Depression anhedonia. Medical search. Frequent questions

A key symptom of depression is anhedonia, typically defined as the loss of ability to experience pleasure. (cam.ac.uk)
It often occurs as a symptom of depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Anhedonia is a clinical symptom of depression. (rhizome.org)
It should not to be confused, they stress, with general anhedonia , which is an inability to experience pleasure from just about everything (including music) and a common symptom of depression and other psychological illnesses. (minnpost.com)

Mood states that are specific to depression include sadness and loneliness that have large factor loadings on negative affect. (wikipedia.org)
Depression is a potentially life-threatening mood disorder that affects 1 in 6 persons in the United States, or approximately 17.6 million Americans each year. (medscape.com)
Together, this suggests that reduced signaling of the SST+ neuron/α5-GABA-A receptor pathway contributes to cognitive dysfunctions, and that it represents a novel therapeutic target for remediating mood and cognitive symptoms in depression, other psychiatric disorders and during aging. (nature.com)
Contrary to popular opinion, depression is not just being in a low mood. (amillionlives.com)
Depression is a mental illness, a description of a mood, and a clinical term that encompasses several subtypes. (bridgestorecovery.com)
All types of depression affect mood and the ability to function. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Bipolar depression alternates with periods of mania, an elevated and dangerously high-energy mood. (bridgestorecovery.com)
To read depression forums and blogs, you would get the impression that mood disorders were all caused by neurochemical imbalances that can always be treated with pharmaceutical drugs. (vagarights.com)
Research has made it clear that depression, and all mood disorders, are complex conditions with numerous potential causes and contrubuting factors. (vagarights.com)
This is why in some cases, it may be appropriate to use nootropics to help fight depression, anxiety and low mood. (vagarights.com)
One of the most effective things you can do is to use specific nootropics known to improve mood and counter some of the worst symptoms of depression. (vagarights.com)
In this article, we're going to take you through some of the most effective natural nootropics for depression, low mood and anxiety. (vagarights.com)
Supplementing with Theanine also promotes restful sleep, which in turn improves mood and combats depression. (vagarights.com)
Depression, in its various forms (major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and dysthymia ), is a type of mood disorder that can be characterized by gloom, sadness, and feelings of hopelessness or inadequacy. (disabilitysecrets.com)
Because the GAPS questionnaire includes questions for depressed mood, anhedonia, and suicidality, ICD-9-CM codes for depression and mood disorder were also analyzed separately. (cdc.gov)
Time to any first diagnosis of depression or mood disorder was similar post-GAPS (12.2 months) versus pre-GAPS (11.0 months, log rank P = .34). (cdc.gov)
They include depressed mood and anhedonia. (medscape.com)
Many of these-for example, the low mood or anhedonia-are very, very common in the general population, perhaps as high as 30% (for low mood) or more, and aren't always or even typically associated with the depressive syndrome. (medscape.com)
However, the syndrome reliability of depression itself-when you accumulate the symptoms we have just talked about, whereby the patient has at least five symptoms and at least one is depressed mood or anhedonia-was poor. (medscape.com)

Social stressors throughout development contribute to the etiology of depression, which includes symptoms like social avoidance and social anhedonia. (rosalindfranklin.edu)

Daily stressful life events are recognized as predisposing factors in the etiology of depression. (biopsychiatry.com)

It's more of an existential malaise, a persistent anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure or joy). (healthywomen.org)

When accounting for demographic variables and the overall severity of MDD, those with comorbid OCD reported lower levels of anhedonia and more severe difficulties with psychomotor retardation/agitation. (lu.se)
Youth with MDD and OCD have more severe MDD than those with MDD and no OCD and they experience more psychomotor issues and less anhedonia, which may relate to the behavioral activation characteristic of OCD. (lu.se)
Psychomotor retardation and anhedonia in depression. (bvsalud.org)

