phys.org)
Junk Time NIH scientists showed how ancient retroviral genes, or "junk DNA", may play a role in helping stem cells decide to become neurons. (nih.gov)
Scientists can remove the inner cell mass of a blastocyst by microsurgery or immunosurgery (use of antibodies). (bioedonline.org)
To carry out this study, scientists at ICG analysed and compared the chromosomes of 18 avian species and sequenced GRCs from four different songbirds. (rvc.ac.uk)
The plant model developed at Texas A&M should provide scientists with greater insights about how telomeres allow chromosomes to become stabilized. (sciencedaily.com)
The work serves as a foundational guide for physicians and scientists to understand disease development and improve treatment outcomes. (newswise.com)

Yes, crossing over occurs during synapsis when the chromosomes are bundled in tetrads. (ottovonschirach.com)

In 2023 it was discovered Y chromosome can vary in size a lot: 45.2 million to 84.9 million. (wikipedia.org)

We aim to explore how kinetochores can 'read-out' their spatial position within the spindle, and adjust these force-generating mechanisms to ensure chromosomes reach, and then remain, at the equator. (biologists.com)
Finally, we will describe the 'life history' of a chromosome, and provide a working model for how individual mechanisms are integrated to ensure efficient and successful congression. (biologists.com)
This Commentary aims to document recent advances with regard to the force-generating mechanisms that are used to physically move chromosomes to the spindle equator. (biologists.com)
In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which SUMOylation pathways regulate skeletal cells in physiological and disease contexts. (mdpi.com)
Using colocalization and genetic imputation via transcriptome-wide association, we uncover cell-type-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying risk for brain-relevant traits that are active during neocortical differentiation. (nih.gov)
The control aspects of the five DNA repair mechanisms in virus-infected cells have not been well characterized. (springer.com)

Chromosome 16 spans more than 90 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents almost 3 percent of the total DNA in cells. (nih.gov)
The Y chromosome spans more than 58 million base pairs (a structure of nucleic acids that forms a sequence of DNA or RNA) and represents approximately 1% of the total DNA in men's body. (smgf.org)
It spans about 155 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents approximately 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (healthynj.org)

Chromosome Disorder Outreach is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. (chromodisorder.org)
During the last decade, thanks to the development of advanced experimental techniques, major progresses have been realized in our understanding of the multi-scale chromosome organization during interphase. (ens-lyon.fr)
Several animal and plant organisms, however, show a very different centromere organization: instead of one solitary constriction as in the classic X-shaped chromosomes, chromosomes in these organisms harbor multiple centromeres that are arranged in a line from one end of a sister chromatid to the other. (labmanager.com)
Their analyses reveal striking differences in genome organization and chromosome behavior in holocentric organisms. (labmanager.com)

During mitotic entry in animal cells, microtubules rearrange into a bipolar spindle and chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes concomitantly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. (nature.com)
Mitotic entry culminates at metaphase when all the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. (nature.com)
The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibers during cell division. (standardofcare.com)
The centromere is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase. (standardofcare.com)

She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Many genes on the Y chromosome are involved in male sex determination and development. (medlineplus.gov)
Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism underlying fiber formation and lay a solid foundation for further high-efficiency determination of candidate genes by combining RNA-seq data and pivotal chromosome regions. (techscience.com)

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. (ottovonschirach.com)

Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
First we distinguish primordial germ cells (PGC), pre-meiotic, and meiotic transcriptional stages. (nih.gov)

A sex chromosome is one of the two chromosomes that specify an organism's genetic sex. (daviddarling.info)

GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads (see Figure 1). (kaiserpermanente.org)
Extracranial germ cell development from primordial germ cells. (kaiserpermanente.org)

The long, stringy DNA that makes up genes is spooled within chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell. (cancer.org)
In the nucleus of mouse stem cells, derepressed endoviral RNA molecules (purple) appear at the same spots as condensates containing RNA polymerase II (green), as this fluorescence microscopic image shows. (mpg.de)
Threadlike structures of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. (standardofcare.com)
Chromatin allows the long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. (standardofcare.com)

