• Phytohormones such as cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxins play a vital role in plant development and regulatory processes. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Growth in plants is regulated by a variety of plant hormones, including auxins , gibberellins , cytokinins , and growth inhibitors, primarily abscisic acid and ethylene . (britannica.com)
  • This thesis examines the importance of cytokinins, a group of phytohormones involved in plant cell division and differentiation as well as the phytohormone abscisic acid, involved in plant response to environmental factors, and their presence and role in fungi. (trentu.ca)
  • Using HPLC-ESI MS/MS, cytokinin and abscisic acid were detected in all fungi regardless of their mode of nutrition or phylogeny. (trentu.ca)
  • Although the involvement of some plant hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) in the regulation of wound-induced suberization has been determined, quantitative information on the remaining classical plant hormones (cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin content) in resting and wound-responding potato tuber is lacking. (usda.gov)
  • Parallel determination of auxin and cytokinin levels within plant organs and tissues represents an invaluable tool for studies of their physiological effects and mutual interactions. (cas.cz)
  • abstract = "Auxin and cytokinin are key hormonal signals that control the cellular architecture of the primary root and the initiation of new lateral root organs in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (edu.sa)
  • In this paper, sub-cellular and multi-cellular mathematical models are developed to investigate how interactions between auxin and cytokinin influence the size and location of regions of division and differentiation within the primary root, and describe how their cross-regulation may cause periodic branching of lateral roots. (edu.sa)
  • Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
  • There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated and crystallised simultaneously by Miller and D.S. Lethum (1963-65) from the milky endosperm of corn (Zea mays) and named Zeatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study was designed to determine whether SWE-based cytokinins affect creeping bentgrass heat tolerance, and to compare effects of SWE-based cytokinins to those of a trans -zeatin riboside ( t -ZR)-standard. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • 2002) noted that root- zone-injection of zeatin riboside increased endogenous cytokinins, antioxidant activity, and delayed senescence in heat-stressed creeping bentgrass. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Zeatin is a cytokinin derived from adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wound-induced activation of cytokinin biosynthesis was suggested by the appearance of precursors (trans) zeatin riboside and (cis) zeatin riboside (t-ZR and c-ZR respectively) at 0.5 d and large increases in IPA and c-ZR by 3 d and throughout 7 d after wounding. (usda.gov)
  • Phenotypic analysis of the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutants in the CKX1 overexpressing background revealed that the mutations caused a partial to full reversion of the cytokinin deficiency syndrome in matters of rosette diameter, shoot height, number of siliques, and root growth, and caused delayed leaf senescence in a dark-induced senescence assay. (fu-berlin.de)
  • In addition, the characterisation of the gain-of-function cytokinin mutants rock2, rock3, and rock4 revealed that an enhanced cytokinin status causes several effects on plant development, which are of potential interest for agricultural breeding purposes, for example an enhanced organ growth and delayed senescence. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Thimann (1987) found that cytokinins delay senescence processes probably by maintaining the integrity of the tonoplast membrane. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Cytokinins also play an active role in preventing aging and senescence in plant cells. (uab.cat)
  • Concurrent with Dr. Huang's research on root-injected cytokinins, my research group developed the hypothesis that the relatively high background levels of natural cytokinins in seaweed extracts (SWE) would most likely also boost creeping bentgrass tissue cytokinin levels and have similar positive stress-protective effects. (golfdom.com)
  • It is a kind of natural cytokinins. (agriculture-pesticides.com)
  • It is the first natural cytokinins to crystallize and extracted from sweet corn grain filling period of grain. (agriculture-pesticides.com)
  • Under 95°F heat stress, root zone injection of a synthetic cytokinin translates into greater subsequent leaf cytokinin content and root viability when compared to not applying cytokinin. (golfdom.com)
  • Knowing the potential stress-protective effects of cytokinins from the plant physiology literature, in the early 2000s Bingru Huang, Ph.D., of Rutgers University investigated whether root injection of synthetic cytokinin would alleviate heat stress decline of creeping bentgrass (Figure 1). (golfdom.com)
