• TP53 inhibition allows LINE-1 + cells to grow, and genome-wide-knockout screens show that these cells require replication-coupled DNA-repair pathways, replication-stress signaling and replication-fork restart factors. (nih.gov)
  • a cell must first duplicate its entire genome ( all of the cell's genetic material. (brainscape.com)
  • Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA is central for the duplication of a cell and is necessary for the maintenance of the eukaryotic genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In eukaryotes, the vast majority of DNA synthesis occurs during S phase of the cell cycle, and the entire genome must be unwound and duplicated to form two daughter copies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA replication (or origin) licensing system ensures precise duplication of the genome in each cell cycle and is a powerful regulator of cell proliferation in metazoa. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Our data demonstrate a striking sexual dimorphism in the mechanisms repressing origin licensing and preventing untimely DNA synthesis during meiosis I, implicating a pivotal role for Geminin in maintaining integrity of the male germline genome. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication , in the genome . (wn.com)
  • AMDV has an 5-kb severe gait abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, and acute single-stranded DNA genome and, like other parvoviruses, muscle infl ammation, and was euthanized at a wildlife replicates through a rolling-hairpin mechanism ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Her graduate work focused on DNA transactions in the herpes simplex type-1 genome. (nih.gov)
  • In her current position as a biologist, her focus on human DNA polymerases continues and expands towards studying genome-wide gene expression changes in yeast strains. (nih.gov)
  • Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
  • In the mammalian genome, this group of proteins assembles at tens of thousands of sites all at once, ensuring each chromosome is copied precisely once per cell division. (cshl.edu)
  • T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
  • Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • To replicate the genome once and only once per cell division, there are many feedback loops, checks, and balances. (cshl.edu)
  • But DNA replication takes three to four hours to replicate the entire genome, so there's a fundamental need to predict the future. (phys.org)
  • The scientific focus of Anja Groth is epigenetic cell memory, chromatin replication and the interplay between genome and epigenome stability. (ku.dk)
  • It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. (medscape.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • thus protecting the chromosome ends from being recognized by the cell as double-strand breaks, in addition to protection by proteins that bind the telomere. (rupress.org)
  • The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple replicative proteins assemble on and dissociate from these replicative origins to initiate DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Association of the origin recognition complex (ORC) with a replication origin recruits the cell division cycle 6 protein (Cdc6) to form a platform for the loading of the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm 2-7) complex proteins, facilitated by the chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 protein (Cdt1). (wikipedia.org)
  • The pre-RC formation involves the ordered assembly of many replication factors including the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6 protein, Cdt1 protein, and minichromosome maintenance proteins (Mcm2-7). (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA molecules translate information from DNA and create proteins. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork which helps in terms of the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. (wn.com)
  • Her interests are directed towards understanding the fidelity of human DNA polymerases in addition to studying proteins involved in mismatch repair processes. (nih.gov)
  • The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a group of proteins involved with every cell division event in our cells. (cshl.edu)
  • The human ORC consists of six proteins when fully assembled into a ring around a stretch of DNA . (cshl.edu)
  • The ORC complex proteins are kept near each other in liquid compartments in the nucleus and recruit proteins such as CDC6 and other proteins that control when to commit the cell to divide. (cshl.edu)
  • When the ORC1 protein binds to DNA, it recruits CDC6, a protein that regulates and recruits other proteins, to a liquid phase and completes the ORC ring. (cshl.edu)
  • Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)
  • DNA synthesis can be impeded by collisions between the DNA replication machinery and co-transcriptional R-loops leading to a major source of genomic instability in cancer cells. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • Indeed, a number of agents currently used in cancer treatment are known to target DNA synthesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated via semiconservative replication with a leading (continuous synthesis for net growth at the 3′ end of the nascent leading strand) and lagging (discontinuous Okazaki fragment synthesis for net growth at the 5′ end of the nascent lagging strand) elongating strand as shown in Fig. 1 . (rupress.org)
  • Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is the first stage of DNA synthesis where the DNA double helix is unwound and an initial priming event by DNA polymerase α occurs on the leading strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • Priming of the DNA helix consists of the synthesis of an RNA primer to allow DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase α. (wikipedia.org)
