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VibrioTyphoidBacterialOutbreaksDiseasesFowl choleraBacteriaPasteurellaBacteriumAnthraxSmallpoxVaccinationStrainsEpidemiologyGerm theoryVaccineBacillusAsymptomaticDiseaseIngestionCausative agentsHumansDiarrheaAcutePlaguePovertyClinicalRelationTransmissionSymptomsInfectious agentChapterOutbreakConcernToxinsCasesEffectSpreadStudyThoughtSignificantSubjectYearsSocialMillionFactors
Vibrio12
Typhoid1
Bacterial3
  • Fowl cholera is a contagious, bacterial disease of birds caused by Pasteurella multocida . (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Fowl cholera is a contagious, bacterial disease that affects domestic and wild birds worldwide. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Introduction: Before the introduction of vaccination to protect children from pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) were the most frequent aetiological agents causing bacterial pneumonia in children under five years old. (bvsalud.org)
Outbreaks3
  • In 2007, a series of anomalous cholera outbreaks occurred in Hanoi, Vietnam. (dissertationreviews.org)
  • Lincoln describes her efforts to locate and interview "officially" poor households in order to fill a gap in public accounts of cholera outbreaks. (dissertationreviews.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to explore the epidemiology and microbiological pattern of the cholera outbreaks that occurred in Zimbabwe from 2018 to 2019. (bvsalud.org)
Diseases10
  • P. multocida is the cause of a range of diseases in mammals and birds, including fowl cholera in poultry, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, and bovine hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. (wikipedia.org)
  • and the restricted scope of the current Regulations, which apply only to three diseases - cholera, plague and yellow fever. (who.int)
  • Non-Infectious Diseases: Not caused by infectious agents, mostly internal and non- infectious cause. (imperialstudy.com)
  • Infectious Diseases: Caused by infectious agents. (imperialstudy.com)
  • a)The infectious diseases spread by agents are called as Communicable Diseases. (imperialstudy.com)
  • The appearance of this "nineteenth century" disease confounded public health experts and citizens alike: cholera is not endemic to this region of the country, and its appearance contravened a national public health system that, despite critical resource constraints, has prided itself on controlling such infectious diseases. (dissertationreviews.org)
  • Epidemiology can help identify the causal agent and the modes of transmission of diseases which are key for diagnosing as well as finding the appropriate treatment. (quantifyinghealth.com)
  • Microorganisms as causative agents: The germ theory states that specific microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, are responsible for causing infectious diseases. (microbiologynote.com)
  • There are accounts of diseases in various writings that are suggestive of cholera well before the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • For justment is the the causal association that can be charged for infectious diseases. (lewishamcyclists.org.uk)
Fowl cholera7
  • P. multocida strains that cause fowl cholera in poultry typically belong to the serovars 1, 3, and 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the wild, fowl cholera has been shown to follow bird migration routes, especially of snow geese. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pasteurella multocida , the causal agent of fowl cholera, is a small, gram-negative, nonmotile rod with a capsule that may exhibit pleomorphism after repeated subculture. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Although P multocida may infect a wide variety of animals, strains isolated from nonavian hosts generally do not produce fowl cholera. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Strains that cause fowl cholera represent a number of immunotypes (or serotypes). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Clinical findings from fowl cholera vary greatly depending on the course of disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • In acute fowl cholera, finding a large number of dead birds without previous signs is usually the first indication of disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
Bacteria3
  • Existing cholera vaccines are a formulation of whole bacteria (e.g., killed) and generally require refrigerated storage (or cold chain). (technologynetworks.com)
  • Since oral cholera vaccines formulated from killed V. cholerae are already available in some countries, in future clinical studies, it might be necessary to include a head-to-head comparison between the currently available bacteria-based vaccines and MucoRice-CTB. (technologynetworks.com)
  • These pathogens can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and even non-living agents such as prions or viroids. (microbiologynote.com)
Pasteurella1
