• In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. (wikipedia.org)
  • In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. (kids.net.au)
  • The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis , and act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes . (kids.net.au)
  • It is made of fibrous proteins and (in many organisms) maintains the shape of the cell, anchors organelles, and controls internal movement of structures, e.g., transport vesicles . (kids.net.au)
  • The most commonly stained cell components are cell membranes, proteins, and nucleotides. (dojindo.com)
  • These compounds are neutral molecules that pass through cell membranes and covalently conjugate with cell proteins. (dojindo.com)
  • Since it has an amine-reactive succinimidyl group, fluorescein derived from CFSE can covalently bond to proteins or other amino groups in the cell or on the cell membrane. (dojindo.com)
  • Anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 counteract BAX-mediated cell death. (nature.com)
  • Huang, D. C. & Strasser, A. BH3-only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. (nature.com)
  • The structure of a ribosome is complex, and it is responsible for making the millions of proteins that are needed by cells. (brighthub.com)
  • The actual process is quite complex, but in essence thanks to the ribosome the actual proteins (needed by the cell) are assembled. (brighthub.com)
  • Regulated fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane in secretory cells requires ATP, Ca2+ and cytosolic as well as membrane proteins. (nih.gov)
  • ATP-dependent steps in Ca(2+)-activated secretion from PC12 cells require three cytosolic PEP proteins (priming in exocytosis proteins, PEP1-3), the identity of which will provide insights into the required ATP-using reactions. (nih.gov)
  • For example, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-2 and −9, have been shown to be typical NF-κB target proteins that are responsible for extracellular matrix breakdown and cell invasion ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The adhesins appear to be outer membrane proteins that allow the rickettsia to be phagocytosed into the host cell. (medscape.com)
  • Fluorescent microscopy of transiently transfected mammalian cells expressing Phi-Yellow proteins. (evrogen.com)
  • Suitability of Phi-Yellow proteins to generate stably transfected cells has been proven by Marinpharm company. (evrogen.com)
  • These AKT proteins therefore regulate a wide variety of cellular functions including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis in both normal and malignant cells. (senescence.info)
  • AKT proteins are recruited to the cell membrane by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) after phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by PI3K. (senescence.info)
  • The knowledge of interactions between proteins in crowded mixtures, as they exist in the interior of living cells, is essential since they ultimately determine their stability, phase behavior, solution structure and dynamics. (lu.se)
  • As a first step on our way to establish a well-defined model cytosol with a complete experimental description of the effective interactions and the resulting solution structure and thermodynamic stability, we need to identify individual proteins that differ in size and charge and are suitable components for our generic cell cytosol. (lu.se)
  • We have recently shown that the replication of rhinovirus, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus requires the co-translational N-myristoylation of viral proteins by human host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), and is inhibited by treatment with IMP-1088, an ultrapotent small molecule NMT inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
  • Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)
  • These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together and take part in metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • BAX is a pro-apoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family that is stationed in the cytosol until activated by a diversity of stress stimuli to induce cell death. (nature.com)
  • Youle, R. J. & Strasser, A. The BCL-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death. (nature.com)
  • Nestin is a class VI intermediate filament protein originally found in neuronal stem cells, and is required for survival and renewal of neural progenitor cells. (biolegend.com)
  • In this study, we found that RING finger protein 4 (RNF4), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for the RIPK1 autophosphorylation and subsequent cell death. (mdpi.com)
  • Parafollicular (PF) cells secrete 5-HT in response to stimulation of a G-protein-coupled Ca 2+ receptor (CaR) by increased extracellular Ca 2+ (↑[Ca 2+ ] e ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
  • Long-term activation of protein kinase c causes chronic Na/H antiporter stimulation in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • To examine the role of protein kinase C as a chronic regulator of proximal tubule Na/H antiporter activity, the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na/H antiporter was studied in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. (cancerindex.org)
  • This protein interacts with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and plays a role in cell migration and proliferation. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) including astrocytes and ependymal cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Multimeric protein complexes formed in the CYTOSOL that play a role in the activation of APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • They can occur when MITOCHONDRIA become damaged due to cell stress and release CYTOCHROME C. Cytosolic cytochrome C associates with APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1 to form the apoptosomal protein complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)
