• Beyond this, atypical chemokine receptors also exist and most act as decoy receptors that compete for ligand binding but are unable to deliver normal chemokine receptor signals. (frontiersin.org)
  • An obesity‐associated factor that could regulate aromatase is the CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, a pro‐inflammatory factor that also activates signaling pathways implicated in CYP19A1 transcription. (abo.fi)
  • The goal of this study was to investigate the crosstalk between the mu OR, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) chemokine and the involvement of spinal microglia in the modulation of opioid analgesia. (cas.cz)
  • The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the new nomenclature, MCP-1 is called chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). (blogspot.com)
  • The compound can also weaken the ability of prostate cancer cells to recruit macrophages and reduce the secretion of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by both macrophages and prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. (naturalnews.com)
  • This antimicrobial gene encodes a chemokine of the CXC subfamily and ligand for the receptor CXCR3. (cancerindex.org)
  • Fractalkine also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CL1 gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results revealed no significant increase of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expressions. (cdc.gov)
  • Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. (blogspot.com)
  • What is the difference between cytokine, interleukin and chemokine? (blogspot.com)
  • Murine MCP-3, also known as Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 3 or C-C Motif Chemokine 7, is a 97 amino acid cytokine protein expressed from the Ccl7 gene located on chromosome 11. (creativebiomart.net)
  • We selected most pathways CCL7 participated on our site, such as Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Chemokine signaling pathway, which may be useful for your reference. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Fractalkine is a large cytokine protein of 373 amino acids, it contains multiple domains and is the only known member of the CX 3 C chemokine family. (wikidoc.org)
  • Alpha-chemokine CXCL10 and beta-chemokine CCL2 serum levels in patients with hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemia in the presence or absence of autoimmune thyroiditis. (unimore.it)
  • To our knowledge, no study has evaluated serum levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 in patients with 'mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus chronic infection' (MC) in the presence or absence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). (unimore.it)
  • Future studies in larger series will be needed to evaluate the potential usefulness of serum CXCL10 and CCL2 determination as a prognostic marker in the follow-up of MC patients, also in relation to the presence of AT. (unimore.it)
  • Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10) is also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10). (blogspot.com)
  • The chemokine receptor associated color code is conserved between Figures 1 , 2 . (frontiersin.org)
  • Chemokine and chemokine-receptor expression were quantitated by real-time PCR. (bmj.com)
  • Objectives: We sought to evaluate the role of CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in PM 2.5 -mediated inflammation and IR. (nih.gov)
  • But patients with rheumatism or osteoarthritis produce too much CCL2, the chemokine for the CCR2 receptor. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), showing affinity to CCR2 receptor, constitutes one of the principal monocyte/macrophage chemokines [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • [2] CX3CL1 elicits its adhesive and migratory functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 . (wikidoc.org)
  • Chemokines are cytokines with chemotactic properties. (frontiersin.org)
  • CCL2 exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiplexed immunoassays were used to quantify the serum levels of 4 type I IFN-regulated chemokines (IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant, IFNgamma-inducible 10-kd protein, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1], and MCP-2) and the serum levels of other proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). (nih.gov)
  • The CCL2 protein precursor contains a signal peptide of 23 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCL2 protein become a CCR2 antagonist when it is cleaved by metalloproteinase MMP-12. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crystal structure of a mirror-image L-RNA aptamer (Spiegelmer) in complex with the natural L-protein target CCL2. (nih.gov)
  • Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (or CCL-2), CCR-2 and CCR-4 are chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in leucocyte trafficking. (bmj.com)
  • Thanks to this advance, researchers now have a detailed understanding of the three-dimensional form of the CCR2 protein, which is a good starting point for further research on the interaction beteween CCR2 and the related CCL2 chemokine.The research had immediate results: crystallisation was only possible if two inhibitors (BMS-681 and CCR2-RA-[R]) are both added to the CCR2 protein. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • CX3CL1 is produced as a long protein (with 373-amino acid in humans) with an extended mucin -like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. (wikidoc.org)
  • This study was performed to evaluate the capacity of IFN-dependent peripheral blood gene and chemokine signatures and levels of proinflammatory cytokines to serve as biomarkers for disease activity in adult and juvenile DM. (nih.gov)
  • We suggest that measurements of CCL2 and macrophages can serve as new inflammatory biomarkers to evaluate the safety of promising novel microbicides for prevention of HIV. (sri.com)
  • This proposal will test the novel hypothesis that when L. reuteri are decreased due to stressor exposure, colonic epithelial cells overproduce chemokines (particularly CCL2) that increase the recruitment of inflammatory macrophages to the colon where they ultimately exacerbate colitis. (nih.gov)