  • Pasteurella multocida was first found in 1878 in cholera-infected birds. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterium2
  • The P. multocida serotype-1 is most associated with avian cholera in North America, but the bacterium does not linger in wetlands for extended periods of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Koch, a German doctor could show in 1876 that the causal agent of bovine anthrax was a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. (gurujistudy.com)
Anthrax1
  • Some pathogens, such as anthrax, are spread by spores that are highly resistant to heat and drying, while others, such as the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), are spread only by the exchange of bodily fluids or tissues because they are unable to survive as infectious agents outside the body. (nih.gov)
Smallpox1
  • The current Regulations have been in effect since 1969, with amendments relating to smallpox eradication and to cholera vaccination requirements introduced as appropriate. (who.int)
Vaccination1
  • Strategies employed to contain the outbreak included mass oral cholera vaccination in the hotspot areas of Harare, provision of improved and appropriate sanitation measures, provision of safe and adequate water, chlorination of water and improved waste management practice. (bvsalud.org)
Strains1
  • CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence of a cholera outbreak is a global concern, especially with the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of the causal organism. (bvsalud.org)
Epidemiology2
  • The same could be said for epidemiology -- infectious disease agents were, in retrospect, easy, and finding them led to major successes in treatment and prevention, with major improvements in public health. (blogspot.com)
  • Harris (1), Anderson (5), and others have charted the differences in thinking these changes have brought to modern epidemiology, emphasizing the difficulties in assigning causality when shifting from a mono-causal focus (promoted by the germ theory to address infectious disease) to a multi-causal focus to address chronic disease. (cdc.gov)
Germ theory1
  • If so, and if a unifying cause could be identified to explain what is essentially a "multi-causal enterprise" (5), the implications for the management of chronic conditions could be significant, possibly reflecting the influence of the germ theory on changes in infectious disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and control. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine3
  • KR: How does the MucoRice-CTB vaccine differ from other available vaccines for cholera? (technologynetworks.com)
  • The vaccine also contains Polysorbate 80 , an agent used in creams, ointments, lotions, and multiple medical preparations including vitamin oils, and anticancer agents. (sanevax.org)
  • More than 97 percent of the events have occurred within 30 minutes of a vaccine, establishing a causal relationship. (sanevax.org)
Bacillus1
Asymptomatic1
  • This strategy has an inherent unrealistic assumption that all pathogen detection allows for causal attribution, despite known asymptomatic carriage of the principal causes of acute febrile illness in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). (cdc.gov)
Disease16
  • Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur, and little damage will be caused unless the agent is able to spread from the original site of infection or can secrete toxins that can spread to other parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • Most infectious agents show a significant degree of host specificity , causing disease only in one or a few related species. (nih.gov)
  • Subspecies multocida is the most common cause of disease, but septica and gallicida may also cause cholera-like disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Take cholera, to use an important disease in the history of public health. (medhumanities.org)
  • What is the disease of cholera? (medhumanities.org)
  • Even if we are (rightly) suspicious of the notion of a definition of the disease of cholera, it certainly doesn't seem valid to treat the properties of the disease as their definition. (medhumanities.org)
  • It is not merely an attempt to link causal explanations of disease to practices of social blame and exclusion. (dissertationreviews.org)
  • His remarkable work remains a landmark in microbiology about the nature of the disease and in proving the pathogenicity of a disease-causing agent in its host through Koch's postulates . (gurujistudy.com)
  • The causative agent for this disease is Leptospira sp. (microbiologynote.com)
  • His observation was in line with his theory that cholera was a waterborne disease. (quantifyinghealth.com)
  • Non-infectious agents called prions transmit Mad Cow disease, but there is no evidence of this problem in US food supply. (foodsafetyflorida.org)
  • Asiatic cholera was the most dreaded disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • One reason for the intense fear provoked by the disease was its symptoms: not only did cholera exact a degrading and painful toll on the human body, it also struck suddenly, and was capable of reducing the seemingly healthy in a period of hours. (yale.edu)
