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ChromosomesChromosome MappingChromosome BandingX ChromosomeChromosome AberrationsSex ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanChromosomes, BacterialChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosome PairingChromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15KaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 16-18In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 13-15Genetic LinkageChromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YRing ChromosomesChromosome InversionGenetic MarkersChromosome PositioningChromosomes, Human, 4-5Molecular Sequence DataX Chromosome InactivationCentromereBase SequenceChromosomes, InsectTranslocation, GeneticMeiosisHybrid CellsChromosome StructuresChromosomes, Human, 19-20AneuploidyMetaphaseMitosisRecombination, GeneticLod ScorePedigreeCrosses, GeneticMutationMicrosatellite RepeatsPhenotypeAllelesCloning, MolecularTrisomyNondisjunction, GeneticChromosomes, Artificial, HumanKinetochoresNucleic Acid HybridizationTelomereDNAChromosome WalkingChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneAmino Acid SequenceChromosomal InstabilitySpindle ApparatusBlotting, SouthernModels, GeneticSequence Analysis, DNAChromosome FragilityGenotypeQuantitative Trait LociHaplotypesChromosome DuplicationDNA, SatelliteDNA ProbesPolymerase Chain Reaction
PathogenGenomeSpeciesGeneticsPathogensSegregationGenesStrainsFungiYeast artificial chromosomesMeioticRecombinationStructuresArtificialAnaphaseGenePathogenicityMitoticVirulenceChromosomalResistanceBacterialInfectionsCellsChromatinAneuploidyMeiosisEukaryotesHumansAnti-fungalTranslocationCentromereSequencesGenomicOrganismPhysiologyEvolutionHighly condensedPairBiologyMicrobialGenomesMetaphaseSegregateFungusPlantDiploidGenomicsDecompositionMitosisHumanCryptococcusSurprisinglyGreatly
Pathogen8
  • The major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans possesses a diploid genome, but responds to growth in challenging environments by employing chromosome aneuploidy as an adaptation mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is part of the normal microbial community of the digestive tract and genitalia of humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The emerging fungal pathogen causes severe pulmonary and central nervous system infections, and is fatal if left untreated. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of F. oxysporum , converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. (nature.com)
  • Oilseed rape residues are a crucial determinant of stem canker epidemiology, as they support the sexual reproduction of the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans . (biorxiv.org)
  • The role of the microbiota in the plant's response to a disease or in the pathogenicity of a fungal pathogen is currently being studied in various pathosystems, but remains poorly understood. (biorxiv.org)
  • This article also leads to a greater involvement in aneuploidy research on fungal pathogen. (growkudos.com)
  • Candida auris is an emergent multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing increasing reports of outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Genome16
  • C. albicans normally possesses a diploid genome organized in eight pairs of chromosomes, but uses reversible loss or gain of an entire chromosome or a large part of chromosomes to survive in toxic environments that would otherwise kill cells or prevent their propagation [reviewed in 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in F. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. (nature.com)
  • In the human genome, which is estimated to contain 25 000 genes, DNA is arranged into 24 distinct chromosomes (courtesy U.S. Department of Energy, Genome Management Information System). (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • In the 1960's, Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist Susumu Ohno proposed a theory in which the genes determining sex first arose at various spots scattered across the entire genome , but over time were "captured" on the sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • Many techniques have been devised to capture the architectural information within whole genome [ 1 - 9 ], among which the High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture (Hi-C) technique has gained widespread adoption. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most fungal natural products are encoded in regions of the genome called biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Keller's team uses fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) to express BGC-sized regions of the fungal genome in an A. nidulans model to find new BGCs and their associated natural products. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)
  • To facilitate M. grisea genome analysis, physical mapping, and positional cloning, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from the rice infecting strain 70-15. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • When a HEG is integrated into its recognition sequence in the genome, its protein product acts to cleave its cognate site on the homologous chromosome and gene conversion or homologous recombination can result in a new copy of the HEG being inserted. (plos.org)
  • The fungal genome can range from simple, streamlined sequences to more complex arrangements with a plethora of genes, introns, exons, and regulatory elements. (mycologyst.art)
