• Where is most of the ATP made in cellular respiration? (answers.com)
  • How many ATP are made from aerobic cellular respiration? (answers.com)
  • The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The Krebs cycle is part of the aerobic degradative process in eukaryotes known as cellular respiration, which is a process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidizing energy-rich fuel molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
  • These coenzymes are subsequently oxidized in the electron transport chain, where a series of enzymes transfers the electrons of NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration in all eukaryotes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • What is the stage of cellular respiration that can occur with or without the use of O 2 ? (proprofs.com)
  • Compare the phosphorylation of photosynthesis & cellular respiration. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • The Krebs cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle, is the second stage of cellular respiration. (brighthub.com)
  • Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results suggest that NO contributes to L-LTP by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which acts in parallel with PKA to increase phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. (jneurosci.org)
  • iv) The sequence flanking Ser-133 of EF-1δ completely matches the consensus phosphorylation site for a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, and in vitro kinase assays revealed that purified cdc2 phosphorylates Ser-133 of EF-1δ. (elsevierpure.com)
  • v) As observed with EF-1δ, the casein kinase II β subunit (CKIIβ) was specifically phosphorylated by UL13 in vitro, while the level of phosphorylation of CKIIβ by UL13 was greatly diminished when a serine residue at position 209, which has been reported to be phosphorylated by cdc2, was replaced with alanine. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results indicate that the conserved protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses and a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, have the ability to target the same amino acid residues for phosphorylation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Glutamate inputs activate Cdk5, which inhibits postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated signaling by phosphorylating DARPP-32 at Thr75 (Thr75-DARPP-32) in the striatum, since DARPP-32 with Thr75 phosphorylation (DARPP-32-pThr75) functions as an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the Cdk5 kinase activity is phosphorylation of conserved residues ( Dhavan and Tsai, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Deniz, O , Hasygar, K & Hietakangas, V 2023, ' Cellular and physiological roles of the conserved atypical MAP kinase ERK7 ', FEBS Letters , Vuosikerta 597, Nro 5, Sivut 601-607. (helsinki.fi)
  • Also in the 1970s, the term multisite phosphorylation was coined in response to the discovery of proteins that are phosphorylated on two or more residues by two or more kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • We propose that this mechanism may lead to the multisite phosphorylation state observed during dormancy and stationary phase. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Here, we show that in the mouse striatum, dopamine receptor stimulation negatively regulates phosphorylation of Tyr15-Cdk5 most likely through a D2R-mediated mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Protein phosphorylation is a biological process that regulates most aspects of cellular life, and the enzymes that catalyze this reaction - protein kinases - constitute the largest family of enzymes encoded by the human genome. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, pyrin interacts with proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein (PSTPIP1), also known as CD2-binding protein 1 (CD2BP1), which is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein involved in cytoskeletal organization and thereby involved in immunologic cellular interactions. (medscape.com)
  • In the current study we found that trypsin and the selective PAR-2 activating peptide, 2f-LIGKV-OH, stimulated large and sustained increases in the serine 536 phosphorylation of p65/RelA in a transfected skin epithelial cell line and primary keratinocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Phosphorylation was considered a specific control mechanism for one metabolic pathway until the 1970s, when Lester Reed discovered that mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inactivated by phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
  • Proliferation and cell viability were assayed by means of the enzymatic cleavage of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 to formazan dye by cellular mitochondrial dehydrogenases. (scirp.org)
  • We investigate how mitochondrial function deteriorates during aging and how mitochondrial damage induces cellular degeneration and neuromuscular degenerative diseases. (upstate.edu)
  • The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The interconversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a was later described by Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs, as well as, Wosilait and Sutherland, involving a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies with Mcl-1 phosphorylation mutants show that cyclin E/Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of Mcl-1 residues on its PEST domain resulted in increased Mcl-1 stability (Thr92, and Thr163) and Bim binding (Ser64). (oncotarget.com)
  • Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2018) 49 (5): 1943-1958. (karger.com)
  • EGFR phosphorylation, expression, and localization were assessed with anti-EGFR antibodies and either blotting or confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • The most ATP is created when NADH+ is reduced in the electron transport chain to NAD which causes a proton gradient that is then pumped through ATP synthase (and enzyme) creating most of the ATP in Cellular Resp. (answers.com)
  • Therefore, spinal AMPA receptor phosphorylation contributes to the mechanisms underlying stress-induced pain transition. (jneurosci.org)
  • Conclusion: Phosphorylation of Tm1 at Ser283 contributes to its anti-tumor properties, and this effect results mainly from an increase in cell adhesion associated with a decrease in their migratory and invasive potentials. (scirp.org)
  • The homeostatic regulation of cellular ATP is achieved by the coordinated activity of ATP utilization, synthesis, and buffering. (molvis.org)
  • Zerradi, M. , Houle, F. and Huot, J. (2015) Regulation of Breast Cancer Progression by Phosphorylation of the Tumor Suppressor Tropomyosin-1 Alpha. (scirp.org)
  • Simoneau, B., Houle, F. and Huot, J. (2012) Regulation of Endothelial Permeability and Transendothelial Migration of Cancer Cells by Tropomyosin-1 Phosphorylation. (scirp.org)