When cells with altered chromosomes persist, a person can develop a mixture of both normal and mutated cells. (nih.gov)
It's rare for normal cells to have extra chromosomes. (cancer.org)
Many genes in the pseudoautosomal region are essential for normal development. (healthynj.org)
They exhibit a stable, normal chromosome complement. (bioedonline.org)
Germ cells typically have the same set of chromosomes as a somatic, or normal cell, but only one copy of each chromosome when developed into sperm or eggs, depending on gender. (rvc.ac.uk)
Mental development seems to be normal. (bmj.com)
These cells can't function as well as normal white blood cells, so people with acute leukemia are at a higher risk of infection. (medbroadcast.com)
Chronic leukemia, which progresses over the course of months to years, involves overproduction of mature white blood cells that cannot function like normal white blood cells. (medbroadcast.com)
Gradually, leukemic cells outnumber the normal-functioning cells in certain tissues in the body, including the bone marrow where other blood cells are made. (medbroadcast.com)
This interferes with the levels of functioning red blood cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells. (medbroadcast.com)
Turner syndrome most often occurs when a female has one normal X chromosome, but the other X chromosome is missing (45,X). Other forms of Turner syndrome result when one of the two chromosomes is partially missing or altered in some way. (nih.gov)

Y chromosome infertility occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 3,000 males of all ethnic groups. (medlineplus.gov)
The Y chromosome carries little genetic information and it is largely the properties of the X chromosome that determine "sex-linked" characteristics in males. (daviddarling.info)
Only males have Y-chromosome DNA, which is passed down virtually unchanged from father to son. (smgf.org)
Y-chromosome is passed from father to son, so it's only found in males. (smgf.org)
Males however, end up with just one X chromosome (XY) which results in them becoming male due to how this chromosome works. (smgf.org)
Typically, males with Klinefelter syndrome have one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, for a total of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47, XXY). (healthynj.org)

Actin is also a major structural component of synapses, a feature of nerve cells in the brain. (chromodisorder.org)
A skin biopsy from an affected area showed poor growth and five of 48 cells analysed had structural abnormalities. (bmj.com)

This previously unknown oncogene is activated by sunlight and drives the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas," said Paul Khavari , MD, PhD, the Carl J. Herzog Professor in Dermatology in the School of Medicine and chair of the Department of Dermatology. (stanford.edu)
Lee and Khavari made the discovery while investigating the genetic causes of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. (stanford.edu)
The top two most commonly mutated genes were CDKN2A and TP53, which were already known to be associated with squamous cell carcinoma. (stanford.edu)
Finally, Lee compared five patient-derived squamous cell carcinomas that had the KNSTRN mutation with five samples that did not have the mutation. (stanford.edu)
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy among men in the anatomical position of head and neck. (degruyter.com)

Chromosomes condense. (ottovonschirach.com)

In contrast, they delayed neural differentiation by artificially overloading the cells with the HML-2 genes. (nih.gov)
Stem cells cannot perform any specialized functions but have the potential to generate cells with specialized functions (a process known as 'differentiation'), such as pulsating heart muscle cells or defensive immune cells. (bioedonline.org)
LSD1 and Sin3A, to examine their critical roles in development using a number of ES cell differentiation systems. (le.ac.uk)

Anatomy66

Organisms11

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes169

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Ends of chromosomes5

Gene32

Segregation3

Females9

Embryonic10

Cancer25

Mitosis7

Pairs of chromosomes4

Meiosis22

Copies13

Aneuploidy3

Sets of chromosomes3

Sister chromatids4

Humans8

Homologous chromosomes1

Proteins11

Inactivation2

Autosomes2

Tumor10

Abnormality2

Mitotic chromosome1

Genetics1

Biology1

Abnormal5

Additional chromosome3

Organism2

Condensation1

Natural chromosome3

Somatic cells2

Identical3

Diploid cell1

Sperm cells3

Replication1

Tumors5

Mutations3

23rd pair1

Affects6

Genome Architecture1

Divides3

Researchers7

Genetic material4

Fetal3

Vitro2

Occur1

Haploid5

Human23

Scientists6

Synapsis1

20231

Mechanisms6

Spans3

Organization4

Spindle4

Determination3

Metaphase plate1

Meiotic2

Organism's1

Primordial germ2

Nucleus4

Normal11

Males6

Structural2

Squamous5

Condense1

Differentiation3