These data provide evidence supporting chronic stress-induced anhedonia in rats as an original animal model of human depression combining convergent elements of biological, etiological, symptomatological and therapeutic validity. (biopsychiatry.com)
DGIST Scholar: Anorexia, anhedonia and depression in rats by chronic dexamethasone. (dgist.ac.kr)
It is concluded that the development of anhedonia, possibly caused by anorexia, is a pre-symptomatic feature of depression in rats treated with chronic dexamethasone, and its pathophysiologic mechanisms may not comprise changes in sweet receptor expression in taste cells. (dgist.ac.kr)
The two disorders are known to be linked, although it is not clear how chronic stress leads to depression. (sundayvision.co.ug)
However, researchers do not fully understand how chronic stress leads to depression or symptoms associated with anhedonia. (sundayvision.co.ug)
1 Although many patients with recurrent episodes of illness have good symptom remission between episodes, with few residual symptoms, approximately a quarter of patients with major depression have chronic residual depressive symptoms of varying severity with only incomplete remission for many years. (psychiatrictimes.com)
2 There is evidence that chronic depression is more familial, more refractory to treatment, and more impairing than episodic major depression. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Current nosologies of depressive illnesses do not, however, do a very good job of categorizing chronic depression. (psychiatrictimes.com)
The term 'double depression' was introduced by Keller and colleagues 3 in 1982 to describe patients with MDD and a preexisting chronic minor depression (now called dysthymic disorder). (psychiatrictimes.com)
Although this term appears commonly in the clinical literature and comes closest to reflecting the clinical reality of chronic depression, it is not a DSM diagnosis and must be captured in DSM-IV by assigning 2 diagnoses (MDD and dysthymia). (psychiatrictimes.com)
The natural history of chronic depression was well described in the work of the NIH Collaborative Study on the Psychobiology of Depression. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Research suggests that preschool depression is not just a temporary occurrence but may instead be an early manifestation of the same chronic disorder occurring later on -- studies have demonstrated that depressed preschoolers are more likely to have depression in later childhood and adolescence than are healthy preschoolers. (sciencedaily.com)
Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia may be accompanied by both depression and anxiety. (pharmacology2000.com)
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a long-term, chronic type of depression. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Persistent depressive disorder is a milder but more chronic and lasting form of depression. (bridgestorecovery.com)
It is a chronic, long-term type of depression that lasts for at least two years. (bridgestorecovery.com)

In addition, there are symptoms of major depression disorder that bear similarities to those of opiate withdrawals - including weight loss, fatigue, poor concentration, and self-isolation. (amillionlives.com)
It causes similar symptoms to major depression, including sadness, fatigue, hopelessness, and changes in eating and sleeping patterns. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Sleep problems, anergia, anhedonia, and fatigue may closely resemble the neurovegetative symptoms of depression. (psychiatrictimes.com)
People with depression often also suffer from feelings of fatigue and decreased energy levels. (disabilitysecrets.com)

Melancholia depression is a type of severe major depressive disorder (MDD). (medicalnewstoday.com)

However, the National Alliance on Mental Illness says that individuals with various psychiatric disorders experience more negative effects from the heroin side effects - contrary to opinions from people with depression who say that the drug is a solution to their hopelessness. (amillionlives.com)

This study examined associations between suicidal ideation (SI) and residual depressive symptoms (RSD), including anhedonia, among clinically stable adolescents with depression. (unicef-irc.org)

Watson and Clark (1991) proposed the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression to help explain the comorbidity between anxious and depressive symptoms and disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Rhodiola is an adaptogen, which means that while it may not help treat clinical depression, it can make you more robust to stressors which trigger depressive symptoms. (vagarights.com)

HFD has a significant impact on the gut microbiota, and dysbiosis of the microbiota is now associated with certain psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. (inrae.fr)
Furthermore, an increasing amount of literature proposes that anxiety disorders often coexist with other psychiatric disorders, such as depression and substance abuse [ 2 ]. (plos.org)

However, anhedonia also involves a lack of motivation and lack of excitement in anticipation of events. (cam.ac.uk)
A second important issue is that anhedonia is multi-faceted - it goes beyond a loss of pleasure and can involve a lack of anticipation and motivation, and it's possible that these different aspects may have distinct underlying causes. (cam.ac.uk)
This lack of motivation is another key symptom associated with anhedonia. (cam.ac.uk)
It is also established that the initiation of treatment for depression with psychotherapeutic agents can temporarily increase the incidence of suicidal ideation as well as energizing motivation, and therefore unfortunately can increase the likelihood of successful suicide attempts. (medscape.com)
For those with anhedonia, lack of motivation can be a key limitation in the ability to complete tasks at work. (disabilitysecrets.com)