  • With the advent of modern sequencing technologies, it's now possible to decode the entire genome of a fungal organism. (mycologyst.art)
  • Within the vast expanse of the fungal genome lie genes, which are sequences of DNA that code for proteins or functional RNA molecules. (mycologyst.art)
  • We studied chromosome structure in complete genome sequences from 167 Bordetella species isolates, as well as 469 B. pertussis isolates, to gain a generalized understanding of rearrangement patterns among these related pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we analyze near complete genome assemblies for the four C. auris clades and three related species, and map intra- and inter-species rearrangements across the seven chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Species20
  • The fungal species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii cause respiratory and neurological disease in animals and humans following inhalation of basidiospores or desiccated yeast cells from the environment. (duke.edu)
  • Among all fungal species, yeasts are the best-studied and easiest to domesticate by humans. (eurekalert.org)
  • Several species are opportunistic disease-causing pathogens, associated with mild-to-severe fungal infections and even cancer. (eurekalert.org)
  • Therefore, it has become imperative to study and manipulate the biology of fungal species for critical biotechnological applications, especially the development of antifungal drugs. (eurekalert.org)
  • In eukaryotes, the number and rough organization of chromosomes is well preserved within isolates of the same species. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Species concepts criteria for fungal delimitation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regardless of the name or species, Heitman contends that some universal principles could govern the evolution of all sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • Common bunt, caused by two fungal species, Tilletia caries and Tilletia laevis , is one of the most potentially destructive diseases of wheat. (mdpi.com)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • Some of these weapons, which take the form of natural products that are toxic to unrelated fungal species, have serendipitously been identified as life-saving drugs for humans: penicillin, statins, and cyclosporine to name a few. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • To do this, scientists developed heterologous expression systems to isolate potentially interesting BGCs from diverse fungal species that may be otherwise difficult or impossible to grow in the lab. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Because fungi have so many BGCs, and many of them are conserved across fungal species, it's important for drug discovery efforts to identify the ones that code for new compounds. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)
  • Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogens that infect more than 500 plant species throughout the world. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The number and size of these chromosomes can vary greatly among different fungal species. (mycologyst.art)
  • 240 copies of IS481, IS elements appear less numerous in other species and yield less chromosome structural diversity through rearrangement. (cdc.gov)
  • The chromosome of B. pertussis has previously been shown to exhibit considerable structural rearrangement, but insufficient data have prevented comparable investigation in related species. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we analyze chromosome structure variation in several Bordetella species to gain a generalized understanding of rearrangement patterns in this genus. (cdc.gov)
  • Gene expression analysis identifies transporters and metabolic regulators specific to C. auris and those conserved with related species which may contribute to differences in drug response in this emerging fungal clade. (cdc.gov)
Genetics5
  • www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genetics. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • More than 950 delegates from 35 countries gathered for the 26th Fungal Genetics Conference in Asilomar, California. (bspp.org.uk)
  • Fungal Genetics and Biology , 21 (3), 337-347. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Fitzgerald-Hayes.Mutations from inside the CEN3 trigger aberrant chromosome segregation duringmeiosis during the Saccharomycescerevisiae.Genetics -489 (1989). (realprowa.com)
  • However, the intricacies of fungal genetics offer a unique perspective on inheritance, variation, and evolution in the microbial world. (mycologyst.art)
Pathogens3
  • That the number of chromosomes among field isolates of other fungal pathogens is variable is suggestive that aneuploidy may also play a significant role in karyotype variability. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Amphibians are suffering catastrophic declines in biodiversity across the globe due to lethal fungal and viral pathogens. (plymouth.ac.uk)
  • The resulting chromosome structural fluidity presents both challenges and opportunity for the study of Bordetella respiratory pathogens.IMPORTANCE Bordetella pertussis is the primary agent of whooping cough (pertussis). (cdc.gov)
Segregation6
Genes12
