Cellular actin stress fibers rhoa gtp binding protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most Rho family members cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form. (wikipedia.org)
Rho GTPases work as sensitive molecular switches existing either in an inactive, GDP-bound form or an active GTP-bound form. (biomedcentral.com)
The Rho proteins cycle within the cell between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound form, the cycle being regulated by a number of activators and inhibitors. (wjon.org)

Rnd3 is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (to be specific, a GTPase), and is a member of the Rnd subgroup of the Rho family of GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
Like other members of the Rho family of Ras-related GTPases it regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular growth factors. (wikipedia.org)
Vav3 is a member of the Vav family (the others being Vav1 and Vav2) of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho-family GTPases such as Rac1, RhoA, and RhoG. (cytoskeleton.com)
Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPases are small (20-30 kDa) GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
In all systems, these GTPases are best known for their effects on the polymerization and distribution of actin in the cell cortex [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Small G-proteins, monomeric GTPases, or the RAS (Rat sarcoma) superfamily are a large family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 30 kDa [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Although a report has shown that RhoB, a small GTPase involved in cytoskeletal actin rearrangement, lies downstream of Slug ( 11 ), another member of the Snail super-family, there is no evidence to support a link between Snail and Rho GTPases. (spandidos-publications.com)
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The exchange of GDP to GTP and thus the activation of Rho GTPases is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which act downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, integrins, cytokine receptors, and cadherins. (biomedcentral.com)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell motility and migration are known to be regulated by the Rho family of GTPases through their effects on the actin cytoskeleton. (wjon.org)
Cell motility and migration are known to be regulated by the Rho family of GTPases through their effects on the actin cytoskeleton, cell-substrate adhesion as well as in membrane ruffling and lamellipodia extension [ 1 - 5 ]. (wjon.org)
Rho GTPases are members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases with at least 20 Rho proteins having been characterized. (wjon.org)
The filamin family of proteins bind to both actin and a number of signaling molecules including Rho GTPases. (mechanobio.info)

Because the apparent "gain-of-function" corresponded with elevatedlevels of Drf3 protein expression, we hypothesized that the effects on the actin cytoskeleton were due to Cdc42 utilization of Drf3 as an effector. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Paxillin, an integrin-assembly protein, has four major tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and the phosphorylation of Tyr31 and Tyr118 correlates with cell adhesion and migration. (silverchair.com)
[13] According to this new data ROCK does not need to be activated by RhoA or phosphorylation because it is always active, and whether ROCK will phosphorylate its substrates (e.g. myosin regulatory light chain ) depends only on their subcellular localization. (cloudfront.net)
ROCK1 phosphorylation sites are at RXXS/T or RXS/T. [11] More than 15 ROCK1 substrates have been identified and activation from these substrates most often leads to actin filament formation and cytoskeleton rearrangements. (cloudfront.net)
[17] ROCK1 activation by RhoA also promotes stabilization of F-actin , phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) and an increase in contractility, which plays a crucial role in tumor cell migration and metastasis. (cloudfront.net)
The α subunits of protein prenyltransferases consist of tetratricopeptide repeats and are part of the tetratricopeptide repeat superfamily [ 5 ], which also includes functionally diverse proteins involved in transcription, co-chaperoning, protein transport, cell-cycle control and phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)

Vav3 GTP Exchange Factor (GEF) of Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42. (cytoskeleton.com)
RhoA activity is transiently inhibited at the initial phase of integrin engagement, when Cdc42- and/or Rac1-mediated membrane spreading and ruffling predominantly occur. (silverchair.com)
These phenotypes were similar to those induced by RhoA(G14V) in parental cells, and could be abolished by expression of RhoA(T19N), Rac1(G12V), or p190RhoGAP in the mutant-expressing cells. (silverchair.com)
Following 48 h exposure, we found significant decreases in the levels of KRAS, RHOA, RAC1, and CDC42 ranging within 20-66% after NSL-YHJ-2-27 (5 μM) treatment in all four cell lines tested, A549, NCI-H1299, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468. (oncotarget.com)