Major depression causes serious, persistent feelings of sadness and other symptoms that make functioning or enjoying life very difficult. (bridgestorecovery.com)

Anhedonia is a major symptom of a major depressive disorder and it is perhaps best characterised by the person losing all interest in activities that used to give them a great deal of pleasure. (beyondanxietyanddepression.com)
Among youth samples, negative effects of anxiety-depression comorbidity include: increased substance abuse, more likely to attempt suicide, receive a diagnosis of conduct disorder, and are less likely to show favorable gains from treatment. (wikipedia.org)
If depression exists in patients with schizophrenia, a more careful evaluation of symptom duration may help to clarify whether it could be schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or a psychotic depression. (healthline.com)
A family history of depression is common among persons with the disorder, as is a family history of suicides. (medscape.com)
Therefore, healthcare workers diagnosed with depression, especially when coupled with burnout or substance use disorder, should be considered to be a in higher risk category for attempted or completed suicide. (medscape.com)
Most commonly the mental illness is bipolar disorder , depression or an anxiety disorder . (healthyplace.com)
Although childhood depression is a well-recognized and treated disorder, only recently have research studies begun looking at depression in children younger than six years old. (sciencedaily.com)
Anhedonia is a suicide risk factor among adolescent patients with recurrent depressive disorder (depression hereafter). (unicef-irc.org)
Seasonal affective disorder causes depression in a seasonal pattern, most often in winter but in rare cases in spring and summer. (bridgestorecovery.com)
The clinical term depression most often refers to major depression, also known as major depressive disorder . (bridgestorecovery.com)
If a person has an episode of depression with severe daily symptoms that last for two weeks or longer, their condition is considered to be clinical depression, or "major depressive disorder" (MDD). (disabilitysecrets.com)
The Social Security Administration (SSA) requires depression to last much longer than two weeks to qualify as a disability-an applicant's major depressive disorder must have lasted or be expected to last at least one year. (disabilitysecrets.com)
Bipolar I disorder is defined by the occurrence of mania, and yet 90% of people with this condition will experience depression. (medscape.com)
These include depression and bipolar disorder (also called manic depression). (medlineplus.gov)

Therefore, anhedonia is one of the main symptoms to determine the diagnosis of depression. (sundayvision.co.ug)
Persistent ignorance about depression and blatant misperceptions of the disease by the public, and even some health providers, as a personal weakness or failing that can be "willed" or "wished away", lead to painful stigmatization of sufferers, and avoidance of the diagnosis by many persons who are affected by the disease. (medscape.com)
When depression occurs in such cases, it is known as Dual Diagnosis, and is very difficult to recover on a long-term basis, unless the user undergoes treatment for both cases. (amillionlives.com)
Late-onset diagnosed depression in individuals otherwise apparently cognitively normal is associated with an increased risk of a later Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. (pharmacology2000.com)
What is important to understand is that a depression diagnosis is not a life sentence. (vagarights.com)
Objective: To determine if the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) increases detection or shortens time to diagnosis of mental health (MH) disorders, particularly adolescent depression. (cdc.gov)

The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress was reported as 31%, 34% and 13% respectively. (nature.com)
Depending on gender and degree of physical disability, some developed more severe depression. (psychiatrist.com)

These symptoms may also be sometimes misdiagnosed as those related to clinical depression. (healthline.com)
Often associated with clinical depression, a lack of pleasure in things you once enjoyed can also be a symptom of schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
Another possible symptom seen in clinical depression, a desire to withdraw from others is another symptom that can occur in schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
It was found that 35% of these participants developed clinical depression. (psychiatrist.com)
This case highlights the importance for patients with encephalitis to be closely monitored by their primary care physician for any signs or symptoms of clinical depression. (psychiatrist.com)
Clinical depression interferes with a person's ability to cope with daily stresses and obligations, often making an individual unable to function effectively in their everyday life, including at work and during family activities. (disabilitysecrets.com)
For many people, clinical depression can be successfully treated with psychotherapy and medication, but until the right combination of therapy or medication is arrived at, this condition can be crippling to some. (disabilitysecrets.com)
Clinical depression is covered in Social Security's impairment listing 12.04 , for "Depressive, bipolar and related disorders. (disabilitysecrets.com)