  • Moreover, analysis showed that while expression of many genes on the monosomic Ch5 is altered in accordance with the chromosome ploidy, expression of a large fraction of genes is increased to the normal diploid level, presumably compensating for gene dose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In light of data pointing to the importance of Ch5 in C. albicans drug resistance, there is a growing need to better understand the control of Ch5 ploidy and regulation of genes on this chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead of mutations occurring in individual genes, this yeast can mutate by reorganizing their chromosomes and make extra copies of large chromosome pieces. (wellnessresources.com)
  • They found that during evolution, a reshuffling of DNA known as translocation brought together separate chunks of sex-determining genes onto a single chromosome, essentially mimicking the human X or Y chromosome. (phys.org)
  • In C. amylolentus , dozens of genes at two different locations on the chromosomes control what's called a tetrapolar, or four-part, mating system. (phys.org)
  • [7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)
  • The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)
  • Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)
  • In particular, HEG gene drive could be particularly effective if activity was restricted to the male germline to target genes required for female fertility/viability or engineered to destroy the X-chromosome by cutting at multiple X-specific sites [5] , [6] . (plos.org)
  • KEY MESSAGE: The diploid wheat recessive stem rust resistance gene SrTm4 was fine-mapped to a 754-kb region on chromosome arm 2AmL and potential candidate genes were identified. (bvsalud.org)
  • These genes govern various fungal processes, from metabolism to reproduction. (mycologyst.art)
  • The expression of these genes, which can be influenced by both internal and external factors, leads to the synthesis of proteins that carry out specific functions within the fungal cell. (mycologyst.art)
Strains5
  • Although the gene sequences were well conserved among different strains, their chromosome structures differed drastically. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in F. oxysporum . (nature.com)
  • Similar to the region carrying Ave1 , we identified multiple genomic regions with limited distribution among V. dahliae strains that coincide with large-scale interruptions of chromosome synteny and are enriched for effectors. (uu.nl)
  • Strains derived from some of the aneuploid spore colonies had very high frequencies of mitotic chromosome loss, resulting in genetically diverse populations of cells. (duke.edu)
  • Whooping cough (pertussis), primarily caused by Bordetella pertussis, has resurged in the United States, and circulating strains exhibit considerable chromosome structural fluidity in the form of rearrangement and deletion. (cdc.gov)
Fungi7
  • Supercharging SIP in the Fungal Hyphosphere Applying high-throughput stable isotope probing to the study of a particular fungi, researchers identified novel interactions between bacteria and the fungi. (doe.gov)
  • Fungal community structure differed between the two lines at harvest, but not subsequently, suggesting that the presence/absence of the resistance gene influences the microbiome at the base of the stem whilst the plant is alive, but that this does not necessarily lead to differential colonisation of the residues by fungi. (biorxiv.org)
  • I investigated the role and evolution of fungal effectors from the tomato pathogenic fungi Cladosporium fulvum and Verticillium dahliae . (uu.nl)
  • The key to drug discovery with fungi is to find the BGCs [and] to be able to express them, whether it's in the endogenous fungus or in a model organism," said Nancy Keller, a fungal microbiologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Exposure to these organic materials and the numerous fungi involved in their decomposition causes people with chronic granulomatous disease to develop fungal infections in their lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fungi, like other eukaryotes, contain DNA organized into chromosomes within their nuclei. (mycologyst.art)
  • Some fungi possess just a few chromosomes, while others may have many. (mycologyst.art)
Yeast artificial chromosomes2
  • New vector for transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes to mammalian cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A modification vector has been constructed to facilitate the transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) to mammalian cells in culture by targeting a dominant selectable marker (G418 resistance) to the right arm of pYAC4 clones. (ox.ac.uk)
Meiotic5
  • Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • Surprisingly, the nup2Δ ndj1Δ double mutant failed to segregate chromosomes, even though the meiotic program continued. (biorxiv.org)
  • The events of meiotic prophase follow a specialized round of DNA replication when the meiotic chromosome axis is formed. (biorxiv.org)
  • A . Schematic of the bouquet configuration of chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. The spatial arrangement of chromosomes with telomeres clustered and attached at the inner nuclear membrane is shown. (biorxiv.org)
  • Simchen.An initial chromosomal part with major roles inside the yeast chromosome I11 meiotic disjunction, recombination and double strand holiday breaks. (realprowa.com)
Recombination2
  • Most alien wheat lines carry whole chromosome arms, and it is notable that these lines showed intra-arm recombination within the 1BS arm. (nature.com)