However, members of the Rnd subgroup of the Rho family are exceptions to this, binding detectably only to GTP, while having low GTPase activity, if any. (wikipedia.org)
Small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. (cusabio.com)
Mutational analysis revealed that only the C1 and DH domains are essential for Vav3 GEF activity with the C1 region being involved in binding with the GTPase substrate. (cytoskeleton.com)
Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ROCK1 is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA and is a regulator of the actomyosin cytoskeleton which promotes contractile force generation. (cloudfront.net)
GTPase-RhoA binding can increase the activity of ROCK1 by 1.5-2-fold. (cloudfront.net)
When ROCK1 is activated by binding of GTPase RhoA it produces multiple signaling cascades. (cloudfront.net)
For the first time, it was observed that downregulated Snail expression is correlated with a significant inhibition of the expression and activity of RhoA GTPase, as well as MMP‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)
A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
ARHGAP21 interacts with RhoA-GTP, and acts as a GAP to increase RhoA GTPase activity. (uth.edu)
Drf proteins are characterised by a variety of shared domains: an N-terminal GTPase-binding domain (GBD), formin-homology domains FH1, FH2 ( IPR015425 ) and FH3 ( IPR010472 ), and a C-terminal conserved Dia-autoregulatory domain (DAD) that binds the GBD. (embl-heidelberg.de)
BACKGROUND: Mammalian Diaphanous-related formins (Drfs) act as Rho small GTPaseeffectors during growth factor-induced cytoskeletal remodeling and cell division.While both p140 mDia1 (herein called Drf1) and p134 mDia2 (Drf3) have been shown to bind in vitro to activated RhoA-C, and Drf3 has also been shown to bind toCdc42, little is known about the cellular function of these GTPase effectorpairs. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In addition, we observed that Drf3 contains apreviously unidentified CRIB-like motif within its GTPase binding domain (GBD).By fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, we demonstrate thatthis motif is required for Cdc42 binding and Drf3 recruitment to the leading edgeand, surprisingly, to the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of migratingfibroblasts. (embl-heidelberg.de)

In its GTP-bound form, RhoA exposes regions that allow it to interact with downstream targets. (wikipedia.org)
By binding to ROCK1, Rnd3 inhibits it from phosphorylating downstream targets necessary for stress fiber formation. (wikipedia.org)
For example, RhoA is one of the downstream signaling cascades activated by vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ). (cloudfront.net)
The inhibitory effect of tenascin-C is circumvented by downstream activation of RhoA. (ox.ac.uk)

The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
The best-characterized molecules are Rho, which controls the stress fibers and focal adhesion formation, and Rac and Cdc42, which regulate membrane ruffling, and filopodium formation, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Acts as an allosteric activator of guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 by binding in its activated GTP-bound form to the PH domain of ECT2 which stimulates the release of PH inhibition and promotes the binding of substrate RHOA to the ECT2 catalytic center. (cusabio.com)
When a substrate such as GTP-bound RhoA binds to the Rho-binding region of the coiled-coil domain, the interactions between the N-terminus and the C-terminus are disrupted, thus activating the protein. (cloudfront.net)

Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. (cusabio.com)
The SH3-SH2-SH3 C-terminal domains bind directly with the auto-phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of the receptor TKs while the B- and T-cell receptors activate cytosolic TKs. (cytoskeleton.com)
Podosomes are structurally divided into a core, which mainly contains proteins involved in actin polymerization (such as WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin ), and a surrounding ring populated by integrin receptors and adhesion proteins (for example, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK/Pyk2) ) [15] . (cellmigration.org)
The 3' replication has freely activated by RNase Z surface, a mature binding in receptors( reviewed in Maraia and Lamichhane 2011). (evakoch.com)
Filamin forms a vital scaffolding adaptor and regulatory component that contributes to the mechanical stability of cells by linking the internal actin network with membrane receptors and mechanosensitive components. (mechanobio.info)
Biological activities of laminin are mediated through binding to a subset of integrin family of cell adhesion receptors, a3b1, a6b1, a6b4, and a7b1 [2]. (mirnamimic.com)
In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), phosphorylated lysosomal enzymes bind to M-6-P receptors, which direct the enzymes into clathrin-coated vesicles. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike most GPCRs, including the chemokine receptors, coupling to G i is not required for LPC/G2A-mediated chemotaxis, but coupling to G q/11 and G 12/13 is necessary as judged by inhibition with dominant negative forms of these alpha subunits or with regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) constructs. (ashpublications.org)
Many types of molecular controls regulate this process, but G-protein-coupled receptors are especially important. (ashpublications.org)

Mainly associated with cytoskeleton organization, in active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle. (cusabio.com)
This is consistent with its function as a key modulator of cell motility , tumor cell invasion , and actin cytoskeleton organization. (cloudfront.net)
The genomic organization of the human genes that encode protein prenyltransferases is shown in Figure 1 . (biomedcentral.com)

In this process, astrocytes proliferate to fill gaps and undergo a typical morphological change: a large cytoplasmic mass, long and branched processes, and increased expression of intermediate filaments such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (jneurosci.org)
How do actin filaments form higher-order assemblies that produce and respond to force? (mechanobio.info)
Cells exert traction forces on the ECM and generate tension at focal adhesions through actin stress fibers , which are higher-order structures in the cytoplasm that consist of parallel contractile bundles of actin and myosin filaments. (mechanobio.info)
Cell tension is generated along the actin filaments by the movement of myosin II motor proteins along the filaments (see contractile bundles). (mechanobio.info)

