CGMPSynthaseDiguanylic acidIntracellular cyclicPhosphodiesteraseNucleotidesPathwayProtein KinasesPhosphodiesterasesCGASConcentrationsBacterialInhibitorBiofilm formationVascularGuanosine CyclicCalcium mobilizationEnzymesDegradeHigh-affinityPhosphorylationPseudomonasRegulatesInducesMotilityEndotheliumCone PhotoreceptorsSynthesisRelaxationTransientlyEnzymeAccumulationMetabolismEndogenousProteinsRegulationDistinctSensorIncreasesCellsBacteriaMechanismsLevelsFormation
CGMP7
- Nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) suppressed glutamatergic synaptic transmission to trigeminal motoneurons in brain stem slices of neonatal rats. (nih.gov)
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: 8-Nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), formed nitric oxide (NO)-dependently, is a physiological second messenger, yet little is known about its role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. (elsevierpure.com)
- FRET-based cyclic GMP biosensors measure low cGMP concentrations in cardiomyocytes and neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
- We used the carboxyl-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) flanked by different FRET pairs to generate two cGMP biosensors (Yellow PfPKG and Red PfPKG). (ox.ac.uk)
- Application of flow increased epithelial cell height and apical and basolateral secretion of cyclic GMP (cGMP) under baseline, unstimulated conditions. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Vericiguat stimulates sGC, the intracellular receptor for endogenous NO, which catalyzes cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. (medscape.com)
- CIALIS® (tadalafil), an oral treatment for erectile dysfunction, is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). (theodora.com)
Synthase8
- The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus in order to produce microbial cellulose. (wikipedia.org)
- In Gluconacetobacter xylinus, c-di-GMP stimulates the polymerization of glucose into cellulose as a high affinity allosteric activator of the enzyme cellulose synthase. (wikipedia.org)
- The Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose synthase is allosterically stimulated by cyclic di-GMP, presenting a mechanism by which cyclic di-GMP can regulate cellulose synthase activity. (wikipedia.org)
- This leads to the strong inference that conformational changes in PilZ domains allow the activity of targeted effector proteins (such as cellulose synthase) to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP. (wikipedia.org)
- The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Dysfunctional telomeres trigger cellular senescence mediated by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. (bvsalud.org)
- We found that this phenomenon is caused not by telomere shortening , but by cyclic GMP -AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizing cytosolic chromatin fragments and then activating the stimulator of interferon genes ( STING ) cytosolic DNA -sensing pathway and downstream interferon signaling. (bvsalud.org)
- We re-established the decreased survival in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and determined that the cyclic-di-GMP-binding cellulose synthase BcsA was responsible for decreased survival in macrophages. (etsu.edu)
Diguanylic acid1
- A large number of genes coding for enzymes predicted to synthesize and degrade 3′-5′-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) is found in most bacterial genomes and this dinucleotide emerged as an intracellular signal-controlling bacterial behaviour. (inrs.ca)
Intracellular cyclic3
- Antithrombotic activities of ferulic acid via intracellular cyclic nucleotide signaling. (uchicago.edu)
- We also found that the wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 cells attached on soft (40:1) PDMS have higher level of intracellular cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a key regulator of biofilm formation, compared to those on stiff (5:1) PDMS surfaces. (syr.edu)
- Relaxes vascular smooth muscle by stimulating intracellular cyclic GMP. (medscape.com)
Phosphodiesterase3
- Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is affected by proteins with phosphodiesterase activity. (wikipedia.org)
- A lower concentration of melittin (1 μg/ml) elevated cyclic GMP levels approximately twofold, while exposure to 1 μg/ml melittin in the presence of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, M&B 22948 (1 mM), increased cyclic GMP levels fivefold. (elsevierpure.com)
- The interaction with the non-selective PDE (cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was tested after three days. (scirp.org)
Nucleotides2
- Several FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)-based biosensors for intracellular detection of cyclic nucleotides have been designed in the past decade. (ox.ac.uk)
- Chen, Z.S., Lee, K. and Kruh, G.D. (2001) Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides and Estradiol 17-Beta-d-glucuronide by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4. (scirp.org)
Pathway2
- Functional characterization of core components of the Bacillus subtilis cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathway. (uchicago.edu)
- These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of E. coli LPS may be involved in the activation of a nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation. (tmu.edu.tw)
Protein Kinases3
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Phosphodiesterases1
- The concentration of cyclic-di-GMP is regulated by the presence of external stimuli, sensor CMEs (diguanylate cyclases, DGCs, and phosphodiesterases, PDEs), and cyclic-di-GMP binding effectors. (etsu.edu)