[ 1 ] Not counting the effect of secondary disease states, over the next 20 years, unipolar depression is projected to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide and the leading cause of disability in high-income nations, including the United States. (medscape.com)

A survey published in 2016 found that 3.3 out of every 100 UK adults had experienced depression in the week before being interviewed. (cam.ac.uk)
Overall, it is estimated that 1 in 6 adults will experience depression at some point in their lives, as anyone is at risk of developing depression for various reasons. (sundayvision.co.ug)
Depression in preschool-aged children does not always look the same as does depression in older children and adults -- this is one reason that preschool depression has been largely neglected. (sciencedaily.com)
For example, in depressed adults, anhedonia (the inability to enjoy pleasurable experiences) tends to show up in the form of a decreased libido. (sciencedaily.com)
This study was designed to explore relationship of perceived depression, anxiety and stress (DAS) levels and hedonic hunger in adults. (nature.com)

Longitudinal studies, however, have revealed that a signiﬁcant fraction of the stressors associated with depression do in fact follow MDD onset, and that they are likely due to maladaptive behaviors prominent in MDD (Kendler et al. (nips.cc)
Major depression with postpartum onset is most likely to occur within the following postpartum timeframe. (pharmacology2000.com)

Which one of the following percentages is most likely the mean prevalence of depression in patients with cancer? (pharmacology2000.com)
The 1-year prevalence of depression is approximately 6%, while the lifetime prevalence is almost three times higher (15-18%) [ 3 ]. (plos.org)

Rats were subjected to behavioral sessions to assess depression-like behaviors after 3 days or 4 weeks of daily drug injections. (dgist.ac.kr)
Two weeks before beginning the behavioral tests, a group of DIO mice were given a combination of two non-absorbable antibiotics, neomycin and polymyxin B. HFD induced anhedonia, as revealed by the sucrose preference test, and significant changes in gut microbiota composition at the phyla and family levels. (inrae.fr)
Dr. Eshel has published articles on topics such as the role of dopamine in learning, the neuroscience of irritability, LGBTQ health, reward and punishment processing in depression, behavioral predictors of substance use among adolescents, and the mechanism of transcranial magnetic stimulation. (stanford.edu)

This study investigated a causal relationship between anorexia and anhedonia in an animal model of stress, and examined if the stress-induced anorexia and/or anhedonia is accompanied by changes in sweet receptor expression in taste cells. (dgist.ac.kr)

One major issue slowing down progress in developing new treatments is that the brain mechanisms that give rise to anhedonia remain largely unknown. (cam.ac.uk)
Only 50% of persons diagnosed with major depression receive any kind of treatment, and only 20% of those individuals receive treatment consistent with current practice guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). (medscape.com)
In one report from that project, 431 patients with a major depressive episode were monitored for 12 years, assessed every 6 months, and assigned to 1 of 4 symptom levels of depressive illness: major depression, dysthymia, subsyndromal symptoms, or no symptoms. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Major depression with atypical presentation might be associated with which one(s) of the following characteristics? (pharmacology2000.com)
This is a real mental condition, and while it's less severe than major depression, it can still have serious consequences. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Mental health professionals also recognize other types of depression, such as situational depression, which occurs in response to a major life event, like a death. (bridgestorecovery.com)
If you have depression, you likely have many other symptoms, but these two are the most characteristic signs of major depression. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Major depression causes symptoms severe enough to interfere with your daily activities. (bridgestorecovery.com)
The symptoms are similar to those caused by major depression but are generally not as severe. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Although you may be better able to cope with daily life with this condition as compared to major depression, it still causes significant distress and dysfunction. (bridgestorecovery.com)
To be diagnosed with major depression, you must have at least five of these symptoms, including either number one or two, or both. (bridgestorecovery.com)
Major depression is among one of the most common ailments, and it may be the most common major medical problem once we eliminate viruses and so forth. (medscape.com)
The symptoms of major depression are fairly well known. (medscape.com)