  • We demonstrated that DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously only on one arm of replication forks (the arm where the direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of fork movement) through the repeated initiation, synthesis and joining of Okazaki fragments (transient nascent DNA chains of 40 to 300 nucleotides). (nih.gov)
  • This hydrolysis drives DNA synthesis to completion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands results in replication forks growing bidirectional from the origin. (wn.com)
  • DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule. (wn.com)
  • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common laboratory technique, cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA. (wn.com)
  • Mitotic DNA synthesis is caused by transcription-replication conflicts in BRCA2-deficient cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Aberrant replication causes cells lacking BRCA2 to enter mitosis with under-replicated DNA, which activates a repair mechanism known as mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
  • The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
  • In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , there are over 400 origins of DNA replication located on 16 chromosomes and they can function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) when inserted into a plasmid 19 . (nature.com)
  • In 1973, I continued these studies on the replication and structure of SV40 chromosomes at Harvard Medical School where they culminated in promotion to Full Professor with tenure in 1985. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Stretching out the DNA in all 46 chromosomes packed into one human cell would make a string of DNA two meters long. (cshl.edu)
  • Tens of thousands of ORCs assemble simultaneously along the chromosomes and after assembly, they are sequentially employed to start replication. (cshl.edu)
  • DNA replication cycles are tied to the circadian clock, and interruptions can lead to incomplete chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • A new study from the University of Chicago has found that the photosynthetic bacterium Synechococcus elongatus uses a circadian clock to precisely time DNA replication, and that interrupting this circadian rhythm prevents replication from completing and leaves chromosomes unfinished overnight. (phys.org)
  • the replication machinery disassembles, leaving cells with incomplete chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • Maybe this is a major driving force in the evolution of the circadian clock-you want to avoid damaged DNA and unfinished chromosomes, so the clock has evolved multiple times in history to prevent those things from happening. (phys.org)
  • Division of the chromosomes and formation of the first daughter cells? (evolutionnews.org)
  • Previously it was thought that DNA replication began at an origin in chromosomal DNA adjacent to the telomere repeats, with the replication forks moving bidirectionally away from the subtelomeric origin ( Fig. 1 A ), thus replicating the telomere. (rupress.org)
  • Eukaryotic origins of replication control the formation of several protein complexes that lead to the assembly of two bidirectional DNA replication forks. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, functional analysis of the individual RAD51 paralogues in cell lines has shown similar but non-redundant contributions in DNA repair processes such as HR efficiency, RAD51 nuclear focus formation, sensitization to mitomycin C (MMC) and protection of perturbed replications forks [ 11 ]. (nature.com)
  • the region where replication forks terminate directs the mode of separation for the two sibling molecules. (nih.gov)
  • Of particular importance were our studies on DNA replication forks. (nih.gov)
  • The results are shown in the open access journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ( 'Fidelity of a bacterial DNA polymerase in microgravity, a model for human health in space' ). (nanowerk.com)
  • Rosenstein and his supervisor and coauthor, Prof Virginia K. Walker, here show for the first time that the error rate of a DNA polymerase derived from E. coli bacteria is consistently higher under microgravity. (nanowerk.com)
  • As expected, accuracy also depended on whether the DNA polymerase retains a 'proofreading' functionality, which verifies (and if necessary removes) any mismatched nucleotides: a version of the enzyme whose proofreading had been inactivated due to mutations had a roughly 50% greater substitution rate. (nanowerk.com)
  • DNA POLYMERASE : adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA Primer at the start of each DNA to be replicated. (brainscape.com)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The DnaC helicase loader then interacts with the DnaA bound to the single-stranded DNA to recruit the DnaB helicase, which will continue to unwind the DNA as the DnaG primase lays down an RNA primer and DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme begins elongation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once priming is complete, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is loaded into the DNA and replication begins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The catalytic mechanism of DNA polymerase III involves the use of two metal ions in the active site, and a region in the active site that can discriminate between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, DNA polymerase III must be able to distinguish between correctly paired bases and incorrectly paired bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • These interactions result in the DNA polymerase III closing around a correctly paired base. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand. (wn.com)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Our results show a novel role for DDX5 in cancer cell proliferation and suggest DDX5 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • DNA replication is the primary event that regulates cellular and viral proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • Failure of mammalian cells to regulate their proliferation cycle leads to cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Our studies demonstrate that Cdc6, Cdt1 and Mcm2 play a central role in coordinating growth during the proliferation-differentiation switch in somatic self-renewing systems and that Cdc6 expression is rate-limiting for acquisition of replication competence in primary oocytes. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, compared with A549 cells, C1632 possesses the exact same and even better anti-migration and anti-proliferation effects on A549R cells, regardless of drug resistance. (cathepsin-s.com)
  • On the other hand, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors could only be utilized to get a little minority of NSCLC sufferers with gene alterations.15 Consequently, the all round remedy and survival prices of NSCLC remain low.1,16 Therefore, continued analysis into new smaller molecule inhibitors that considerably suppress NSCLC cell motility and invasiveness too as proliferation is preferred. (cathepsin-s.com)
  • Predicted to contribute to single-stranded DNA helicase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Unknown until now was whether the natural DNA copying mechanism is also affected by weightless conditions in space. (nanowerk.com)
  • In chromosomal semiconservative replication, the short 5′ RNA primer is removed from the nascent strand and the gap is filled in by DNA that is ligated to the adjacent nascent DNA. (rupress.org)
  • Semiconservative replication occurs before the action of telomerase. (rupress.org)
  • This mechanism is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and is known as semiconservative DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The process of semiconservative replication for the site of DNA replication is a fork-like DNA structure, the replication fork, where the DNA helix is open, or unwound, exposing unpaired DNA nucleotides for recognition and base pairing for the incorporation of free nucleotides into double-stranded DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA is made up of two strands and each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication . (wn.com)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • Based on the crystal structure in this research, we propose that a rotary mechanism drives the transformation to initiate DNA replication," said Eric Enemark, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Structural Biology. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • They derived analytical theories for the effect of chromosome replication on both constitutively expressed and regulated genes for use in analyzing and interpreting experimental measurements. (illinois.edu)
  • PARG inhibition is synthetic lethal with DNA replication genes, allowing additional models to be sensitized by CHK1 inhibitors. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • In addition, we found that 38 of 42 (90.48 %) essential genes were associated with the proportions of at least one of the 7 immune cell types. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacterial origins regulate orisome assembly, a nuclei-protein complex assembled on the origin responsible for unwinding the origin and loading all the replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on the newly determined structure of the replication machinery, the researchers proposed that the MCM complexes begin to move in different directions, leading to separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • disorders of the DNA replication machinery. (nih.gov)
  • If the clock is in the wrong state, it's the difference between completing the replication event, or the replication machinery falling apart completely. (phys.org)
  • The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
  • Replication processes permit copying a single DNA double helix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, one copy of the genomes is segregated into each daughter cell at the mitosis or M phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The scientists' mission under these difficult conditions was to test whether the enzymes that copy DNA are as accurate under weightlessness as under earthbound conditions. (nanowerk.com)
  • So-called DNA polymerases are essential enzymes that copy and repair DNA. (nanowerk.com)
  • Each cell in the human body contains thousands of enzymes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Enzymes provide help with facilitating chemical reactions within each cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Each cell contains thousands of enzymes, providing specific help throughout the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Enzymes help in this process by unwinding the DNA coils. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Prior to cell division, double-stranded DNA is encircled by two separate MCM complex enzymes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The DNA containing the target gene(s) is split into fragments using restriction enzymes . (encyclopedia.com)
  • Lipid biosynthesis is essential for cell viability and bacterial fatty acid synthetic enzymes have been suggested as antibiotic targets. (csun.edu)
  • To synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases, forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • July 31, 2019 A new study examines the evolutionary dynamics of circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