  • These regions of the chromosome are so dense that they were once thought to be removed from recombination. (phys.org)
Structures5
Artificial4
  • Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms. (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Anaphase1
Gene5
  • Our results are consistent with a model wherein chromosome-wide elevation of H4 acetylation mediated by the NuA4 complex plays a role in increasing gene expression in compensation for gene dose and adaption to growth in a toxic environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These observations led us to propose that in C. albicans , transcriptional compensation for gene dose serves to facilitate the formation and maintenance of aneuploid chromosome states that are required for survival in adverse environments [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)
  • Brand new HOPl gene encodes good meiosisspecific part of fungus chromosomes. (realprowa.com)
Pathogenicity1
  • These findings put the evolution of fungal pathogenicity into a new perspective. (nature.com)
Mitotic14
Virulence2
  • Variation in chromosome copy number influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans and occurs in isolates from AIDS patients. (duke.edu)
  • Ave1 activates Ve1-mediated resistance and contributes to fungal virulence. (uu.nl)
Chromosomal2
  • The most frequent events reshaping chromosomes were translocations of chromosomal arms. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Large-scale chromosomal changes were relatively rare, although chromosome 7 trisomies frequently emerged during passaging in a gastrointestinal model and was associated with increased fitness for this niche. (elsevierpure.com)
Resistance2
  • The loss of one Ch5 also confers laboratory resistance to the anti-fungal flucytosine, as well as resistance to toxic sugar l -sorbose, which kills C. albicans in a manner similar to caspofungin or other frontline drugs from the echinocandin class [reviewed in 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Or it could allow them to accumulate mutations or even extra chromosomes to gain resistance against antifungal medications. (sciencedaily.com)
Bacterial4
  • Direct interactions with other members of the community involved many fungal and bacterial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants). (biorxiv.org)
  • In 2017, researchers determined that C. mastitidis stably colonized the ocular surface and enhanced the host's ability to resist pathogenic fungal and bacterial infections [3]. (kenyon.edu)
  • Individuals with chronic granulomatous disease may have recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with chronic granulomatous disease typically have at least one serious bacterial or fungal infection every 3 to 4 years. (medlineplus.gov)
Infections2
  • Using bioinformatics and machine learning, scientists probe the depths of fungal genomes to find new compounds for undruggable cancers and infections. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • A few patients present with persistent viral or fungal infections, or with hypocalcemic tetany. (lu.se)
Cells7
  • Another possibility may arise from somatic fusion: there are multicellular life-styles where there are few if any physical barriers to the intermingling of cells (for example: sponges, fungal mycelia) and even among organisms that have evolved physical integuments representing a first line of defense against invasion, opportunities for cellular exchange occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • The present invention also relates to mutants of filamentous fungal cells and methods for obtaining the mutant cells. (justia.com)
  • The present invention relates to methods for producing heterologous polypeptides in trichothecene-deficient filamentous fungal mutant cells. (justia.com)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Male or female patient with reduced numbers of CD3+ T cells (less than 1500/mm 3 ) and a deletion of chromosome 22q11.2. (lu.se)
  • These chips reveal fungal cells for microscopic analysis. (lu.se)
Chromatin2
Aneuploidy1
  • aneuploidy being defined as a change in the number of chromosome(s) or large portion of a chromosome. (growkudos.com)
Meiosis1
Eukaryotes1
  • Electrophoretic karyotyping is a relatively new experimental technique whereby the chromosomes of lower eukaryotes are physically separated in an agarose gel matrix by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized when irradiated with ultraviolet light. (taylorfrancis.com)
Humans1
  • The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
Anti-fungal1
Translocation1
  • It is classified as AML M3 by the old French-American-British (FAB) system and as APL with translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17-that is, t(15;17)-by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. (medscape.com)
Centromere5
  • How the kinetochore couples microtubule force and centromere stretch to move chromosomes. (duke.edu)
  • Apparently, this yeast can generate a new chromosome by duplication of chromosome segments carrying a centromere and subsequently adding novel telomeric ends. (wellnessresources.com)
  • For example, chromosome 1 of C. neoformans contained pieces of four different chromosomes from C. amylolentus , providing evidence of multiple translocations, some within the centromere. (phys.org)
  • According to their model, multiple translocations deposited the two sex determinants on the same chromosome, with a centromere in between. (phys.org)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Sequences2
  • Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. (harvard.edu)
  • [18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)
Genomic3
  • Beyond recent advances in genomic and phenomic methods, bioinformatics tools and modeling approaches enable researchers to test hypothesis and expand our knowledge of fungal biodiversity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Looking to the future, the pairing of integrative taxonomy approaches with multi-locus genomic sequencing and phenomic techniques, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, holds great potential to resolve many unknowns in fungal taxonomic classification. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fungal genomic analysis begins with the extraction of DNA, followed by sequencing, annotation, and comparative genomics. (mycologyst.art)
Organism2
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)
Physiology1
  • For this reason, they have been very important in elucidating chromosome fine structure and physiology, especially in diptera. (scielo.br)
Evolution2
  • Scientists have been studying the evolution of sex chromosomes for more than a century. (phys.org)
  • Here I studied the role and evolution of fungal effectors during plant pathogenesis under the supervision of Prof. Pierre de Wit and Dr. Bart Thomma (current chair Phytopathology Wageningen UR). (uu.nl)
Highly condensed1
  • During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
Pair4
  • Surprisingly, they've shown that these crucial translocations occurred at the centromeres, the twisty ties that hold together chromosomes at the center of an x-shaped pair. (phys.org)
  • Stevens proposed that chromosomes always existed in pairs and that the Y chromosome was the pair of the X chromosome discovered in 1890 by Hermann Henking. (iiab.me)
  • Most therian mammals have only one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (iiab.me)
  • [13] The chromosome with this allele became the Y chromosome, while the other member of the pair became the X chromosome. (iiab.me)
Biology2
  • Thirty UK based scientists at tended this conference, giving or orchestrating just over 10% of the presentations - a clear demonstration that fungal biology thrives on our small island. (bspp.org.uk)
  • It will give me the opportunity to assemble a research team that will work together both towards the novel spectroscopy method development, but also addressing specific research questions and pushing the frontier in soil fungal biology. (lu.se)
Microbial1
  • Ultimately, I hope to offer the community of soil microbial ecologists a game-changing new tool to study chemistry and ecosystem functions of microbial metabolites (including 'fungal warfare' compounds) in more realistic settings. (lu.se)
Genomes1
  • By sequencing a diverse array of fungal genomes, Hexagon Bio scientists use machine learning models to identify BGCs and rank them by their likelihood of encoding useful natural products for their drug discovery targets. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Metaphase1
  • Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
Segregate1
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
Fungus1
  • The present research report shows that a certain mini-chromosome can enable the yeast fungus to survive even if it is treated with nearly ten times the normal dose of the fungicide fluconazole. (wellnessresources.com)
Plant1
  • In this paper some aspects of the occurrence of plant polytenes will be summarized along with the structure and function of these chromosomes. (scielo.br)
Diploid1
  • Chromosomes segregated randomly into viable spores without preferences for generating near haploid or near diploid spores. (duke.edu)
Genomics2
  • The last session was on regulatory networks which mentioned the use of functional genomics to understand fungal processes. (bspp.org.uk)
  • In a collaborative project with the biotech company Intact Genomics, her team used heterologous expression of FACs in A. nidulans , paired with metabolomics to identify promising new fungal natural products (1). (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Decomposition1
  • I also want to clarify how interspecific fungal interactions under varying nutrient conditions affect the composition and function of their secreted chemical compounds, and how that, in turn, affects fungal decomposition of organic matter. (lu.se)
Mitosis2
  • All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and only take on a well-defined shape during mitosis. (iiab.me)
  • It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)
Human3
  • Nancy Keller and her colleagues at the new biotech company Terra Bioworks develop approaches to identify fungal natural products for human health. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Fungal diseases are now recognized as increasingly affecting human and animal health and dramatically diminishing food crop yields. (growkudos.com)
  • The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)
Cryptococcus1
  • In this study, the researchers showed that in Cryptococcus amylolentus, the ancestral state, the P/R locus resided on chromosome 10 and the HD locus on chromosome 11. (phys.org)
Surprisingly1
Greatly1
  • The development of new instrumentation along with new methodology for preparing chromosome samples have greatly alleviated problems initially encountered in obtaining reproducible electrophoretic karyotypes. (taylorfrancis.com)