A decrease in the functional balance of these neurotransmitters causes certain types of depression (ie, decreased norepinephrine causes dullness and lethargy, and decreased serotonin causes irritability, hostility, and suicidal ideation). (medscape.com)
Isotretinoin (13- cis -retinoic acid) has been used since the 1980s to treat severe recalcitrant nodular acne with good effect, but case reports and spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions have suggested an association between isotretinoin, depression, and suicidal behaviour. (bmj.com)

Certain illnesses or medications can trigger depression. (bridgestorecovery.com)

Afterward, he developed depression and insomnia and began following up with psychiatry. (psychiatrist.com)

In a large sample of school-aged children, NA was positively correlated with all anxiety and depression scales. (wikipedia.org)
A cross-sectional survey included questions about some socio-demographic characteristics, Power of Food Scale (PFS-Tr) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was sent via an online platform. (nature.com)

If you suffer from depression, then there is a good chance you will also have anhedonia. (beyondanxietyanddepression.com)
But a recent study appeared in the journal nature , led by a team of researchers from Emory University in the US, shows that people who do not suffer from depression adapt to high daily stress through changes in their response to depression. (sundayvision.co.ug)
Many people suffer from depression associated with emotionally painful situations (the death of a loved one, divorce), but for the most part, these periods of depression are situational and short-lived. (disabilitysecrets.com)

Hedonic tone and its absence, anhedonia, are important in psychopathological research, but instruments for their assessment are lengthy and probably culturally biased. (cambridge.org)

This model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal. (wikipedia.org)
This supports the tripartite model hypothesis, that physiological hyperarousal will distinguish anxiety from depression, which is related to positive affect. (wikipedia.org)
From a physiological point of view, anhedonia is caused by a change in brain chemistry, Inhibits dopamine synthesis , a neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable sensations. (sundayvision.co.ug)

O ne of the two core symptoms of human depression is anhedonia, the loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities. (biopsychiatry.com)
Anhedonia describes a loss of interest in activities. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Anhedonia is described as the loss of interest or the inability to experience pleasure when experiencing things that used to be pleasurable. (wikipedia.org)
Many people with depression experience "anhedonia," the loss of interest in things that were previously enjoyable or rewarding, such as interacting with friends or succeeding at work. (disabilitysecrets.com)

In cases of depression, extreme stress or excessive anxiety, the brain cannot produce this substance, which ends up affecting all activities of daily living. (sundayvision.co.ug)
In addition to depression, other factors such as alcohol/substance abuse (especially of opiates and cocaine), impulsiveness, and certain familial factors may greatly increase the risk for suicide. (medscape.com)
The interview (approximately 45 minutes) included questions about demographic characteristics, social determinants of health, health care use, met and unmet needs for ancillary services, sexual behavior, symptoms of depression and anxiety, gynecologic and reproductive history (females only), substance use, and use of HIV/STD prevention services. (cdc.gov)
For the case of long-term heroin users, it may be difficult to determine whether they ended up using the substance due to depression, or whether depression was the result of their drug use. (amillionlives.com)

According to a 2017 review, it's estimated that about 40 percent of people with schizophrenia may experience depression. (healthline.com)

Anhedonia is a hopeless state of "Saudade. (john15.rocks)

Additionally, recent research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has shown that stress, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, may be associated with increased symptoms of stress and depression. (sundayvision.co.ug)

These interviews have shown that preschool-age children do in fact exhibit typical symptoms of depression, including appearing less joyful, being prone to guilt, and changes in sleep patterns. (sciencedaily.com)
There are also atypical cases of depression that don't follow all the same patterns of other types. (bridgestorecovery.com)

A recent study demonstrated the response of the medial prefrontal cortex and the release of glutamate as a result of stressful situations that can lead to depression. (sundayvision.co.ug)
Depression is thought to involve changes in receptor-neurotransmitter relationships in the limbic system, as well as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. (medscape.com)