  • Such a soluble cell extract is not identical to the soluble part of the cell cytoplasm and is usually called a cytoplasmic fraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term cytosol is now used to refer to the liquid phase of the cytoplasm in an intact cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the possibility of confusion between the use of the word "cytosol" to refer to both extracts of cells and the soluble part of the cytoplasm in intact cells, the phrase "aqueous cytoplasm" has been used to describe the liquid contents of the cytoplasm of living cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The viscosity of cytoplasm is roughly the same as pure water, although diffusion of small molecules through this liquid is about fourfold slower than in pure water, due mostly to collisions with the large numbers of macromolecules in the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cytosol (as opposed to cytoplasm , which also includes the organelles ) is the internal fluid of the cell , and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. (kids.net.au)
  • This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (proprofs.com)
  • Loss of cell division cycle‑associated 5 promotes cell apoptosis by activating DNA damage response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Silencing oncogene cell division cycle associated 5 induces apoptosis and G1 phase arrest of non-small cell lung cancer cells via p53-p21 signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Downregulation of CDCA5 Can Inhibit Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion, and Induce Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells. (nih.gov)
  • Diminution of p53 by RNA interference induced necrosis instead of apoptosis in A549 cells following terpinen-4-ol treatment, indicating that terpinen-4-ol-elicited apoptosis is p53-dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • Collectively, these data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying terpinen-4-ol-induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells, rendering this compound a potential anticancer drug for NSCLC. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent reports have indicated that terpinen-4-ol exerts its antitumor effects by triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells or by inducing necrotic cell death and cell-cycle arrest in mouse mesothelioma and melanoma cell lines without affecting normal cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our results indicated that terpinen-4-ol induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in NSCLC cells and that the apoptosis elicited by terpinen-4-ol was p53 dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • It is reportedly involved in many physiological functions of cells, including apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle s induce JB6 cell apoptosis through activation of the caspase-8/Bid and mitochondrial pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study investigated TiO2 nanoparticle -induced cell apoptosis and molecular mechanisms involved in this process in a mouse epidermal (JB6) cell line. (cdc.gov)
  • YOPRO-1 iodide (YP) staining demonstrated that both TiO2 nanoparticle s and fine particles induced cell death through apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Complejos proteicos multiméricos que se forman en el CITOSOL e intervienen en la activación de la APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • The compartmentalization of PAPS (the sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) synthesis (mainly in plastids), PAPS consumption (in the cytosol), and PAP (the stress signaling molecule 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate) degradation (in plastids and mitochondria) requires organellar transport systems for both PAPS and PAP. (nih.gov)
  • PAP levels were specifically elevated in the cytosol of papst2 and fiery1 papst2 , but not in papst1 or fry1 papst1 PAPST1 failed to complement the papst2 mutant phenotype in mitochondria, because it likely removes PAPS from the cell, as demonstrated by the increased expression of phytosulfokine genes. (nih.gov)
  • Positively charged molecules are usually cell membrane permeable and accumulate in mitochondria. (dojindo.com)
  • Mitochondria exist in most eukaryotic cells and play a very important role in oxidative metabolism by generating ATP as an energy source. (dojindo.com)
  • The average number of mitochondria per cell is from 100 to 2,000. (dojindo.com)
  • Although the typical size is about 0.5-2 mm, the shape, abundance, and location of mitochondria vary by cell type, cell cycle, and cell viability.Therefore, visualization of mitochondra is important. (dojindo.com)
  • MitoRed and Rh123 readily pass through cell membranes and accumulate in mitochondria. (dojindo.com)
  • 1995]. When expressed in mammalian cells, this variant provides green fluorescent labeling of mitochondria. (evrogen.com)
  • were able to show that the introduction of non-cancerous mitochondria into highly malignant breast cancer cells could reverse malignancy and down-regulate several oncogenic pathways such as invasion, in vivo tumor growth, and others. (frontiersin.org)
  • TiO2 particles also induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol. (cdc.gov)
  • The cytosol also contains the cytoskeleton . (kids.net.au)
  • To prevent the cell from bursting apart, molecular pumps in the plasma membrane , the cytoskeleton, the tonoplast or a cell wall (if present) are used to counteract the osmotic pressure. (kids.net.au)