  • and single-stranded DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
  • The ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 together are required for the stable association of the Mcm2-7 complex with replicative origins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
  • Here we report the cryo-EM structure at 3.3 Å resolution of the yeast ORC-Cdc6 bound to an 85-bp ARS1 origin DNA. (nature.com)
  • The structure reveals that Cdc6 contributes to origin DNA recognition via its winged helix domain (WHD) and its initiator-specific motif. (nature.com)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • We have investigated regulation of the origin licensing factors Cdc6, Cdt1, Mcm2 and Geminin in human somatic and germ cells. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Cdc6 and Cdt1 play an essential role in DNA replication initiation by loading the Mcm2-7 complex, which is required for unwinding the DNA helix, onto chromosomal origins. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • ORC1 and CDC6 levels fluctuate during the cell cycle. (cshl.edu)
  • CDC6 then binds to ORC1, bringing the other molecules along, allowing replication to begin. (cshl.edu)
  • Tightly-controlled feedback loops between ORC1, CDC6, and a number of other molecules regulate the timing of replication. (cshl.edu)
  • LIN28, which can be an RNA-binding protein consisting of LIN28A and LIN28B,17 is definitely an important regulator of miRNAs and mRNAs.18,19 LIN28 regulates not simply the translation of mRNAs that play a important function in cell growth and metabolism but also the biogenesis of miRNAs. (cathepsin-s.com)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • The process ends with two identical double stranded DNA molecules. (brainscape.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Enemark and his colleagues have produced the first atomic resolution image of the MCM complex bound to single-strand DNA and the molecules that fuel replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication. (wn.com)
  • Since this genomic integrity is so fundamental to survival, scientists had assumed that replication mechanisms operate the same way in. (yale.edu)
  • Researchers have visualized the structure of this complex, dissected its mechanisms in starting DNA replication, and discovered other roles the ORC plays. (cshl.edu)
  • Dr. Shen's long-term goals is to elucidate the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and find better therapies for the aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors, such as pancreatic and lung cancers, by exploring the genetic and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells. (cityofhope.org)
  • Only by further elucidating the control mechanisms of bacterial cell division can we advance the development of new antimicrobial compounds. (csun.edu)
  • Her research group has contributed with seminal discoveries on histone chaperone function, chromatin replication mechanisms, inheritance of histone post-translational modifications and DNA repair pathway choice. (ku.dk)
  • Previous research has shown that in space, DNA suffers a higher rate of mutation - for example, substitutions of single nucleotides, crosslinks, inversions, or deletions - due to damage from cosmic rays and solar particles. (nanowerk.com)
  • This transition involves the ordered assembly of additional replication factors to unwind the DNA and accumulate the multiple eukaryotic DNA polymerases around the unwound DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The elements illustrated how the process works like a pulley system to "pull" a single strand of DNA through the MCM complex and unwind the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Accordingly, Rad51b-c.92delT variant reduced replication fork progression of patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines and pluripotent reprogramming efficiency of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (nature.com)
  • Dr. Shen's research has been focused on the roles for cell growth signaling pathways (including RAS-MAPK and PI3K-mTOR) in the regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair. (cityofhope.org)
  • 2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)
  • Both transcription inhibition in early S-phase and RNaseH1 overexpression reduced MiDAS in BRCA2-deficient cells, indicating that transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs) and R-loops are the source of MiDAS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thus, our work provides a mechanism for how tumor-predisposing BRCA2 inactivation links transcription-induced DNA damage with mitotic DNA repair to fuel the genomic instability characteristic of cancer cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results indicate that DNA replication participates in the regulation of adenovirus late gene expression by facilitating the binding of a transcription factor to the major late promoter. (princeton.edu)
  • Published September 5, 2007 transcription factors and replicating extra DNA, rather than going directly into growth of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Gene-engineered CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be utilized to generate an HIV-1-resistant immune system. (chxa.com)
  • Global gene expression profiling of mouse medulloblastomas and bioinformatics analyses of microRNA targets suggest that minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) is a likely target gene of miR-31 in suppressing cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
  • Gene expression noise affects a cell's biological state and contributes to such phenomena as phenotype switching and cell fate determination. (illinois.edu)
  • J. Peterson and J. Cole of the Luthey-Schulten laboratory collaborated with J. Fei and the Ha laboratory to examine the effects of DNA replication on gene expression (mRNA) noise. (illinois.edu)
