Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)
Mercedes Ames of the UW-Madison Department of Botany sequenced most of the chloroplast genomes. (eurekalert.org)
A method to sequence multiple chloroplast genomes that uses the sequencing depth of ultra high throughput sequencing technologies was recently described. (usda.gov)
Sequencing complete chloroplast genomes can resolve phylogenetic relationships at low taxonomic levels and identify point mutations and indels that can be used in species identification. (usda.gov)
The objective of this study was to demonstrate multiplex sequencing of Fragaria chloroplast genomes using the Illumina Genome Analyzer. (usda.gov)
Complete chloroplast1
The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins5
The major subunits of the TOC complex (Toc75, Toc90 and Toc34) and TIC complex (Tic214, Tic20, Tic100 and Tic56), three chloroplast translocon-associated proteins (Ctap3, Ctap4 and Ctap5) and three newly identified small inner-membrane proteins (Simp1-3) have been located in the supercomplex. (nature.com)
Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA. (bio.net)
The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes. (coursehero.com)
Therefore, the nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes, the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)
The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm.The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs.The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane.The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus. (coursehero.com)
Uncovering the protein translocon at the chloroplast inner envelope membrane. (nature.com)
Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. (bio.net)
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, which means the cell's DNA is surrounded by a membrane. (coursehero.com)
Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA. (coursehero.com)
Chlamydomonas5
The chloroplast gene psaC encoding the iron sulfur protein of photosystem I (PSI) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been cloned and characterized. (unige.ch)
Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Plastid2
Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Minicircular plastid DNA in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum. (bio.net)
Photosynthetic5
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The present study suggests that any chloroplast gene encoding a component of the photosynthetic apparatus can be disrupted in C. reinhardtii using the strategy described. (unige.ch)
The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomes2
The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
There are thousands of chloroplasts per cell, and many loops of DNA per chloroplast, and the genome structure is quite stable. (eurekalert.org)
Genes2
Each minicircle contains one to three genes, but blank plasmids, with no coding DNA, have also been found. (wikipedia.org)
To build a family tree for the orchids, the scientists sequenced genes in the green structures, called chloroplasts, in which plants transform solar energy into sugar. (eurekalert.org)
Preproteins3
403:203-207) and has been shown to covalently cross-link to bound preproteins at the chloroplast surface (Ma, Y., A. Kouranov, S. LaSala, and D.J. Schnell. (rupress.org)
These reports led to the hypothesis that Toc159 functions as a selective import receptor for preproteins that are required for chloroplast development. (rupress.org)
Multiple potential pathways found in the TOC-TIC supercomplex may support translocation of different substrate preproteins into chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Gene3
Using a particle gun, wild type C. reinhardtii cells have been transformed with a plasmid carrying the psaC gene disrupted by an aadA gene cassette designed to express spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance in the chloroplast. (unige.ch)
Southern blot analysis of total cell DNA of the transformants shows that the wild type psaC gene has been replaced by the interrupted psaC gene through homologous recombination. (unige.ch)
Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Algae3
Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)
Shi, L. X. & Theg, S. M. The chloroplast protein import system: from algae to trees. (nature.com)
Chen, L. J. & Li, H. M. Stable megadalton TOC-TIC supercomplexes as major mediators of protein import into chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Coexpressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Rochaix, J.-D. Chloroplast protein import machinery and quality control. (nature.com)
Prokaryotes1
In prokaryotes, DNA is organized into a single circular chromosome. (coursehero.com)
Sequences1
Analysis of these chloroplast DNA sequences from the different strawberry species may show relationships among strawberry species and might allow development of additional tools for species identification. (usda.gov)
Species6
Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers looked at chloroplasts from 39 species, strategically placed throughout the orchid family, then added genetic data on 150 more species. (eurekalert.org)
Relationships among strawberry species have not been clearly described in the past using visible plant traits or DNA-based molecular tools. (usda.gov)
This DNA from chloroplasts is commonly used for species relationship studies in plants because it is small in size and usually only inherited from the mother. (usda.gov)
New DNA sequencing technology generally termed, 'ultra high throughput sequencing' (Illumina, San Diego, CA), was tested for generating DNA sequence information for the full length of chloroplast DNA in 17 strawberry species. (usda.gov)
This method resulted in sequencing 76-82% of the chloroplast DNA from the 17 strawberry species. (usda.gov)
Commonly1
Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic material2
The chloroplast, a major organ in plant cells used by the plant to produce food (sugars) contains genetic material (DNA). (usda.gov)
Furthermore, chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the genetic material. (coursehero.com)
Cell1
Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not. (coursehero.com)
Study2
Chloroplasts were a useful source of DNA for the study, Givnish says. (eurekalert.org)
Collaborators in Australia and Chile provided DNA for the study, and W. Mark Whitten and Norris Williams of the University of Florida provided genetic data. (eurekalert.org)
Cells1
Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
Development2
However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)
For such an approach to be undertaken, a fundamental understanding of chloroplast development is an absolute prerequisite. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis1
Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Single1
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)
Linear1
Over 95% of the chloroplast DNA in corn chloroplasts has been observed to be in branched linear form rather than individual circles. (wikipedia.org)
Support1
Most nodes were resolved with high bootstrap support, resulting in the first well-resolved chloroplast-based phylogeny of Fragaria. (usda.gov)