It encourages people to ignore environmental factors, and instead, essentialize depression as a characteristic of themselves and their biology. (psychologytoday.com)

In contrast, a low level of positive affect, or absence of, is called anhedonia. (wikipedia.org)

Morbidity associated with depression is difficult to quantify, but the lethality of depression takes the measurable form of completed suicide , the tenth leading reported cause of death in the United States. (medscape.com)
The incidence of depression in healthcare workers is comparable to that in the general population, though the rate of completion of suicide is higher. (medscape.com)
The association between acne, psychiatric morbidity, and suicide attempts has been described, 7 8 9 10 11 and some authors have observed that isotretinoin actually leads to an improvement in anxiety and depression because of the clearing of disfiguring acne. (bmj.com)
This article will examine and compare the incidence and prevalence of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and suicide, among adolescents prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (unicef-irc.org)
The most important complication associated with depression is suicide. (pharmacology2000.com)

qualify for a "medical-vocational allowance" based on the severity of their depression and a combination of other factors (such as other impairments, work history, age, and level of education). (disabilitysecrets.com)

He was seen 2 months ago and prescribed sertraline for possible depression, although he denies ever having depression or anhedonia. (medscape.com)

He has not had sleep studies done, and the insomnia has been attributed to depression. (psychiatrist.com)
Recently, a clinical study has showed that DSS is effective in treating insomnia [ 10 ], which is a symptom and predictor of depression [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

There are a large number of people who would swear by the natural, holistic approach and there has certainly been a lot of research into the impact it has on the mind and depression in general. (beyondanxietyanddepression.com)
As many as two thirds of people with depression do not realize that they have a treatable illness and do not seek treatment. (medscape.com)
People who kill themselves are often in extreme pain either due to a mental illness like depression or due to horrible life circumstances. (healthyplace.com)
However, when these people leave their cultural contexts, they have a higher risk of developing depression. (psychologytoday.com)
That finding demonstrates, say Marco-Pallares and his colleagues, that people who are otherwise psychologically healthy can have an anhedonia specific to music. (minnpost.com)
Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disease affecting the quality of life of many people. (hindawi.com)
About 7% of people are affected with depression annually, and there is somewhere around a 17% lifetime risk to perhaps as high as 1 in every 5 people. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Most people have either dealt with depression themselves or have family members or friends who've struggled with depression. (medscape.com)

This study suggests that eczema is associated with an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety, which may assist clinicians in the prevention or treatment of these disorders. (plos.org)

In addition, the effects of DSS on brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter and serum antioxidant status were examined in an animal model of depression [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
My research focuses on the activity and circuitry of the medial amygdala in an animal model of depression, and investigates the effect of rapid-acting antidepressants on the medial amygdala. (rosalindfranklin.edu)

Psychotic depression is a severe episode of depression that causes delusions and hallucinations. (bridgestorecovery.com)

The ability to distinguish between anxiety and depression with this model may help increase diagnostic accuracy and help eliminate the complications that occur with comorbidity. (wikipedia.org)
There are many negative effects of anxiety-depression comorbidity. (wikipedia.org)

Fig. 1: Perceived depression, anxiety and stress levels of participants. (nature.com)

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology44

Phenomena and Processes4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Humanities1

Information Science1

Health Care4

Symptom of depression4

Mood19

Social anhedonia1

Etiology of depression1

Inability to feel1

Psychomotor3

Chronic16

Fatigue4

Melancholia1

Hopelessness1

Residual depressive symptoms1

Depressive symptoms2

Psychiatric disorders2

Motivation5

Sadness1

Disorder14

Diagnosis6

Severe depression2

Clinical depression8

Unipolar depression1

Adults5

Onset2

Prevalence of depression2

Behavioral3

Stress-induced1

Major13

Suicidal2

Illnesses1

Psychiatry1

Scales2

Suffer from depression3

Hedonic1

Physiological3

Loss of interest4

Substance4

Experience depression1

Hopeless1

Additionally1

Patterns2

Prefrontal2

Characteristic1

Absence1

Suicide5

Severity1

Denies1

Insomnia2

People8

Risk of developing1

Animal model of depression2

Psychotic1

Comorbidity2

Anxiety and stress1