CGAS1
- cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′cGAMP). (frontiersin.org)
Concentrations3
- Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate gene expression in response to cyclic di-GMP concentrations in a variety of bacteria, but not all bacteria that are known to use cyclic di-GMP. (wikipedia.org)
- Main efflux pumps or β-lactamase genes did not show altered mRNA levels in P. aeruginosa strains with modified different c-di-GMP concentrations. (inrs.ca)
- Previous studies established that maintenance of low cyclic-di-GMP concentrations is required for survival in macrophages and that the deletion of 3 active PDEs reduces this survival. (etsu.edu)
Bacterial3
- Recent structural studies of PilZ domains from two bacterial species have demonstrated that PilZ domains change conformation drastically upon binding to cyclic di-GMP. (wikipedia.org)
- Immediate activation of chemosensory neuron gene expression by bacterial metabolites is selectively induced by distinct cyclic GMP-dependent pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans. (harvard.edu)
- Regulation of the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP in Salmonella Typhimurium allows it to delicately alter phenotypes to optimize invasion and survive intracellularly in epithelial cells and macrophages to become virulent and cause infection. (etsu.edu)
Inhibitor1
- Exposure to the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue, prevented the increased levels of cyclic GMP. (elsevierpure.com)
Biofilm formation3
- Processes that are known to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP, at least in some organisms, include biofilm formation (such as EPS matrices found by Steiner et al 2013), motility (especially the motile-to-sessile transition, see the review by Jenal et al 2017) and virulence factor production. (wikipedia.org)
- An association between high levels of c-di-GMP and antibiotic resistance may be expected because c-di-GMP regulates biofilm formation and this mode of growth leads to enhanced antibiotic resistance. (inrs.ca)
- Collectively, the results from this study suggest that P. aeruginosa can sense the stiffness of substrate material during attachment and respond to such mechanical cues by adjusting c-di-GMP level and thus the following biofilm formation. (syr.edu)
Vascular1
- Garg, U.C. and Hassid, A. (1989) Nitric Oxide-Generating Vasodilators and 8-Bromo-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Inhibit Mitogenesis and Proliferation of Cultured Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. (scirp.org)
Guanosine Cyclic1
- Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). (uchicago.edu)
Calcium mobilization1
- These data suggest that there may be subtypes of the PGE1 receptor in this clone: a high-affinity receptor mediating cyclic AMP formation, and a low-affinity receptor mediating IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. (shengsci.com)
Enzymes4
- Enzymes that degrade or synthesize cyclic di-GMP are believed to be localized to specific regions of the cell, where they influence receivers in a restricted space. (wikipedia.org)
- Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP. (wikipedia.org)
- A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins. (harvard.edu)
- Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate. (umassmed.edu)
Degrade1
- The models of most immune evasion during innate immune responses are conserved, including altering the post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of vital proteins to inactivate or degrade these components, eluding DNA sensing from PRRs, decreasing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) cellular abundance, and modifying metabolism approach in host cells ( Eaglesham and Kranzusch, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)
High-affinity1
- Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING. (medchemexpress.com)
Phosphorylation1
- The effect of phosphorylation by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) on the activity of the plasmalemmal Ca2+-transport ATPase was studied on isolated plasma membranes and on the ATPase purified from pig erythrocytes and from the smooth muscle of pig stomach and pig aorta. (portlandpress.com)
Pseudomonas3
- For a review of c-di-GMP roles in Caulobacter crescentus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Komagataeibacter xylinus/Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Myxococcus xanthus, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Pseudomonas fluorescens see Jenal et al 2017. (wikipedia.org)
- Cyclic-di-GMP levels affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa fitness in the presence of imipenem Environmental Microbiology , vol. 16 , nº 5. (inrs.ca)
- We found that increased levels of c-di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa improve fitness in the presence of imipenem, even when grown as planktonic cells. (inrs.ca)
Regulates3
- P. aeruginosa post-transcriptionally regulates the amounts of five porins in response to c-di-GMP, including OprD, responsible for imipenem uptake. (inrs.ca)
- Further studies on how cyclic-di-GMP regulates Salmonella Typhimurium intracellular survival could lead to identifying a potential alternative drug target for treating its infections. (etsu.edu)
- It blocks the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel responsible for the cardiac pacemaker I(f) "funny" current, which regulates heart rate without any effect on ventricular repolarization or myocardial contractility. (medscape.com)
Induces1