  • Applying computational methods they found that the noise is greatly affected by the transient relaxation of the mRNA from a low- to a high-copy steady state after a gene replication event. (illinois.edu)
  • Examining the many factors associated with gene expression and cell growth, they identified gene location, mRNA degradation rate, and cell doubling time as the main factors contributing to the observed noise. (illinois.edu)
  • Overall, their results demonstrate that it is essential to account for gene replication when modelling gene expression or when interpreting experimental results. (illinois.edu)
  • This module provides an up to date understanding of how fundamental research in bacterial cell biology helps to elucidate central biological questions such as the control and regulation of cell division and of gene expression in bacteria. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • gene cloning ( DNA cloning ) The production of exact copies ( clones ) of a particular gene or DNA sequence using genetic engineering techniques. (encyclopedia.com)
  • thus, a bacterial host will give rise to a colony of cells containing the cloned target gene. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Although the mechanism is unknown, mutations in the POLG gene often result in a reduced number of copies of mtDNA (mtDNA depletion), particularly in muscle, brain, and liver cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic cell gene therapy is being evaluated as well. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Serra-Garcia and Gneezy analyzed data from three influential replication projects which tried to systematically replicate the findings in top psychology, economic and general science journals (Nature and Science). (scitechdaily.com)
  • With the findings from these three replication projects, the authors used Google Scholar to test whether papers that failed to replicate are cited significantly more often than those that were successfully replicated, both before and after the replication projects were published. (scitechdaily.com)
  • These changes result in a mutated pol γ that has a reduced ability to replicate DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HHVs replicate in the host cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • Cell and Molecular Biology helps biologists make important connections between key concepts and experimentation. (chipsbooks.com)
  • In the 1980s, researchers who wanted to understand DNA replication in animals used viruses as a simplified model system. (cshl.edu)
  • Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • Nuclear extracts prepared from uninfected cells as well as cells harvested at 5 and 12 hr after infection contained similar levels of MLTF/USF footprint activity, therefore the lack of a detectable interaction early after infection is not due to reduced levels of the factor early in the viral growth cycle. (princeton.edu)
  • Viral DNA replication was required for MLTF/USF binding at the major late promoter. (princeton.edu)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
  • In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
  • Repair of mitomycin-C-induced chromosomal aberrations was impaired in RAD51B/Rad51b-c.92delT human and mouse somatic cells in vitro and in explanted mouse bone marrow cells. (nature.com)
  • As a post-doctoral fellow with Paul Berg, I developed a subcellular system that allowed simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA to continue replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • We were among the first to develop and exploit sub-cellular systems that allowed SV40 and polyomavirus to complete DNA replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Adenovirus cores can function as templates in in vitro DNA replication. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using both cores and DNA-protein complexes as templates, it was also demonstrated that novobiocin, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase, inhibited in vitro DNA replication by preventing formation of the initiation complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we show that the genomic region surrounding human miR-31 at 9p21.3 is frequently deleted in many solid tumor cell lines, and reintroducing miR-31 into DAOY cells, a line of human medulloblastoma cells devoid of miR-31, strongly suppresses cell growth, causes cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary, and inhibits colony formation in vitro and xenograft tumorigenesis in nude mice. (oncotarget.com)
  • DNA replication can also be performed in vitro (artificially, outside a cell). (wn.com)
  • If DNA polymerases become less accurate in space, the already high mutation rate will increase even further as DNA is copied, with cancer as one of the potential consequences for astronauts. (nanowerk.com)
  • We have shown that DNA polymerases similar to those found in mitochondria - the cell's powerhouses - make more errors in microgravity. (nanowerk.com)
  • DNA replication is the action of DNA polymerases synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the original template strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • When replication elongation was blocked by hydroxyurea or nalidixic acid, arrested cells contained one partially replicated, compact nucleoid located mid-cell. (nih.gov)
  • Chromosome replication in bacteria is regulated at the initiation stage. (wikipedia.org)
  • By examining chromosome replication---which is tightly controlled and thus exhibits little noise---they showed that variability in mRNA levels across a population is greatly affected by mRNA dynamics. (illinois.edu)
  • Chromosome replication and cell division of Escherichia coli are coordinated with growth such that wild-type cells divide once and only once after each replication cycle. (nih.gov)