  • The cytoskeleton has several critical functions, including determining cell shape, participating in cell division, and allowing cells to move. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Since 1858, when Rudolf Virchow formulated the idea that cancer cells are the body's own cells ( Virchow, 1858 ), many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of cancer cells and how they develop such a heterogenetic morphology, increased proliferation, metastatic capacity, and invasive behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • these saw that a 20% reduction in the amount of water in a cell inhibits metabolism, with metabolism decreasing progressively as the cell dries out and all metabolic activity halting when the water level reaches 70% below normal. (wikipedia.org)
  • For this reason, the first function of any cell is to prevent the permanent threat of disintegration that is described by thermodynamic laws and to preserve highly ordered cell characteristics such as structures, the cell cycle, or metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, up to 200,000 different small molecules might be made in plants, although not all these will be present in the same species, or in a single cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the concentration of soluble molecules increases within the cytosol, an osmotic gradient builds up toward the outside of the cell. (kids.net.au)
  • Small neutral molecules and positively charged molecules can pass through viable cell membranes and remain inside of cells, depending on their reactivity or hydrophilicity. (dojindo.com)
  • Negatively charged molecules cannot pass through viable cell membranes. (dojindo.com)
  • Covalently conjugated molecules can stay in the cell for several weeks. (dojindo.com)
  • Calcein and BCECF can be converted into electrically neutral molecules by the addition of acetyl or acetoxymethyl groups to their phenolic OH or carboxylic groups, which allows them to freely permeate into the cell. (dojindo.com)
  • This organelle helps process molecules created by the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • also transports these molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Single-cell kinetics of siRNA-mediated knockdown in cells expressing destabilized eGFP unveiled a dose-response relationship with respect to knockdown induction, depth and duration in the range from several hundred to thousands of cytosolic siRNA molecules. (lu.se)
  • the cell nucleus is separate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In each living cell, the information contained in the DNA (located in the nucleus) is "transferred" to a messenger RNA (mRNA). (brighthub.com)
  • is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) and other structures that surround the nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A typical eukaryotic cell ribosome consists of two subunits named 60S (large subunit) and 40S (small). (brighthub.com)
  • The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole. (wikipedia.org)
  • As mentioned, microvilli are formed as cell extensions from the plasma membrane surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a key challenge in translating siRNA into the clinic is the inefficacy to deliver siRNA across the plasma membrane, but most importantly, to escape the endosomal system and reach the cytosol where they can interact with the RNA interference machinery. (lu.se)
  • Fluorogenic esterase substrates that can be passively loaded into viable cells, such as Calcein-AM, BCECFAM, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), are converted by intracellular esterases into fluorescein analogs with green fluorescence. (dojindo.com)
  • They are obligate intracellular gram-negative coccobacillary forms that multiply within eukaryotic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Jordan and Davies, 2001), [researchers] found intracellular K+ concentrations in E. coli cells to range from 180 to 200 mM across the entire range of sucrose concentrations employed (Fig. 3). (harvard.edu)
  • With these methods, single-cell knockdown kinetics of cytosol delivered siRNA is determined, and the dose-response correlation between knockdown and intracellular siRNA concentration is elucidated. (lu.se)
  • Small molecule inhibition of DHODH rapidly leads to the depletion of intracellular pyrimidine pools and forces cells to rely on extracellular salvage. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the absence of sufficient salvage, this intracellular nucleotide starvation results in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, cell cycle arrest, and, ultimately, death. (bvsalud.org)
  • Montal 2010), acidification, a normal step in synaptic vesicle recycling, is inferred to cause a conformational change in the botulinum toxin type G disulfide-bonded heavy chain - light chain dimer (BoNT/G HC:LC) it contains, allowing the HC part of the toxin to function as a channel through which its LC part is extruded into the neuronal cytosol. (reactome.org)
  • In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others take place within organelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • In eukaryotes , the cytosol contains the cell organelles . (kids.net.au)
  • Single-cell kinetics of siRNA-mediated knockdown in cells expressing destabilized eGFP unveiled a. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, treatment of s.c xenografts derived from A549 cells with intratumor injections of terpinen-4-ol significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with the control group. (hindawi.com)
  • Actin filaments, present in the cytosol , are most abundant near the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli, allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation. (wikipedia.org)
  • D) PhiYFP-m fusion with β-actin in PtK rat kangaroo cells. (evrogen.com)
  • Nestin was found to be expressed on vascular endothelial progenitor cells and various neoplasms. (biolegend.com)
