• Recent research has revealed that carbohydrate-binding proteins, also known as agglutinins or lectins, are found in a wide range of plant species and have an important biological function in pathogen defense responses [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complement system consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins, 12 of which are directly involved in the complement pathways. (dadamo.com)
  • The article mentions, "Complement activation may occur early during SARS-CoV-2 infection by the direct interaction of viral proteins with mannose- binding lectin and ficolin pathway. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine proteases 2 (MASP-2) are important proteins in the lectin pathway of the immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), is a member of a family of transcription factors consisting of six structurally related basic leucine-zipper DNA-binding proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens . (wikidoc.org)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
  • At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
  • The complement system consist of a complex family of proteins and receptors which are found in the circulation, in tissues and other body-fluids. (eaglebio.com)
  • Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates . (lookformedical.com)
  • Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates , however they are not considered lectins . (lookformedical.com)
  • PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). (lookformedical.com)
  • Together, our findings show that the MNB1 gene negatively controls the Fe-deficiency response in Arabidopsis via modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the ROS-mediated signaling pathway, thereby affecting the expression of Fe uptake- and translocation-related genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of the complement system in response to an infection or foreign antigen is achieved via three complement pathways, the classical pathway, which is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway, which is activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding proteins in the plasma and tissue fluids, and the alternative complement pathway, which is activated by C3b binding to microbial surfaces and to antibody molecules. (hindawi.com)
  • The viral nucleocapsid protein binds to a mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), a key protease of the MBL pathway leading to overactivation of the complement system and worsening of lung injury. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • According to research findings, after the pathogenic microorganism invades the body, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds with mannan residues on its surface, and activate MBL-associated serine Proteases (MASPs) and the lectin pathway of the complement system, generating non-specific immune responses [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The classical complement pathway typically requires antibodies for activation (specific immune response), while the alternative and mannose-binding lectin pathways can be activated by C3 hydrolysis or antigens without the presence of antibodies (non-specific immune response). (wikidoc.org)
  • The classical pathway is triggered by activation of the C1-complex (which consists of one molecule C1q and two molecules C1r and C1s), either by C1q's binding to antibodies from classes M and G, complexed with antigens , or by its binding C1q to the surface of the pathogen. (wikidoc.org)
  • Complement deficiencies or other defects in the complement system can easily be screened by running an assay for each pathway in parallel or separately. (eaglebio.com)
  • The three pathways, designated classical, lectin and alternative pathway, converge at a central component into a final common pathway. (eaglebio.com)
  • The classical pathway is initiated by binding of C1q to antibody complexes, whereas the alternative and lectin pathway are activated in an antibody-independent fashion through the interaction of complement components with respectively specific carbohydrate groups and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the surface of foreign pathogens. (eaglebio.com)
  • Alterations in the alternative pathway, like properdin or ficolin deficiency, increase the susceptibility to infection. (eaglebio.com)
  • Mannose binding lectin (MBL), a major component of the lectin pathway, is associated with bacterial, fungal and viral infection. (eaglebio.com)
  • Factor I deficiency can be conferred by a C3 deficiency, since this also increases susceptibility to pyogenic infections by Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumonia and increases the incidence of immune complex diseases due to impaired complement-mediated function [ 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Activation of the complement system occurs through the classical (CP), lectin (LP), or alternative (AP) pathways. (jrheum.org)
  • Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
  • A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the late 19th century, blood serum was found to contain a "factor" or "principle" which was capable of killing bacteria. (wikidoc.org)
  • The heat-stable component was found to confer immunity against specific microorganisms, while the heat-labile component was found to be responsible for the non-specific antimicrobial activity conferred by all normal serum. (wikidoc.org)
  • These receptors, which we now call "antibodies", were called by Ehrlich "amboceptors" to emphasize their bifunctional binding capacity: they recognize and bind to a specific antigen, but they also recognize and bind to the heat-labile antimicrobial component of fresh serum. (wikidoc.org)
  • C-reactive protein,mannose-binding lectin, and serum amyloid P component activate complement and act as opsonins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 7 It is possible that these major histocompatibility complexes bind antigens in such a way that they increase the likelihood of T-cells mounting an immune response to self-antigens. (lww.com)
  • CR1 on erythrocytes may bind circulating immune complexes (that had activated complement) and transport them to the liver where the immune complexes are partially degraded and thus become more soluble. (dadamo.com)
  • Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