  • The synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is widely used, its effect on grape quality is poorly understood. (cgiar.org)
  • The synthetic cytokinin CPPU increases fruit size and yield of 'Spadona' and 'Costia' pear (Pyrus communis L. (agri.gov.il)
  • It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • talks.cam : Does the wheat orthologue of the rice cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 2 (OsCKX2) regulate grain yield in hexaploid wheat? (cam.ac.uk)
  • What do cytokinins regulate? (answerlib.org)
  • How does cytokinin regulate growth? (answerlib.org)
  • How do cytokinins regulate the cell cycle? (answerlib.org)
  • How does cytokinin regulate the growth and development of plants? (answerlib.org)
  • To date, in spite of the commercial application of cytokinins to induce larger fruits, no detailed studies have addressed the question of how cytokinin signalling and cell division regulate fruit growth under field conditions. (agri.gov.il)
  • Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate development and responses to the environment. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Cytokinin oxidase from Zea mays kernels and Vinca rosea crown-gall tissue. (kau.in)
  • Cytokinin (CTK) can effectively increase chlorophyll content and chloroplast stability, but it is irreversibly inactivated by cytokinin oxidase (CKX). (smu.ca)
  • Cytokinins (CKs) are one class of important phytohormones widely investigated in most aspects of plant life. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Analytical determination of auxins and cytokinins. (cas.cz)
  • Thanks to their different chemical structures, auxins, cytokinins and their metabolites are often determined separately, using specialized procedures of sample purification, extraction, and quantification. (cas.cz)
  • Here we describe a method that is based on single step purification protocol followed by LC-MS separation and detection for parallel analysis of auxins, cytokinins and their metabolites in various plant tissues and cell cultures. (cas.cz)
  • Cytokinin biosynthesis in organisms aside from plant species has often been viewed as a byproduct of tRNA degradation. (trentu.ca)
  • High soil temperature may damage roots, a primary site of cytokinin biosynthesis. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • This result supports a negative regulatory role for cytokinin in root growth regulation. (nih.gov)
  • abstract = "Heterocyclic compounds such as IAA or cytokinins are involved in plant regulation. (uab.cat)
  • abstract = "Cytokinin (CK) is an important plant developmental regulator, having activities in many aspects of plant life and response to the environment. (iucc.ac.il)
  • At higher concentrations of both hormones, these antagonistic interactions between cytokinin and auxin are absent. (answerlib.org)
  • Factors included nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 μM). (ac.ir)
  • We show that high concentrations of cytokinin lead to increased defense responses to a virulent oomycete pathogen, through a process that is dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and activation of defense gene expression. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Surprisingly, treatment with lower concentrations of cytokinin results in increased susceptibility. (dartmouth.edu)
  • MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins, Kn (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) and BA (0.1-1.0 mg L-1), individually and in combination was used to study the bud proliferation and shoot induction responses in ivy gourd. (kau.in)
  • A higher ratio of cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while a higher ratio of auxin induces root formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. (wikipedia.org)
  • HvSWEET11b protein functions not only as a sugar transporter but is able also to transport the phytohormone cytokinin. (plantae.org)
  • We used loss-of-function mutants to study three Arabidopsis thaliana sensor histidine kinases, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, known to be cytokinin receptors. (nih.gov)
  • Together, the analyses reveal partially redundant functions of the cytokinin receptors and prominent roles for the AHK2/AHK3 receptor combination in quantitative control of organ growth in plants, with opposite regulatory functions in roots and shoots. (nih.gov)
  • It could be shown in a yeast experiment that the rock2 and rock3 mutations cause the formation of constitutively active cytokinin receptors. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). (mpg.de)
  • For example, cytokinins have been described to induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Suppressor mutagenesis of CKX1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (CKX1ox) led to the identification of the dominant mutants rock2 CKX1ox, rock3 CKX1ox and rock4 CKX1ox (Bartrina 2006), which showed a partial reversion of the cytokinin-deficient phenotype. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We demonstrate that cytokinin levels in Arabidopsis are important in determining the amplitude of immune responses, ultimately influencing the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Cytokinins are known to be involved in multiple developmental processes, including rhizogenesis (Haberer and Kieber, 2002). (answerlib.org)