  • We explored whether LPL affects (a) lipoprotein transport across bovine aortic endothelial cells or (b) lipoprotein binding to subendothelial cell matrix (retention). (jci.org)
  • GUS reporter gene constructs target B-glucuronidase enzyme activity to both infected and uninfected cells. (usda.gov)
  • A prokaryotic cell ribosome is a little smaller but it is made of two subunits too: a 50S and 30S subunit. (brighthub.com)
  • Various activities and structures of a cell can be targeted for staining with fluorescent compounds (Fig. 1). (dojindo.com)
  • Some of these parts, called organelles, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this study, the antitumor effects of terpinen-4-ol and the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for it were evaluated and studied, respectively on human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Ester can pass through viable cell membranes, where it is hydrolyzed by cellular esterases into a negatively charged molecule under physiological conditions. (dojindo.com)
  • Thus, microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption, they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • In her cellular and microbiological investigations, Weyand has devoted a lot of time to studying why T-cells age prematurely in patients with RA. (medscape.com)
  • In the last part, information about cell-penetrating peptides that can be used as molecular carries is mentioned with providing classification and cellular uptake mechanism of them. (intechopen.com)
  • Click cells to view annotations. (jax.org)
  • Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Exocyst Complex Member EXOC5 Is Required for Survival of Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons and Maintenance of Hearing. (nih.gov)
  • The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is crucial for tumor cell survival. (senescence.info)
  • Mice homozygous for a null allele exhibit incomplete prenatal lethality, decreased osteoclast cell number, decreased angiogenesis, increased long bone epiphyseal plate size, and short long bones. (jax.org)
  • Downregulation of exocyst Sec10 accelerates kidney tubule cell recovery through enhanced cell migration. (nih.gov)
  • Microvilli are also of importance on the cell surface of white blood cells , as they aid in the migration of white blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell migration was detected by wound healing and Transwell assays, while cell invasion was detected by a Matrigel‑coated Transwell method. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The cytosol is not a "soup" with free-floating particles, but highly organized on the molecular level. (kids.net.au)
  • 2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. (brighthub.com)
  • 1 Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, many natural compounds have been found to effectively suppress NF-κB signaling, providing an experimentally validated molecular explanation for their functional outcomes in tumor cells ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 1990. Cell replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) activity of low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins in the rat liver in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • As Dörner emphasized, these cells are not under the command of the B-cell receptor and are independent of the cytokine BAFF (B-cell activating factor). (medscape.com)
  • CFSE is also an ester compound that passes through viable cell membranes. (dojindo.com)
  • Cell membranes of viable cells are impermeable to these fluorescent dyes,except for the Hoechst dyes, and these dyes can therefore be used as fluorescent indicators of dead cells. (dojindo.com)
  • Hoechst dyes are positively charged under physiological conditions and can pass through viable cell membranes. (dojindo.com)
  • K+ is the most abundant inorganic ion in the (non-halophilic) cell cytosol (a typical concentration of ~200 mM). (harvard.edu)
  • What must every cell that metabolizes glucose do first? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Culture was grown in side-arm flasks containing glucose minimal media (DM, Minimal Broth Davis, Difco) supplemented with 0.1% of glucose at 25°C with shaking (60 r.p.m.) until cells reached exponential growth phase (optical density OD540 = 0.3). (harvard.edu)
  • In the current study, the anti‑invasive activities and associated signaling pathways of celastrol were determined in ovarian cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Increased sub-G1 population and annexin-V binding, activation of caspases 9 and 3, cleavage of poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) indicated involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in terpinen-4-ol-treated A549 and CL1-0 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Acts upstream of with a negative effect on epithelial cell apoptotic process. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, IL-1β through its induction of prostaglandin E2 could influence the cell death modality of Mtb-infected macrophages favoring an apoptotic over necrotic fate thus containing bacterial spread ( 7 , 10 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, evidence indicated that TiO2 nanoparticle s exhibit higher cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction compared to fine particles in JB6 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Though the length and composition of microvilli is consistent within a certain group of homogenous cells, it can differ slightly in a different part of the same organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • We hypothesised that the presence of active CTSB in the cytosol is crucial for NLRP3-inflammasome assembly and, consequently, for mature IL-1β generation after mycobacterial infection in vitro . (frontiersin.org)