  • Furthermore, microarray profiling identified 226 genes with differential expression in the liver of animals treated with MSC, with cellular signaling, and actin cytoskeleton regulation as key upregulated processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Taken together these data indicate dependency for Gq/11 in early phosphorylation of p65 NFκB and this subsequently affects initial NFκB-dependent gene transcriptional activity, however later regulation of p65 is unaffected. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Overall these novel data demonstrate an IKK2-dependent, predominantly G-protein-independent pathway involved in PAR-2 regulation of NFκB phosphorylation in keratinocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The AAA-ATPase (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) valosin-containing protein (VCP), is essential for many cellular pathways including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), DNA damage responses, and cell cycle regulation. (portlandpress.com)
  • Due to its abundance and versatile function, VCP participates in many cellular pathways including ERAD, endolysosomal trafficking, selective autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage signaling [ 1 ]. (portlandpress.com)
  • An overall aim of our research is to study the regulation and function of protein phosphorylation cascades that are important for the maintenance of a normal energy metabolism and that might be involved in the pathophysiological changes that ultimately lead to type 2 diabetes. (lu.se)
  • Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
  • These phosphorylations play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results highlight stabilization of a phosphorylation-induced conformational trap as an essential mechanism for phosphoregulation of bacterial translation and metabolism. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and activation has been identified as one important mediator of inflammatory cytokine release from these cells. (cdc.gov)
  • However, phosphorylation of the FK linker appears to be an important regulatory determinant of FKBP52-mediated potentiation of steroid receptor activity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, the subcellular distribution of mitochondria can affect the cellular transcriptome and transcription rates. (hindawi.com)
  • The maintenance of "healthy" and fully functional mitochondria is thus essential for cellular homeodynamics. (hindawi.com)
  • The tRNA Ser(UCN) molecule is present only in cellular structures called mitochondria . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Biphasic changes in airway epithelial cell EGF receptor binding and phosphorylation induced by components of hogbarn dust. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: These studies extend the evidence for EGFRs as important cellular targets for components of HDE and they reveal novel patterns of EGFR phosphorylation and binding changes that vary among airway epithelial cell types. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we showed that social defeat stress enhanced plantar incision-induced AMPA receptor GluA1 phosphorylation at the Ser831 site in the spinal cord and greatly prolonged plantar incision-induced pain. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition, stress hormones enhanced GluA1 phosphorylation and AMPA receptor-mediated electrical activity in the spinal cord. (jneurosci.org)
  • Previous cellular studies demonstrated that FKBP52 can potentiate receptor function. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Inhibition of Gi or G12/13 pathways by pertussis toxin pre-treatment or over-expression of the RGS mutant Lsc, also did not effect NFκB phosphorylation. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become either activated or deactivated, or otherwise modifying its function. (wikipedia.org)
  • We provide structural and biophysical evidence that phosphorylation of EF-Tu at T382 acts as an efficient switch that turns off protein synthesis by decoupling nucleotide binding from the EF-Tu conformational cycle. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • A single bout of RE increased intracellular signaling (i.e., phosphorylations) and expression of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor-I system components and myogenic markers (e.g., cyclin D1, myogenin). (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, increases in extracellular and intracellular levels of adenosine, which may occur during critical illnesses, has the potential to competitively decrease cellular uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524. (regionh.dk)
  • HDE stimulated EGFR phosphorylation at both 15 min and 18 hr in BEAS-2B cells and primary cells, but only at 15 min in H292 cells, indicating that the different EGFR binding changes among these cell types is likely related to their different time-dependent changes in phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)
  • New insights into cell-specific and compartmental ATP and GTP production, as well as utilization and buffering strategies and their relationship with known retinal and cellular functions, are discussed. (molvis.org)
  • Parallel experiments showed that in both cell types, p65 NFκB phosphorylation is mediated through the selective activation of IKK2. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Phosphorylation of Syk Activation Loop Tyrosines Is Essential for Syk Function. (crossref.org)
  • and cellular response to cytokine stimulus. (nih.gov)
  • Molecularly, RNA sequencing detected dysregulated cytokine and growth factor expression in the BM cellular niches of patients with CML. (lu.se)
  • Translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is methylated and phosphorylated in response to nutrient starvation upon entering stationary phase, and its phosphorylation is a crucial step in the pathway toward sporulation. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Moreover, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, dopamine deficiency caused increased phosphorylation of both Tyr15-Cdk5 and Thr75-DARPP-32 in the striatum, which could be attenuated by administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and imatinib (STI-571), a selective c-Abl inhibitor. (frontiersin.org)
  • Treatment with PKC inhibitor GF109203X or PKCα siRNA reduced phosphorylation at 15 min but not 30 min, whilst rottlerin, a selective PKCδ inhibitor and PKCδ siRNA reduced the response at both time points. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The mechanisms underpinning the coupling of GPCRs, such as PAR-2, to the phosphorylation of p65 NFκB have not been investigated. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Importantly, cellular uptake of GS-441524 may be reduced during hypoxia and inflammation due to decreased expression of adenosine transporters. (regionh.dk)
  • Cellular metabolic changes during chronic kidney disease (CKD) may induce higher production of oxygen radicals that play a significant role in the progression of renal damage and in the onset of important comorbidities. (medscape.com)
  • Among them, CXCL14 was lost in the BM cellular niches in contrast to its expression in healthy BM. (lu.se)
  • In contrast, the level of phosphorylation by the recombinant UL13 of MBP-EFWt carrying an alanine replacement of Ser-133 (MBP-EFS133A) was greatly impaired. (elsevierpure.com)