- We describe structures of apo and c-di-GMP-bound GlgX and, strikingly, their comparison shows c-di-GMP induces long-range conformational changes, reorganizing the catalytic pocket to an active state. (nih.gov)
Motility1
- Cyclic GMP and cilia motility. (cdc.gov)
Endothelium3
- Removal of the endothelium prevented the increased levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP due to melittin. (elsevierpure.com)
- Relaxations to melittin, and to the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine, trypsin, histamine, and the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187, and/or the associated increased cyclic GMP levels, were reduced following exposure to melittin. (elsevierpure.com)
- The present results suggest that polycation containing peptides induce endothelium-dependent relaxation through elevation of cyclic GMP levels within the smooth muscle. (elsevierpure.com)
Cone Photoreceptors1
- Mutations in the genes encoding the CNGA3 and CNGB3 subunits of the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel of cone photoreceptors have been associated with autosomal recessive achromatopsia. (jneurosci.org)
Synthesis1
- Finally, we identified an active DGC whose deletion within the 3xKO PDEs restores survival levels, suggesting that this enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP during macrophage infection. (etsu.edu)
Relaxation2
- Involvement of cyclic GMP and potassium channels in relaxation evoked by the nitric oxide donor, diethylamine NONOate, in the rat small isolated mesenteric artery. (ox.ac.uk)
- Cyclic GMP causes smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow into the corpus cavernosum. (theodora.com)
Transiently1
- Melittin (10 μg/ml)-induced relaxations were associated with transiently elevated levels of cyclic GMP with a peak increase of 30-fold, which occurred 30 seconds after melittin exposure. (elsevierpure.com)
Enzyme1
- Here we show that c-di-GMP also binds the glycogen-debranching-enzyme, GlgX, uncovering a direct link between c-di-GMP and glycogen metabolism in bacteria. (nih.gov)
Accumulation3
- There was more than a 10-fold difference between the ED50 for PGE1 at cyclic AMP formation (70 nM) and its ED50 values at IP accumulation (1 microM), cyclic GMP formation (2 microM), and [Ca2+]i increase (5 microM). (shengsci.com)
- PGE1-mediated IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and [Ca2+]i increase depended on both the concentration of PGE1 and extracellular calcium ions. (shengsci.com)
- PGE1 had more potent intrinsic activity in cyclic AMP formation, IP accumulation, and cyclic GMP formation than did PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or PGD2. (shengsci.com)
Metabolism1
- Overall, we identify a function of c-di-GMP in controlling energy storage metabolism in bacteria, which is widespread in Actinobacteria. (nih.gov)
Endogenous1
- 2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a endogenous cGAMP in mammalian cells. (medchemexpress.com)
Proteins1
- Cyclic di-GMP is synthesized by proteins with diguanylate cyclase activity. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation3
- The PilZ domain has been shown to bind cyclic di-GMP and is believed to be involved in cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation, but the mechanism by which it does this is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- This study aimed to further investigate the regulation of cyclic-di-GMP for survival in macrophages and epithelial cells. (etsu.edu)
- Pilz, R.B. and Broderick, K.E. (2005) Role of Cyclic GMP in Gene Regulation. (scirp.org)
Distinct1
- 2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) contains two distinct phosphodiester linkages, one between 2′-OH of GMP and 5′-phosphate of AMP, and the other between 3′-OH of AMP and 5′-phosphate of GMP [1] . (medchemexpress.com)
Sensor1
- STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. (medlineplus.gov)
Increases1
- Contact with surfaces increases c-di-GMP which increases transcription, translation, and post translation of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and other extracellular polymeric substance matrix components (see the review by Jenal et al 2017). (wikipedia.org)
Cells2
Bacteria1
- In bacteria, certain signals are communicated by synthesizing or degrading cyclic di-GMP. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms2
- Cyclic di-GMP levels are regulated using a variety of mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Cyclic di-GMP levels regulate other processes via a number of mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Levels5
- Together, our findings show that c-di-GMP levels modulate fitness of planktonic cultures in the presence of imipenem. (inrs.ca)
- Melittin (10 μg/ml) elevated cyclic AMP levels less than twofold and this effect was variable. (elsevierpure.com)
- Arachidonic acid increased cyclic AMP levels but had no effect on cyclic GMP levels in the presence or absence of indomethacin. (elsevierpure.com)
- PGE1 increased intracellular levels of total inositol phosphates (IP), cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, and calcium ([Ca2+]i). (shengsci.com)
- Effects on cerebellar cyclic GMP levels and cerebral monoamines. (aspetjournals.org)
Formation2
- In addition, LPS (200 and 500 μg/ml) significantly increased the formation of cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP in platelets. (tmu.edu.tw)
- A protein kinase C activator, 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate, had opposite effects on PGE1-mediated IP release and cyclic GMP formation (inhibitory) and cyclic AMP formation (stimulatory). (shengsci.com)