  • In E. coli, the direction for orisome assembly are built into a short stretch of nucleotide sequence called as origin of replication (oriC) which contains multiple binding sites for the initiator protein DnaA (a highly homologous protein amongst bacterial kingdom). (wikipedia.org)
  • To gain insight into the regulation of this promoter, we analyzed protein-DNA interactions by in vivo DMS and DNasel footprinting during the course of adenovirus infection. (princeton.edu)
  • The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
  • Denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (DTL), one of the CUL4-DDB1-associated factors (DCAFs), has also been associated with the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that OPN, as an extracellular matrix protein, is able to promote the growth and invasion of liver cancer cells through stimulation of the expression of DTL via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this paper we showed that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling INO80 complex promotes resolution of R-loops to prevent replication-associated DNA damage in cancer cells. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • We find that the DDX5 locus is frequently amplified in breast cancer and that breast cancer-derived cells with amplification of DDX5 are much more sensitive to its depletion than breast cancer cells and a breast epithelial cell line that lacks DDX5 amplification. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Given the high frequency of DDX5 amplification in breast cancer, our results highlight DDX5 as a promising candidate for targeted therapy of breast tumors with DDX5 amplification, and indeed we show that DDX5 inhibition sensitizes a subset of breast cancer cells to trastuzumab. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Inhibiting BRAF Oncogene-Mediated Radioresistance Effectively Radiosensitizes BRAFV600E-Mutant Thyroid Cancer Cells by Constraining DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. (cityofhope.org)
  • In the present study, OPN was found to induce DTL expression in liver cancer cells, and the results obtained using luciferase activity assays demonstrated that OPN could transcriptionally activate DTL expression in liver cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the large evolutionary gap between humans and cyanobacteria, these tiny organisms can provide insights into critical cellular functions such as DNA replication . (phys.org)
  • Media conditions that support fast growth in bacteria also couples with shorter inter-initiation time in them, i.e. the doubling time in fast growing cells is less as compared to the slow growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combining time-lapse fluorescent microscopy, mathematical modeling, molecular genetics and biochemical approaches, Liao and Rust were able to track DNA replication initiation, completion, and failures in bacteria exposed to different illumination patterns, including constant light , normal light/dark cycles and cycles with unexpected periods of darkness. (phys.org)
  • Others result from mobile genetic elements snippets of DNA that are able to move between bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • The PulseNet specimens have no connection other than symbiotic flora, colonization, contamination, or infection by bacteria that at some point years ago were progeny of the same cell. (cdc.gov)
  • Replication starts at origins of replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • These events are initiated by the formation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) at the origins of replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent mouse model studies have identified two populations of cells, namely the granule neuron progenitors in the external germinal layer and the multipluripotent neural stem cells likely from the dorsal brain stem [ 4 ], as the cellular origin of medulloblastoma. (oncotarget.com)
  • They designed a semi-automatic mini-laboratory to enable a single round of replication of a 1000-nucleotide-long engineered DNA fragment, during the weightless phase of parabolic flight. (nanowerk.com)
  • However, at the end of the chromosome, the gap after removal of the 5′ terminal RNA primer on the lagging strand cannot be filled in, and the chromosome may become shorter with each ensuing round of replication. (rupress.org)
  • Results from our lab, as well as from other labs, led to the identification of all of the various DNA replication intermediates in SV40 replication. (nih.gov)
  • We demonstrate that miR-31 inhibits MCM2 expression via its 3'-untranslated region, that knockdown of MCM2 in DAOY cells leads to a degree of growth inhibition comparable to that by miR-31 restoration, and that overexpression of miR-31 reduces the chromatin loading of MCM2 at the point of G1/S transition. (oncotarget.com)
  • We propose that the presence of a compact, incompletely replicated nucleoid or unsegregated chromosome masses at the normal mid-cell division site inhibits Z-ring formation and that the SOS system, SlmA, and MinC are not required for this inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • Deregulation of AKT-mTOR signaling contributes to chemoradiation resistance in lung squamous cell carcinoma. (cityofhope.org)
  • LCL161, a SMAC-mimetic, Preferentially Radiosensitizes Human Papillomavirus-negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (cityofhope.org)
  • HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it corresponds to the 5th most common neoplasia worldwide, being the Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) the most common malignancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The majority is due to 'bad luck,' that is, random mutations arising during DNA replication in normal, noncancerous stem cells. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA sequences containing these sites were initially isolated in the late 1970s on the basis of their ability to support replication of plasmids, hence the designation of autonomously replicating sequences (ARS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Pol γ "reads" sequences of mtDNA and uses them as templates to produce new copies of mtDNA in a process called DNA replication . (medlineplus.gov)
  • It seemed like maybe this process would use circadian rhythms to 'predict' the right time to start replication to ensure that it finishes during an optimal window of time. (phys.org)
  • Taken together, these data indicate that miR-31 suppresses medulloblastoma tumorigenesis by negatively regulating DNA replication via MCM2. (oncotarget.com)
  • He Z, Houghton PJ, Williams TM, Shen C* . Regulation of DNA duplication by the mTOR signaling pathway. (cityofhope.org)
  • Philipp was trained as a hard-core biochemist and in his own lab uses extensively genetically modified mice to study cell cycle regulation and human disease. (lu.se)
  • Double-strand breaks in DNA can wreak havoc in cells if not repaired. (rupress.org)
  • In mammals, this process relies on the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) that generates crossover recombination events (COs) [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
  • As a graduate student with Julius Adler, I identified the basal body of the bacterial flagellum, develop methods for its purification, and elucidate its fine structure and specific attachments to the bacterial cell envelope. (nih.gov)
  • The lecture sequence will comprise of a module introduction followed by lectures on specific aspects of bacterial cell biology. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is a model organism for studying the bacterial cell cycle. (csun.edu)
  • The work of PulseNet provides insight into the lives of a bacterial cell through DNA pattern matches. (cdc.gov)
  • All 3 interpretations of lives of a cell the once independent lives of a single cell, the many lives of the earth, and the lives of a bacterial cell that travels throughout the earth strongly suggest a need for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaborations, such as, One Health. (cdc.gov)
  • The process may also help to solve what the study's senior researcher called one of the greatest mysteries of biology: How double-stranded DNA separates into single strands to start the replication process. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In most species we've studied, if the circadian rhythm is disrupted or permanently changed, it's bad for the animal's health, but no one has really been able to explain what goes wrong if your clock is in the wrong state all the time," said senior author Michael Rust, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology at UChicago. (phys.org)
  • Nature Cell Biology. (ku.dk)
  • After being promoted to Senior Investigator, he moved to Singapore where he worked at the Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB/A*STAR/National University of Singapore). (lu.se)
  • It is hypothesized that DNA stretching by DnaA bound to the origin promotes strand separation which allows more DnaA to bind to the unwound region. (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors show that the single-base substitution rate - the rate by which the nucleotide thymine (T) is paired with a wrong nucleotide, for examplae adenosine (A), on the opposing strand of the DNA helix - was found to be 10% to 140% higher than under earthbound conditions. (nanowerk.com)
  • On a lagging strand Rna attract DNA bases in pieces. (brainscape.com)
  • These daughter copies each contains one strand from the parental duplex DNA and one nascent antiparallel strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • The priming event on the lagging strand establishes a replication fork. (wikipedia.org)
  • The image captured key structural details, including the orientation of both the MCM complex and single-strand DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The Groth group has a strong record track in collaborative interdisciplinary research and developing new tailored technologies to address chromatin replication and epigenetic cell memory (NCC-proteomics, ChOR-seq, SCAR-seq, and repli-ATAC-seq). (ku.dk)
  • In 2018, Prof. Groth founded Ankrin Therapeutics, a drug discovery company with the aim to develop new targeted cancer therapy based on her discovery of a new chromatin-linked DNA repair mechanism. (ku.dk)
  • High-resolution profiling revealed that these sites are different from MiDAS at aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites in that they map to genomic regions replicating in the early S-phase, which are close to early-firing replication origins, are highly transcribed, and display R-loop-forming potential. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The combined effect of greater damage and decreased replication accuracy could lead to premature aging in astronauts. (nanowerk.com)
  • MCM8- and MCM9 Deficiencies Cause Lifelong Increased Hematopoietic DNA Damage Driving p53-Dependent Myeloid Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • UVGI that penetrates to microbial DNA may cause damage sufficient to interrupt cell replication. (cdc.gov)
  • Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 11 DnaA binding sites/boxes on the E. coli origin of replication out of which three boxes R1, R2 and R4 (which have a highly conserved 9 bp consensus sequence 5' - TTATC/ACACA ) are high affinity DnaA boxes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The origin recognition complex (too small to be seen in this picture) is responsible for coordinating many parts of this DNA replication process. (cshl.edu)