  • Of particular importance is the DC-specific C-type lectin DC-SIGN, which is a strong HIV binding partner and enhances both viral replication and trans-infection. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • A recent large whether these polymorphisms were associated with sudden family study that used genealogic databases found an death and bacterial co-infection among persons with fatal elevated risk for infl uenza death among relatives of persons infl uenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Plant mannose binding lectins detect specific protein-carbohydrate combinations on pathogen surfaces and serve a key role in plant defense mechanisms against pathogens [ 24 , 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CCR5 co-receptor also binds with chemokines produced by CD8+ T cells, including RANTES (CCL5), and MIP (macrophage inflammatory protein) 1α (CCL3) and 1β (CCL4). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Factor I cleaves C3b and C4b in a reaction, where fI is dependent on various cofactors, such as factor H, C4b-binding protein CR1 and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Protein MASP-2 and MAp19 encoded by MASP-2 genes both can bind with MBL, generate MBL-MASP compound, and then activate C4-C9 components in the complement system, generating membrane attack complex and opsonin as well as other inflammatory cytokines promoting the killing of pathogenic microorganisms [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. (lookformedical.com)
  • These findings help us understanding plant responses to Fe-deficiency stress, however, a number of novel genes involved in modulating iron homeostasis still need to be identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Limited analysis to our knowledge, no published studies have examined of 2 genes important to the innate immune response found the association between specifi c host genetic variants and no association between genetic variants and fatal infl uenza severe infl uenza disease outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Most of the identified genetic variation was found in genes controlling the host response to microbes [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this work we have found that C/EBPβ regulates C3 levels in rodents glial in vitro and in the rat Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in vivo following an inflammatory insult. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While CD4 T cells are by far the most abundant HIV-infected cell, DCs express a variety of HIV co-receptors and lectin receptors that modulate HIV uptake, antigen processing, and trans-infection to T cells, thus contributing to a wide variety of immunological outcomes. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Adherent receptors mediate adherence of cells and other particles with bound C3b or C4b fragments and are known as CR1 to CR5. (dadamo.com)
  • Immature DCs possess a wide variety of receptors, such as Fc receptors, lectins, and langerin, which allow them to efficiently bind and internalize antigen. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • C3b binds to the surface of pathogens leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells by opsonization . (wikidoc.org)
  • Here, we found that the MNB1 (mannose-binding-lectin 1) gene is involved in the regulation of Fe-deficiency stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
  • After residual ethanol evaporated, the gene for tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 2 tissues were digested overnight at 56°C in 200 L Buffer (offi cial symbol TNF ) and the mannose-binding lectin gene PKD with 20 L proteinase K (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, (offi cial symbol MBL2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • During classical complement is activation by antigen-antibody complex, CH 50 will be high while complement component deficiencies result in low CH 50. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)
  • Their mechanisms include maintaining physicochemical conditions in the colon (e.g., pH and bile acid profile), balancing the quantity of beneficial gut microbiota members through the production of short-chain fatty acids, reducing the abundance of putrefactive bacteria producing enzymes such as azoreductase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and nitroreductase, binding and degrading mutagenic compounds, as well as performing immunomodulatory activities. (metabiom.org)
  • Fe-deficiency induces a complex series of responses in plants, involving physiological and developmental changes, to increase Fe uptake from soil. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
  • Deficiency in factor I activity is associated with an increased incidence of infections in humans. (hindawi.com)
  • The emergence of functional studies on animal lectins during the 1990s has provided the appropriate framework to better understand their roles in cell death. (nature.com)
  • Hemophilia A is an X-linked, recessive disorder caused by deficiency of functional plasma clotting factor VIII (FVIII), which may be inherited or arise from spontaneous mutation. (medscape.com)
  • All six members of this family exhibit a high sequence similarity in their C-terminal DNA binding domain and a more diverge regulatory N-terminus [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immune system abnormalities may be caused partly by complement system factor I deficiency. (hindawi.com)
  • Biotinylated tracer antibody will bind to the bound samples and control. (eaglebio.com)
  • Streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate will bind to the biotinylated tracer antibody. (eaglebio.com)
  • Complement activation occurs in progressive chronic kidney disease and may contribute to the chronic inflammation that is characteristically found in the kidney. (wjgnet.com)
  • Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition. (lookformedical.com)
  • The expression abundance of MNB1 was inhibited by Fe-deficiency stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, a different abundance of peptides corresponding to functionally important structures was found in the AF and intestinal SALSA. (researchgate.net)
  • To Fe acquisition from the soil, most plants have developed two major ways to absorb Fe: (1) the reduction-based strategy (Strategy I) mechanism found in all dicots and non-graminaceous monocots, and (2) the chelation-based strategy (Strategy II) mechanism found only in graminaceous plants [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complement C3b is the major opsonin of the complement system which facilitates the phagocytosis process by coating antigens (each of the phagocytes expresses a complement receptor such as CR1, CR3, or CR4 that binds C3b, C4b, or C3bi) [ 28 , 29 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • One mechanism of cell entry involves HIV-1 binding with the CD4 receptor and co-receptor chemokine (CC motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
  • However, the molecular mechanism involved in plant Fe-deficiency is not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • tightly you dissipate your download, contribute the nursing of it, and bind in with your triphosphatase endocytosis promoter and bilayer pore( the activation Early occurs to the endocytic 4 products of your source phosphorylation). (evakoch.com)
  • Under conditions of normal and Fe-deficiency, lower H 2 O 2 concentrations were detected in mnb1 mutant plants compared to wild type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There coalesce roles that NOTCH2 Actively binds with breast inner tyrosine 1-beta( HNF1B) in wtih response( Massa et al. (evakoch.com)