  • The first aim will examine the role of CCL2 as a novel primary mechanism (pathway) mediating the effects of stress on colonic inflammation, by assessing the effects of stress-induced alterations of L. reuteri on CCL2 production by colonic epithelial cells and by using CCL2 knockout mice. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, in the third aim, we will determine whether the ability of L. reuteri to affect chemokine production by colonic epithelial cells is dependent upon L. reuteri colonizing the colon, and/or due to the production of immunomodulatory factor(s). (nih.gov)
  • CCL2 impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells via ERK1/2 activation at doses similar to its physiological plasma concentrations (200 pg/mL), but does not involve activation of the NF-κB pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CCL2/CCR2 pathway contributes to neuropathic pain in several models of nervous system injury. (usp.br)
  • CCL3 in Cancers Chemokine receptors are expressed on APCs and are promising targets for idiotype (Id) vaccines, the V antigenic determinants region produced by B lymphomas and multiple myelomas. (medscape.com)
  • A variety of chemokine receptors are expressed on the surface of both tumor and immune cells rendering them sensitive to multiple stimuli that can subsequently influence their migration and function. (frontiersin.org)
  • CCR2 and CCR4 are two cell surface receptors that bind CCL2. (wikipedia.org)
  • It binds to chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR4. (nih.gov)
  • It is widely known that neoplastic tissue can directly modulate its growth environment as a result of the activity of secreted cytokines and chemokines. (hindawi.com)
  • In the human osteoclasts, CCL2 and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is proposed that CCL2 and RANTES act as autocrine loop in human osteoclast differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCL2 augments monocyte anti-tumor activity and it is essential for formation of granulomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, the monomeric member of the intercrine beta (chemokine C-C) family tends to augment monocyte anti-tumor activity as well. (creativebiomart.net)
  • CCL2 is implicated in pathogeneses of several diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 117 ] CCL2-transfected gastric carcinoma cells also increased tumorigenicity and induced lymph node metastases and ascites via macrophage recruitment. (medscape.com)
  • We also showed that CCL2 contributes to the pro‐inflammatory milieu and aromatase expression in obesity, evidenced by increased expression of CCL2 and CYP19A1 in mammary tissues from obese hARO‐Luc mice, and subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese women. (abo.fi)
  • CCL2 may represent a molecular link in the negative cross-talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle assigning a completely novel important role to CCL2 besides inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCL2 is involved in the neuroinflammatory processes that takes place in the various diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which are characterized by neuronal degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Foi realizada a validação do modelo de indução de lesão neuronal SNI por meio da avaliação de genes relacionadas à lesão no GRD e medula espinal, bem como a expressão de CCL2 nesses tecidos após a lesão ao longo do tempo. (usp.br)
  • In this context, chemokines and their receptors are widely expressed by nonneuronal and neuronal cells and play a role in regulating immune cell migration. (usp.br)
  • In the human genome, CCL2 and many other CC chemokines are located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2-q21.1). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. (blogspot.com)
  • Chemokines are a superfamily of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. (nih.gov)
  • In humans, the levels of CCL2 can vary considerably. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amylin upregulation by CCL2 contributes to the elevation of the plasma amylin and insulin resistance in obesity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of CCL2 in the neuropathic pain, with emphasis on peripheral sensory neurons. (usp.br)
  • CCL2 induces amylin expression through ERK1/ERK2/JNK-AP1 and NF-κB related signaling pathways independent of CCR2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon oral challenge with the murine colonic pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which induces colonic histopathology with similarities to human IBD, mice exposed to SDR (and thus having lower levels of L. reuteri) had a significant increase in pathogen-induced colitis as indicated by a significant increase in colonic histopathology, chemokines (e.g. (nih.gov)
  • Conclusions Our results indicate that opioid-induced inhibition of the excitatory synaptic transmission could be severely attenuated by increased CCL2 levels most likely through a microglia activation-dependent mechanism. (cas.cz)
  • The CCL2 chemokine is also expressed by neurons, astrocytes and microglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemokine CCL (CCL2) is a key mediator for activating microglia. (ncbcs.org)
  • Many chemokines are constantly expressed and participate in the maintenance of tissue integrity, while some chemokines are transiently overexpressed or specifically induced in certain conditions (i.e., during inflammatory processes) where they are involved in critical biological functions (i.e., immune cell migration, tissue repair, cell proliferation and angiogenesis) ( 10 , 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In summary, our results indicate that postmenopausal obesity may promote CCL2 production in BAT, leading to exacerbation of the menopause‐related inflammatory state and further stimulation of local aromatase and estrogens. (abo.fi)
  • We observed that treatment with the selected microbicides increases quantities of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, CXCL8, and CCL2 in the vaginal tissue parenchyma, and of CCL2 on the vaginal surface. (sri.com)
  • In the second aim, we will use adoptive transfer experiments to test whether peripheral inflammatory monocytes, which we show are increased in the circulation of stressed mice, traffic to the colon in response to the elevated CCL2, where they can exacerbate colitis through an overproduction of TNF-a and iNOS. (nih.gov)
  • Due to the profile of released mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, etc.), neoplastic cells modulate the activity of immune system, directly affecting its components both locally and peripherally. (hindawi.com)