  • The repression of lipoxygenase by cytokinins also contributes to their overall antisenescence functions (Strivastava, 2002). (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Fungi and Cytokinins: Investigating the impact of cytokinins on fungal development and disease progression in the Ustilago maydis- Zea mays pathosystem. (trentu.ca)
  • High natural leaf cytokinin content under no stress correlates closely with high root viability. (golfdom.com)
  • Cytokinin levels must remain elevated in leaf tissues to slow the summer decline process. (golfdom.com)
  • Consequently, as summer root decline proceeds, leaf tissue cytokinin levels drop. (golfdom.com)
  • The results were quite positive, showing that greater maintenance of chlorophyll and photosynthesis was related to increased leaf tissue cytokinin content. (golfdom.com)
  • These data show that repeated (14-day) foliar applications of SWE over 42 days of heat stress resulted in leaf cytokinin contents that were just below that of non-heat stressed creeping bentgrass and 42 percent higher than heat-stressed creeping bentgrass that had not received SWE applications. (golfdom.com)
  • Boosted leaf tissue cytokinins due to SWE foliar application translated into 15 percent less root decline over the 42-day heat stress trial. (golfdom.com)
  • Leaves of ahk2 ahk3 mutants formed fewer cells, had reduced chlorophyll content, and lacked the cytokinin-dependent inhibition of dark-induced chlorophyll loss, indicating a prominent role of AHK2 and, particularly, AHK3 in the control of leaf development. (nih.gov)
  • Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. (answerlib.org)
  • The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen × cytokinin on plant height, number of branches, leaf, stem and whole plant dry weights, essential oil percentage and yield was significant (p ≤0.01). (ac.ir)
  • It would be of great interest to explore the molecular mechanisms of how cytokinin transport and metabolism towards and in the grains influence their development. (plantae.org)
  • Exogenous 6-BA also increased root cytokinin level (Wang et al. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Exogenous cytokinin application to Actinidia chinensis var. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cytokinin positively regulates cell division and also serves a key role in establishing organization within shoot stem cell centers. (answerlib.org)
  • Our results support a model in which cytokinin up-regulates plant immunity via an elevation of SA-dependent defense responses and in which SA in turn feedback-inhibits cytokinin signaling. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Unchanged red light sensitivity of mutant hypocotyl elongation suggests that previously reported modulation of red light signaling by A-type response regulators may not depend on cytokinin. (nih.gov)
  • 3) It used to be widely used in agriculture, horticulture and fruits as plant growth regulators with cytokinin activity.Compounded with others:to be mixed with other pesticides,fertilizer to increase their effects. (plant-growthregulators.com)
  • Extensive research has identified cytokinins as a class of very effective antisenescence growth regulators (Woo et al. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
  • These functions for cytokinin in plant immunity require a host phosphorelay system and are mediated in part by type-A response regulators, which act as negative regulators of basal and pathogen-induced SA-dependent gene expression. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
  • Tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the intracellular metabolites (cytokinin monophosphorylated, diphosphorylated, and triphosphorylated nucleotides) in riboside-treated cells. (cas.cz)
  • According to the "direct inhibition hypothesis", these effects result from the ratio of cytokinin to auxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our findings reveal that modulation of cytokinin levels via CKX inhibition can positively affect plant growth, development and yield, and prove that CKX inhibitors can be an attractive target in plant biotechnology and agriculture. (rcsb.org)
  • Production of cytokinins by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 has been identified as a key determinant to efficiently control the infection of A. thaliana with P. syringae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although these compounds do not possess intrinsic cytokinin activity, we have demonstrated their tremendous potential for use in the plant tissue culture industry as well as in agriculture. (rcsb.org)
  • Cytokinins participate in local and long-distance signalling, with the same transport mechanism as purines and nucleosides. (wikipedia.org)
  • We describe here a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection method for quantifying intact cytokinin nucleotides in human K-562 leukemia cells. (cas.cz)
  • With increasing the amount of nitrogen and cytokinin, all the studied traits (except harvest index) increased significantly compared to the control. (ac.ir)
  • Thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus. (mpg.de)
  • Ontogenetic changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and effects of cytokinins 36: 527-528. (ac.ir)
  • No phenylurea cytokinins have been found in plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • In most cases, transgenic pAHK2:rock2 and pAHK3:rock3 lines showed more prominent phenotypes compared to rock2 and rock3 mutant plants, indicating a higher cytokinin status in the transgenic lines. (fu-berlin.de)
  • What is cytokinin responsible for in plants? (answerlib.org)
  • The crosstalk between cytokinin and SA signaling networks may help plants fine-tune defense responses against pathogens. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Cytokinin action in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. (notulaebotanicae.ro)
  • Using map-based cloning, the rock3 mutant allele was identified as missense mutation in the AHK3 cytokinin receptor gene, and the rock4 mutant allele was identified as a missense mutation in the cytokinin synthesis gene IPT3. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Lethem (1963) proposed the term Cytokinins for such substances. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased cytokinin content of receptor mutants indicates a homeostatic control of steady state cytokinin levels through signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Cytokinins act in concert with auxin, another plant growth hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins are a type of phyto-hormone that direct a number of growth and stress-response processes. (golfdom.com)
  • Does cytokinin inhibit root growth? (answerlib.org)
  • What do cytokinins do for growth? (answerlib.org)
  • Does cytokinins affect plant growth? (answerlib.org)
  • How do cytokinins promote growth? (answerlib.org)
  • Is cytokinin a growth regulator? (answerlib.org)
  • How does cytokinin is responsible for growth and development of plant? (answerlib.org)
  • How does cytokinin influence plant growth? (answerlib.org)
  • All cytokinin plant growth regulator wholesalers & cytokinin plant growth regulator manufacturers come from members. (slimtheme.com)
  • We doesn't provide cytokinin plant growth regulator products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. (slimtheme.com)
  • These results suggest that cytokinins are an important regulatory factor of plant meristem activity and morphogenesis , with opposing roles in shoots and roots. (answerlib.org)
  • Using a multi-cellular model, we also analyse the roles of cytokinin and auxin in specifying the three main regions of the primary root (elongation, transition and division zones), our simulation results being in good agreement with independent experimental observations. (edu.sa)
  • Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken together, the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutations are interesting tools to research the effects of an enhanced cytokinin status during plant development and gave new insight into cytokinin regulated processes. (fu-berlin.de)
  • This active compound was named as Kinetin because of its ability to promote cell division and was the first cytokinin to be named. (wikipedia.org)
  • Controlling the content of the plant hormone cytokinin is a method of improving plant productivity. (rcsb.org)
  • Cytokinins were discovered during the 1950s because of their ability to induce plant cell division (1). (answerlib.org)
  • In short, cytokinins are known as the "stay green" hormone. (golfdom.com)
  • Cambium and other actively dividing tissues also synthesize cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutant seeds had more rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity, unraveling cytokinin functions in seed germination control. (nih.gov)
  • Both auxin-dependent and auxin-independent mechanisms have been uncovered by which cytokinin stimulates the endocycle in roots . (answerlib.org)
  • The partial repression of HvSWEET11b transcription altered the allocation of both sucrose and cytokinin in the grain and resulted in fewer endosperm cells, lower starch and protein accumulation, and a reduction of the grain size at maturity. (plantae.org)
  • Two-Component Elements Mediate Interactions between Cytokinin and Sali" by Cristiana T. Argueso, Fernando J. Ferreira et al. (dartmouth.edu)
  • When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, it has been shown that cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
  • Seaweed extract (SWE)-based cytokinins have been used to improve stress tolerance, but their specific effects on creeping bentgrass under supraoptimal temperatures are lacking. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Beneficial effects of SWE on heat tolerance appear to be associated with their organic, especially cytokinin, components and not the mineral (ashed) fraction. (bioagservicescorp.com)
  • Autoimmune antibody production and inflammatory cytokinins may also be responsible for temporal variability in arrhythmia propensities, such as the deleterious effects of fever in patients with Brugada syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)