Metabolite of nicotineAffinity for cotinineElectronic nicotine delivery systemsConcentrationsBiomarkerPolycyclic aromatic hydSalivaNicotinic acetylchoUrineReceptorsConcentrationSerumMetabolismEndogenousNAChRsTobacco smokeSmokelessCytisineFormaldehydeAnalysesMiceIncreasesCigarette smoke0.05AntidepressantSmokersContrastAddictionRatsInteractionsMentholAntibodyVivoFunctionalMethodsGeneticClinicalConsumptionMembraneHigherNervousAffectsSignificantlySymptomsPregnancyBloodHalf-lifeCardiovascularDrugsEffectsChemicalsLevelsReductionProductsStudyTreatmentBody
Metabolite of nicotine3
- Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
- ETS exposure will also be assessed for examinees 3 years of age and older, through the measurement of serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. (cdc.gov)
- trans -3-Hydroxycotinine is the major urinary metabolite of nicotine in man and can serve as an important biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. (astm.org)
Affinity for cotinine2
- A few studies indicate that the affinity for cotinine to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is about 100 times lower than nicotine's. (wikipedia.org)
- This ELISA test has about 10 fold less affinity for cotinine and 1000-fold less affinity for nicotine and other nicotine metabolites. (astm.org)
Electronic nicotine delivery systems1
- E-cigarettes, also known as vape pens, e-cigars or vaping devices, are electronic nicotine delivery systems that produce an aerosol mixture of flavored liquid and nicotine for the user to inhale [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations6
- Salivary cotinine concentrations are highly correlated to blood cotinine concentrations, and can detect cotinine in a low range, making it the preferable option for a less invasive method of tobacco exposure testing. (wikipedia.org)
- Urine cotinine concentrations average four to six times higher than those in blood or saliva, making urine a more sensitive matrix to detect low-concentration exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- Cotinine concentrations are derived from the ratio of native to labeled cotinine in the sample, by comparisons to a standard curve. (cdc.gov)
- We measured urinary concentrations of 33 exposure biomarkers of nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). (cdc.gov)
- Conclusions Oral menthol can reduce the aversive effects of oral nicotine and, at higher concentrations, acts as an irritant by itself. (bmj.com)
- This claim is supported by animal studies, which have shown that the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke have reduced concentrations of pro-neurotoxins supposedly involved in the cause of PD, and that nicotine prevented parkinsonism in rodents. (diff.org)
Biomarker2
- UCd is a biomarker for lifetime cadmium exposure among people with lower, nonoccupational exposures because, in the absence of episodes of high-level exposure, cadmium-binding sites, primarily in the kidney and liver, are not saturated, and UCd increases in proportion to the amount of cadmium stored in the body ( Dillon and Ho 1991 ). (nih.gov)
- A sensitive ELISA test for trans-3-hydroxycotinine was developed with an I-50 for this nicotine biomarker of between 1.0-3.0 ng/ml. (astm.org)
Polycyclic aromatic hyd1
- The aerosol created by e-cigarettes contains a wide variety of chemical components such as propylene glycol, glycerol, nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds, flavours, traces of heavy metals, etc. (europa.eu)
Saliva4
- The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. (wikipedia.org)
- Drug tests can detect cotinine in the blood, urine, or saliva. (wikipedia.org)
- Cotinine may be measured in serum, urine or saliva - the half-life of cotinine in all three fluids is essentially the same. (cdc.gov)
- This ELISA is therefore a sensitive test for the determination of trans -3-hydroxycotinine in plasma, saliva, and urine samples from humans and animals, and can be used to monitor exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine. (astm.org)
Nicotinic acetylcho1
- Similarly to nicotine, cotinine binds to, activates, and desensitizes neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, though at much lower potency in comparison. (wikipedia.org)
Urine1
- This is a quantitative urine test utilizing Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using Multiple Reaction Monitoring to determine presence and concentration of nicotine and cotinine. (marshfieldlabs.org)
Receptors4
- The data indicate that [3H]ACh recognition sites on nicotinic receptors are subject to up- and down-regulation, and that repeated administration of nicotine results in a signal for up-regulation, probably through protracted desensitization at the recognition site. (nih.gov)
- Oestrogen and xenoestrogens mediate critical points in carcinogenesis by binding to oestrogen receptors, whose distribution is age-, gender-, and tissue-specific. (biomedcentral.com)
- Varenicline acts like nicotine and stimulates nicotine receptors in the brain, but to a lesser extent, and simultaneously block nicotine binding to its receptors and thus reduces the rewarding effects of cigarette smoking. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Isoflurane likely binds to GABA , glutamate and glycine receptors, but has different effects on each receptor. (mdwiki.org)
Concentration2
- During the first trimester, all had a concentration of cotinine - a nicotine byproduct - in their blood consistent with low levels of smoke exposure, ranging from essentially none to levels consistent with secondhand smoke. (eurekalert.org)
- When presented with a highly aversive concentration of nicotine (200 µg/mL), mice preferred solutions with 50 or 100 µg/mL menthol added over nicotine alone. (bmj.com)