  • After deletion of the N-terminal residue, CCL2 loses its attractivity for basophils and becomes a chemoattractant of eosinophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 92 ] CCL3 or CCL2 pDNA vaccines prevented EAE even if the disease was induced 2 months after DNA vaccine administration. (medscape.com)
  • [ 119 , 120 ] CCL3 and CCL2 organize an antileishmanial activity via the activation of nitric oxide (NO) mechanisms to control the intracellular growth and multiplication of the Leishmania donovani . (medscape.com)
  • In the white people of European descent, the multivariable-adjusted heritability of CCL2 concentrations is as much as 0.37 in the blood plasma and 0.44 - in the serum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concentrations of cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine, eotaxin, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-16, and stem cell factor are significantly higher in COPD patients compared with in control patients. (dovepress.com)
  • Immune cells are attracted automatically towards higher concentrations of chemokine, which generally means towards parts of the body where they are needed. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • Manganese superoxide dismutase and chemokine genes polymorphisms in chinese patients with anterior uveitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, potential targeting of chemokine receptors is highly attractive as a means to quench or eliminate unconstrained tumor cell growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chemokine receptors (red) influence melanoma tumor cell migration/invasion or immune cell trafficking to the tumor lesions. (frontiersin.org)
  • By contrast to above studies, expression of exogenous CCL2 by adenocarcinoma cells augmented the metastatic potential by modulating tumor-associated angiogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • The expression of CCL2 in neurons is mainly found in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, hippocampus, paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, facial nuclei, motor and spinal trigeminal nuclei, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCL2 expression in glial cells is increased in epilepsy, brain ischemia Alzheimer's disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and traumatic brain injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coregulation of the expression of IFN-driven chemokines and IL-6 suggests a novel pathogenic linkage in DM. (nih.gov)
  • Methods Patch-clamp recordings of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and dorsal root evoked currents (eEPSC) in spinal cord slices superficial dorsal horn neurons were used to evaluate the effect of mu OR agonist [D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), CCL2, TRPV1 antagonist SB366791 and minocycline. (cas.cz)
  • there are three amino acids separating the initial pair of cysteines in CX3CL1, with none in CC chemokines and only one intervening amino acid in CXC chemokines . (wikidoc.org)
  • Chemokine CCL2 treatment significantly diminished all the DAMGO-induced changes. (cas.cz)
  • Targeting CCL2 and its receptors and TRPV1 receptors in combination with opioid therapy could significantly improve the analgesic properties of opioids, especially during pathological states. (cas.cz)
  • CCL2 significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • CCL2 is a monomeric polypeptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 13-15 kDa depending on levels of glycosylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In next part of the review, various chemokines with their specific role in altering immune response to combat various diseases especially cancers will be discussed. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, modulation of EAE with C-C chemokine DNA vaccines is determined by targeting chemokines that are highly transcribed at the site of inflammation at the onset of disease. (medscape.com)
  • CCL2 in Cancers Vaccination with CCL2-transfected glioma cells did not reduce the tumor size in nude mice. (medscape.com)
  • [ 114 ] Tumorigenicity and growth rates of CCL2-producing H69/VP cells (MDR human small-cell lung cancer expressing P-glycoprotein) in nude mice were also similar to those of parental cells. (medscape.com)
  • By using human primary breast adipose stromal cells (ASCs) and aromatase reporter (hARO‐Luc) mouse mammary adipose explants, we demonstrated that CCL2 enhances the glucocorticoid‐mediated CYP19A1 transcription. (abo.fi)
  • Recombinant Human MCP-1/CCL2 (ELISA Std. (biolegend.com)
  • [3] Its gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22 . (wikidoc.org)
  • CCL2 has been shown to have direct effects on tumor cells in an autocrine and paracrine fashion in multiple cancers, including breast, lung, cervix, ovary, sarcoma, and prostate. (biolegend.com)
  • Indeed, particular chemokine receptors expressed on tumor and immune cells are strongly associated with patient prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immune cells are guided from the circulation to the tumor microenvironment by an evolutionarily conserved and sophisticated system in the form of the chemokine network. (frontiersin.org)
  • On the other hand, overexpression of chemokine receptors on cancer cells facilitates tumor dissemination. (frontiersin.org)
  • Basophils and mast cells that are treated with CCL2 release their granules to the intercellular space. (wikipedia.org)
  • The key molecules are called chemokines, and are produced by cells in diseased tissue. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • This chemokine is a member of the CC subfamily which is characterized by two adjacent cysteine residues. (nih.gov)
  • [ 116 ] The role of CCL2 in tumor-development and progression is controversial. (medscape.com)
  • The discussed chemokines in this review, their synonyms, receptors, activities and sources were summarized in Table 4 . (medscape.com)
  • CCL2 was evaluated in these tissues after injury over time. (usp.br)
  • The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of the CCL-2, CCR-2 and CCR-4 chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of cerulein-induced pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. (bmj.com)
  • This indicates a possible role for the chemokine in the protective plasticity process of synaptic scaling . (wikidoc.org)
  • CCL2, also known as MCP-1, is a member of the CC ß chemokine family. (biolegend.com)
  • It belongs to the CXC chemokine family. (blogspot.com)