Phosphorylated Tyr31/118 was found to bind to two src homology (SH)2 domains of p120RasGAP, with coprecipitation of endogenous paxillin with p120RasGAP. (silverchair.com)
Enzyme activity of ROCK1 is inhibited when the pleckstrin-homology and Rho-binding domains in the C-terminus independently bind to the N-terminus kinase domain. (cloudfront.net)
They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)
Three isoforms of Rho, Rho A, B and C, show a high degree of homology having over 85% amino acid sequence homology, however, they exhibit different cellular roles in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell motility [ 6 ]. (wjon.org)

Sclerostin binds to LRP5 and LRP6 and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling by obstructing the binding of Wnt proteins towards the extracellular parts of LRP5 and LRP6. (tech-strategy.org)
Single cell mesenchymal-type movement is characterized by an elongated cellular shape and again requires extracellular proteolysis and integrin engagement. (biomedcentral.com)

The superfamily is classified into five subfamilies based on the cellular processes that they regulate [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
RhoA functions in the regulation of actomyosin contractility, RhoB has been shown to regulate cytokine trafficking and cell survival, while RhoC appears to be important in cell locomotion. (wjon.org)
The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)

To address this issue, the expression levels of Snail, RhoA and fibronectin, as well as MMP‑2, were reduced in the breast tumor cell lines MDA‑MB‑231 and MDA‑MB‑435S, and their biological responses were studied in vitro and in vivo. (spandidos-publications.com)
They are characterized by the presence of tensin , large stress fibers, and underlying fibrillar fibronectin. (cellmigration.org)

The present data provide evidence that Snail promotes tumor cell motility and angiogenesis which is mainly mediated through the regulation of RhoA activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
We hypothesized that Snail, as a transcription factor, may promote breast cancer metastasis through the regulation of RhoA expression and activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Over expression of RhoC was found to be correlated with prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with enhanced RhoC expression resulting in an increase in migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells [ 7 , 8 ], while RhoA and RhoC up-regulation have been shown to be associated with tumor progression in ovarian carcinoma [ 9 ]. (wjon.org)
G2A is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in immune regulation. (ashpublications.org)

Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)

Rnd3 contains a region which is similar to the one RhoA exposes for interaction with ROCK1, allowing Rnd3 to compete with RhoA for interaction with ROCK1. (wikipedia.org)
These findings implicate the potential role of PCAIs as anticancer agents through their direct interaction with monomeric G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)
This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)

Although focal adhesions are similar, in terms of molecular composition, to nascent adhesions and focal complexes, several adhesion proteins appear to change as focal adhesions evolve in response to tension, e.g., zyxin and vinculin . (cellmigration.org)

We found that mutation of Tyr31/118 caused enhanced activation of RhoA and premature formation of stress fibers with substantial loss of efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)
We found that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin competes with p190RhoGAP for binding to p120RasGAP, and provides evidence that p190RhoGAP freed from p120RasGAP efficiently suppresses RhoA activity during cell adhesion. (silverchair.com)
We conclude that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin serves as a template for the localized suppression of RhoA activity and is necessary for efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)
Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in many cellular functions, including morphology, motility, and adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
RhoA has been implicated in the formation of stress fibers and cell adhesion in fibroblasts. (spandidos-publications.com)
Using a synthetic model of the provisional matrix, we have found that tenascin-C regulates cell responses to a fibrin-FN matrix through modulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and RhoA activation. (ox.ac.uk)
Cells on fibrin-FN+tenascin-C redistribute their actin to the cell cortex, downregulate focal adhesion formation, and do not assemble a FN matrix. (ox.ac.uk)
Stress fibers are linked at their ends to the ECM through focal adhesion complexes. (mechanobio.info)
In experiments probing for a role of PKCa in human laminin-2-integrin-mediated cell adhesion and spreading of PC12 cells, we observed unexpected enhancements of adhesion, spreading and stress fiber formation to 1 mM Go¨6976 with concomitant increase in membrane translocation of PKCd and autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). (mirnamimic.com)
Synthetic peptides or recombinant fragments containing bio- logically active motifs have been shown to partially mimic the effects of native laminin in various cellular functions, such as cell adhesion, spreading, migration, neurite outgrowth, and tumor metastasis [6-10], suggesting that laminin-derived-short peptide- modified biomaterials may have therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration applications. (mirnamimic.com)

Unlike Vav1 and Vav2, the expression of N-terminal truncated versions of Vav3 does not cause oncogenic transformation in cells but does induce the formation of actin-based structures such as membrane ruffles, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. (cytoskeleton.com)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
Gene structures and chromosomal locations of human protein prenyltransferase subunit genes. (biomedcentral.com)