Serum4
- Therefore, serum was chosen for NHANES cotinine analyses. (cdc.gov)
- Serum cotinine is measured by an isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography / atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ID HPLC-APCI MS/MS). Briefly, the serum sample is spiked with methyl-D3 cotinine as an internal standard, and after an equilibration period, the sample is applied to a basified solid-phase extraction column. (cdc.gov)
- Malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in tissue and serum in the nicotine group ( P = 0.01). (biomedcentral.com)
- Serum catalase (CAT) and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) both were reduced in tissue and the serum, in the nicotine group. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism1
Endogenous1
- If this is true, cotinine would facilitate endogenous neurotransmission without directly stimulating nAChRs. (wikipedia.org)
NAChRs1
- Some work suggests that cotinine may be a positive allosteric modulator of α7 nAChRs. (wikipedia.org)
Tobacco smoke4
- Health Sciences, products of combustion of organic materials and are not of nicotine is converted to cotinine, primarily by SoonChunHyang University, specific to tobacco smoke exposure. (cdc.gov)
- While menthol is known to reduce respiratory irritation by tobacco smoke irritants, it is not known whether this activity extends to oral nicotine and its aversive effects. (bmj.com)
- Tobacco smoke contains several known reproductive toxicants such as carbon monoxide, carbon disulphide, nicotine, cadmium and lead. (europa.eu)
- Tobacco smoke consists of nicotine which is a strongly addictive substance. (europa.eu)
Smokeless2
- Background Nicotine is a major oral irritant in smokeless tobacco products and has an aversive taste. (bmj.com)
- Nicotine levels in smokeless tobacco products are sufficient to be perceived as irritating by humans, eliciting burning and tingling sensations in the mouth. (bmj.com)
Cytisine1
- Randomised, placebo-controlled trials have shown that cytisine is more effective than placebo and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)for smoking cessation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Formaldehyde1
- E-cigarettes can contain many of the same toxic chemicals that are found in traditional cigarettes, including nicotine, formaldehyde, and nitrosamines. (jacobchills.com)
Analyses1
- Scatchard analyses indicated that the decrease in binding in the cortex was due to a reduction in the apparent density of [3H]ACh recognition sites. (nih.gov)
Mice2
- In contrast to wild-type mice, Trpm8−/− showed a strong aversion to mentholated (100 µg/mL) nicotine (200 µg/mL) and preferred nicotine alone. (bmj.com)
- Higher levels of cotinine were detected in the mice inhaling mentholated cigarette smoke than in the mice inhaling non-mentholated smoke, implying that menthol increases nicotine uptake. (bmj.com)
Increases1
- Following treatment with nicotine, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increases. (biomedcentral.com)
Cigarette smoke2
- Detection of secondhand cigarette smoke via nicotine using conductive polymer films. (freshairsensor.com)
- Cell culture experiments using the type II cell-like cell line, A549, tested whether lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components affected binding and activation of retinoic acid response elements in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
0.051
- 0.05) decreased retinoic acid-induced binding and activation of the retinoic acid receptor response element in A549 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Antidepressant2
- Cotinine was developed as an antidepressant as a fumaric acid salt, cotinine fumarate, to be sold under the brand name Scotine but it was never marketed. (wikipedia.org)
- A number of pharmacotherapies are available for smoking cessation in New Zealand including nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, an antidepressant medication and varenicline. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Smokers2
- African American smokers generally have higher plasma cotinine levels than Caucasian smokers. (wikipedia.org)
- Backwoods Blunts Offer A Different Kind Of Buzz Experienced smokers that have a tolerance to nicotine may find that they get a burst of energy and a slightly more elevated high after smoking on a Backwoods. (vidaypoesia.es)
Contrast2
Addiction1
- Nicotine: Multiple chemicals are present but nicotine is the most important because of carcinogenesis and addiction reinforcing features via the reward system. (jacobchills.com)
Rats1
- In vivo study in treated rats by nicotine also resulted in the reduction of follicle numbers, and ovarian cholesterol and glycogen elevation [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Interactions1
- Because cotinine is the main metabolite to nicotine and has been shown to be pharmacologically active, it has been suggested that some of nicotine's effects in the nervous system may be mediated by cotinine and/or complex interactions with nicotine itself. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody1
- Specificity of antibody binding was determined by blocking with cognate peptide. (trpv-antagonist.com)
Vivo1
- Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. (wikipedia.org)
Functional1
- Characterization of functional states in nicotine and cotinine imprinted poly (vinylphenol) films by nanoindentation. (freshairsensor.com)
Methods1
- The methods and compositions of the invention use binding agents, e.g., antibodies, specific for the extracellular domain of human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). (patsnap.com)
Genetic1