  • H37Rv-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) displayed both lysosomal leakage, with release of CTSB into the cytosol, as well as increased levels of mature IL-1β. (frontiersin.org)
  • Importantly, we observed that loss of N-myristoylation resulted in greatly reduced infectivity of assembled mature virus particles, characterized by significantly reduced host cell entry and a decline in membrane fusion activity of progeny virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Rodent species show marked differ- ences in the distribution and regional density of Clara cells within the respiratory tract, as well as in their capacity to produce and eliminate SO. (cdc.gov)
  • Mammalian cells transiently transfected with PhiYFP and PhiYFP-m expression vectors produce bright fluorescence in 10-12 hours after transfection. (evrogen.com)
  • Fluorescent microscopy of stably transfected mammalian cells expressing PhiYFP in cytosol. (evrogen.com)
  • Is the mechanical activity of epithelial cells controlled by deformations or forces? (crossref.org)
  • Thousands of microvilli form a structure called the brush border that is found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells , such as the small intestines . (wikipedia.org)
  • Fascinated with the unlimited potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, making them the most preferred choice? (kosheeka.com)
  • Worldwide researchers are using adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for cosmetic research? (kosheeka.com)
  • Highly expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (joplink.net)
  • Prior to this, other terms, including hyaloplasm, were used for the cell fluid, not always synonymously, as its nature was not well understood (see protoplasm). (wikipedia.org)
  • H) T24 cells expressing destabilized variant PhiYFP-m-dest1. (evrogen.com)
  • The cytosol is thus a liquid matrix around the organelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also provides a track-like system that directs the movement of organelles and other substances within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tetrazolium salts detect dehydrogenase activity of viable cells. (dojindo.com)
  • Upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), which synthesises monounsaturated fatty acids, is required for cancer cells to proliferate in a lipid-depleted environment, and CR also impairs tumour SCD activity to cause an imbalance between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids to slow tumour growth. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Increased SCD activity is required for cancer cells to adapt to exogenous lipid limitation. (nature.com)
  • It has been reported that RNF4 negatively regulates TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through downregulation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity, indicating the possibility that RNF4-mediated TAK1 suppression results in enhanced sensitivity to cell death. (mdpi.com)
  • Stimulation of PF cells with ↑[Ca 2+ ] e increased the activity of immunoprecipitated PKCζ (but not PKCι/λ), and the activity of this PKCζ was inhibited by pseudoZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Plays a key role in increased proteasome activity in bryonic st cells (ESCs): its high expression in ESCs promotes enhanced assbly of the 26S proteasome, followed by higher proteasome activity. (joplink.net)
  • However, activity appears to be higher in the infected cells. (usda.gov)
  • while human cytosolic pH ranges between 7.0-7.4, and is usually higher if a cell is growing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunoblots from membrane and cytosolic fractions of isolated PF cells revealed conventional (α, βI, and γ), novel (δ and ε), and atypical (ι/λ and ζ) PKCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • Mice homozygous for a conditional allele activated in Schwann cells exhibit transient acceleration of postnatal myelination, reduced demyelination in culture, and reduced myelin degradation and increases remyelination following nerve axotomy or sciatic nerve crush. (jax.org)
  • Lipoprotein lipase increases low density lipoprotein retention by subendothelial cell matrix. (jci.org)
  • Fluorescent esterase substrates may also be used in cell viability assays in place of tetrazolium analogs such as MTT or WST. (dojindo.com)
  • Through a series of metabolic assays, we show that leukemia cells, in the setting of nucleotide starvation, undergo changes in their mitochondrial membrane potential and may be more highly dependent on alternative fuel sources. (bvsalud.org)
  • Western-blot analysis showed an activation of caspase-8, Bid, BAX, and caspase-3 and a decrease of Bcl-2 in JB6 cells treated with TiO2 particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Enforcing cancer cell SCD expression or raising circulating lipid levels through a higher-fat CR diet confers resistance to the effects of CR. (nature.com)
  • Possibly, 1 day, one of these cells will show an autonomous and aggressive behavior-it will be a cancer cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cancer Cell? (senescence.info)
  • and regulation of cell cycle process. (nih.gov)
  • The National Human Genome Research Institute's Talking Glossary provides a definition of a cell as well as an illustration and video. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We learned how the T-cell aging process translates into metabolic reprogramming of the T-cells - how a good, strong, and protective T-cell transforms into a disease-inducing T-cell. (medscape.com)
  • These changes suggest a new metabolic vulnerability that may distinguish these cells from normal T cells and other normal hematopoietic cells and offer an exploitable therapeutic opportunity. (bvsalud.org)