These adhesions generate signals that activate Rac, promoting actin polymerization and preventing myosin II engagement in the lamellipodium. (cellmigration.org)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Lipocalin 2 (lcn2) is a member of the lipocalin family that binds to small hydrophobic molecules. (jneurosci.org)
These proteins control the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and thus represent key regulatory molecules that are active during cell migration ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Rho activation is thought to generate focal adhesions and actin bundling due to increased myosin II activity. (cellmigration.org)
Each myosin motor protein possesses ATPase activity and functions in a cyclical manner that couples ATP binding and hydrolysis to a conformational change in the protein. (mechanobio.info)
What is the structure of the myosin motor proteins? (mechanobio.info)

FAK is also required for matrix contraction and the absence of FAK cannot be overcome by activation of RhoA. (ox.ac.uk)
These observations show dual requirements for both FAK and RhoA activities during contraction of a fibrin-FN matrix. (ox.ac.uk)
The effects of tenascin-C combined with its location around the wound bed suggest that this protein regulates fundamental processes of tissue repair by limiting the extent of matrix deposition and contraction to fibrin-FN-rich matrix in the primary wound area. (ox.ac.uk)
Forces produced by the contraction of stress fibers not only helps the cell body to translocate during migration [6] [7] , but they also serve as a vital "inside-out? (mechanobio.info)

[16] G-protein RhoE binds to the N-terminus of ROCK1 and inhibits its activity by preventing RhoA binding. (cloudfront.net)

In turn, membrane-bound APC allows the localization of the MACF1 to the cell membrane, which is required for microtubule capture and stabilization. (cusabio.com)

these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
ROCK1 is also the name of the gene that encodes the protein ROCK1, a serine/threonine kinase. (cloudfront.net)
In zebrafishes, forced expression of rat lcn2 gene increased the number and thickness of cellular processes in GFAP-expressing radial glia cells, suggesting that lcn2 expression in glia cells plays an important role in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
other specificity is tiny gene activity and distribution browser through the kinase of the R-RasGAP complex ileal to suitable or through the functionality of RhoA. (evakoch.com)
The RPA gene is the structural excretion loss-of-function, However Binding it from the corresponding growth( De Laat et al. (evakoch.com)

Rnd3 is also directly involved in controlling RhoA activity through suppression of PLEKHG5 and activation of ARHGAP5. (wikipedia.org)
This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
[14] Without RhoA binding, lipids such as arachidonic acid or sphingosine phosphorylcholine can increase ROCK1 activity 5- to 6-fold. (cloudfront.net)
A number of reports have shown that RhoA expression is upregulated in a group of malignancies ( 13 ) and that the activity of RhoA is correlated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
They are endowed with GTP hydrolytic activity, mainly involved in cytoskeleton rearrangements and cell motility, but also involved in cell proliferation, transformation and differentiation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, lysosomes play important roles in cellular activity. (biomedcentral.com)

Snail, a zinc finger protein, is considered to be a critical EMT regulator ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

ROCK1 is a protein serine/threonine kinase also known as rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 . (cloudfront.net)
ROCK1 is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of RhoA. (cloudfront.net)
Small G-proteins, Gem and Rad , have been shown to bind and inhibit ROCK1 function, but their mechanism of action is unclear. (cloudfront.net)

Their formation and stability are linked to the dendritic actin that forms [5] , [6] . (cellmigration.org)
Whereas the formation of focal adhesions requires actomyosin-mediated contractile force mediated by RhoA , podosome formation is stimulated by a local loss of contractility and the recruitment of negative regulators of RhoA, such as p190RhoGAP [16] . (cellmigration.org)

Molecular and Cellular Biology. (wikipedia.org)

In PC12 cells, we recently showed that the engagement of integrin a3b1 to a binding sequence within the human laminin a2 chain was sufficient to recruit PKCa and PKCd to the integrin receptor [6]. (mirnamimic.com)

These proteins share a core structure, the conserved G-box (GDP/GTP) binding domain, of approximately 170 residues [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)

The MEMO1-RHOA-DIAPH1 signaling pathway plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. (cusabio.com)

PKC family of serine-threonine kinases plays key roles in many of the signaling pathways that control cellular function, including those mediated through integrin signaling. (mirnamimic.com)

LCN2 protein induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell migration, and morphological changes similar to characteristic phenotypic changes termed reactive astrocytosis. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy42

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Active GTP-bound form3

GTPases17

Effects on the actin cytoskeleton1

Phosphorylation5

Rac14

GTPase16

Downstream4

Cdc425

Substrate2

Receptors9

Organization3

Filaments4

Homology4

Extracellular2

Regulate3

Fibronectin2

Regulation4

Superfamily1

Interaction3

Vinculin1

Adhesion10

Structures3

Lamellipodium1

Molecules3

Myosin3

Contraction4

Inhibits1

Localization1

Gene6

Activity6

Regulator1

ROCK13

Formation2

Molecular1

Laminin1

Residues1

Signaling pathway1

Family1

Cell migration1