- Since CYP2A6 activity differs by sex (estrogen induces CYP2A6) and genetic variation, cotinine accumulates in individuals with slower CYP2A6 activity, resulting in substantial differences in cotinine levels for a given tobacco exposure. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical1
Consumption1
- a product that can be used for consumption of nicotine-containing vapour via a mouthpiece, or any component of that product, including a cartridge, a tank and the device without cartridge or tank. (europa.eu)
Membrane1
- Peroxisomes are small, single membrane-bound organelles found in all eukaryotic cells and are similar to lysosomes in size and morphology. (cmvpromotor.com)
Higher3
- Males generally have higher plasma cotinine levels than females. (wikipedia.org)
- If you feel higher, it's likely as a result of having mixed nicotine with marijuana because your blunt is wrapped in a tobacco leaf. (vidaypoesia.es)
- When cotinine levels were higher, the newborns were more likely to have epigenetic "marks" on genes that control the development of brain function, as well as genes related to diabetes and cancer. (eurekalert.org)
Nervous1
- To solidify their results, the team repeated the analysis in a separate sample of 115 women and found changes to two of the same disease-related epigenetic regions - one that regulates genes involved in inflammation and diabetes and another that regulates cardiovascular and nervous system functions - are correlated with cotinine levels in mothers. (eurekalert.org)
Affects1
- These marks could mean either unusually many or unusually few molecules bound to the DNA strand, which affects how accessible a particular gene is. (eurekalert.org)
Significantly1
- In comparison to the control or sham groups, nicotine significantly reduced the levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol hormones. (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms1
Pregnancy1
- After these women gave birth, the researchers sampled the umbilical cord blood, which is the same blood that circulates through the fetus in utero, and performed what's referred to as an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) to search for correlations between blood cotinine levels of the mothers during pregnancy and epigenetic patterns in the babies at birth. (eurekalert.org)
Blood2
Half-life1
Cardiovascular1
- Nicotine, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen monoxide have cardiovascular effects. (europa.eu)
Drugs1
- Depot effects occur for other drugs introduced into the body that allow local absorption, such as smoking of tobacco (nicotine), cocaine, amphetamines, or use of sub-lingual buprenorphine. (nomedicalcare.com)
Effects3
- Nonetheless, treatment with cotinine in humans was reported to have no significant physiologic, subjective, or performance effects in one study, though others suggest that this may not be the case. (wikipedia.org)
- Menthol's effects in relation to nicotine require TRPM8, the cool temperature sensing ion channel that activates analgesic and counterirritant mechanisms. (bmj.com)
- It is currently controversial whether menthol's counterirritant activity extends to oral nicotine and its aversive effects. (bmj.com)
Chemicals2
- Some of these chemicals bind to and damage DNA, eventually leading to mutations and tumor formation, while others increase cancer risk indirectly, for example by harming the immune system and promoting inflammation. (cxbladder.com)
- But i think you are referring to chemicals like nicotine. (jacobchills.com)
Levels3
- These systematic differences in cotinine levels were attributed to variation in CYP2A6 activity. (wikipedia.org)
- At steady state, plasma cotinine levels are determined by the amount of cotinine formation and the rate of cotinine removal, which are both mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6. (wikipedia.org)
- More bad news (sorry): Declining testosterone levels is also accompanied by a rise in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG), which means that more testosterone binds to proteins leaving less for normal functions. (top.me)
Reduction2
- Nicotine induced a reduction in the proliferative indexes of granulosa and theca cells in pre-antral and antral follicles ( P = 0.001). (biomedcentral.com)
- This study showed ginseng protects folliculogenesis via alteration of hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, induction of proliferation in ovarian somatic cells, reduction of lipid peroxidation, and downregulation of apoptotic markers in the mouse ovary, treated with nicotine. (biomedcentral.com)
Products1
Study1
- This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Panax Ginseng (PG) on folliculogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in the ovary impaired by nicotine. (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment5
- Cotinine is currently being studied as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Cotinine treatment has also been shown to reduce depression, anxiety, and fear-related behavior as well as memory impairment in animal models of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- After 10 days of treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate, [3H]ACh binding in the cortex, thalamus, striatum, and hypothalamus was decreased. (nih.gov)
- Further, concurrent treatment with these antagonists and nicotine did not prevent the nicotine-induced increase in these binding sites. (nih.gov)
- Co-Treatment with ginseng also reduced the expression of apoptotic markers and increased the proliferative indexes in granulosa and theca cells in pre-antral and antral follicles and also in stroma cells, in comparison to the nicotine group ( P = 0.001). (biomedcentral.com)
Body1
- Now, do cigars get you high by sending nicotine into your body? (vidaypoesia.es)