  • This correspondence qualifies it as an archetypical disease of poverty, and implicated cholera in the larger nineteenth-century political anxiety over the "social question. (yale.edu)
  • And Asiatic cholera is a good example of what we might - though let's be mindful, it would be historically anachronistic - we might call it a great emerging disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • Cholera for the nineteenth century was something new, something never before experienced, and that helps to explain a good part of the reaction to the populations that were first afflicted by it, as the "great cholera," we should remember, was the great feared disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
Ingestion2
  • Food-borne illnesses are usually transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water, but even causal contact with contaminated surfaces may spread this virus. (foodsafetyflorida.org)
  • A second major reason for the disease's significance was its overwhelming predilection for the poor: transmitted through the oral ingestion of fecal matter, cholera was intimately associated with poor diets and unsanitary living conditions. (yale.edu)
Causative agents1
  • Diagnostic laboratories also have a requirement to notify the HPA of specified causative agents they identify in tests on human samples. (pocketdentistry.com)
Humans3
Diarrhea2
  • Profuse watery diarrhea, such as that presented by cholera, can be rapidly life-threatening due to dehydration and also requires immediate attention. (foodsafetyflorida.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Despite antibiotic prescription being recommended for dysentery and suspected cholera only, diarrhea still triggers unwarranted antibiotic prescription. (cdc.gov)
Acute1
  • We designed a semi-quantitative PCR in a modular format to detect bloodborne agents of acute febrile illness that encompassed common etiologies of AFI in the region, etiologies of recent epidemics, etiologies that require an immediate public health response and additional pathogens of unknown endemicity. (cdc.gov)
Plague1
  • It's revealing that a great deal of the discussion surrounding the early experiences with cholera revolved around the question of whether this was, in fact, the return of the plague. (yale.edu)
Poverty1
  • In the first chapter, Lincoln suggests that an interpretive, anthropological approach to investigating cholera and its relationship to "poverty" is particularly well suited in the Vietnamese context, where quantitative data is sometimes unreliable, often contradictory, and frequently absent or inaccessible. (dissertationreviews.org)
Clinical1
  • To facilitate rapid notification and response, it proposed the introduction of immediate notification of clinical syndromes, pending determination of the causal agent. (who.int)
Relation1
  • Moreover, it is defensible to attribute a causal relation to a pair of factors even in the absence of a correlation between them, if we can provide evidence supporting the claim that there are specific mechanisms connecting them. (blogspot.com)
Transmission1
  • The number, route, mode of transmission, and stability of an infectious agent outside the host determines its infectivity. (nih.gov)
Symptoms2
Infectious agent3
  • After making contact, an infectious agent must establish a focus of infection. (nih.gov)
  • Usually, spread by the bloodstream occurs only after the lymphatic system has been overwhelmed by the burden of infectious agent. (nih.gov)
  • Vector- the animal carrying infectious agent from a sick person to another potential host without getting affected Ex. (imperialstudy.com)
Chapter1
  • In this part of the chapter we will briefly examine the stages of infection, and the various types of infectious agents. (nih.gov)
Outbreak3
  • John Snow, an English physician, examined data that he collected on the outbreak of cholera in London and observed that cases of cholera were concentrated around the Broad Street pump. (quantifyinghealth.com)
  • Improving water, sanitation, hygiene infrastructure, health system strengthening measures and inter-sectoral collaboration in responding to the cholera outbreak was key to controlling the outbreak. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cholera never left the earth and still going strong even in 21st Century, the Yemen outbreak (2016-2021) still going on has charged humanity for thousands of lives. (actascientific.com)
Concern1
  • Causal gateway effects should be of minor concern for policy. (who.int)
Toxins1
  • In 1977 he discovers, in the Gambier Islands a microscopic blue-green alga, one of the dinoflagellata, called Gambierdiscus Toxicus , identified by Adachi and Fukuyo as the agent responsible for the synthesis of the toxins in ciguatera, especially ciguatoxin. (asnom.org)
Cases1
  • RESULTS: A cumulative total of 10 730 suspected, 371 laboratory-confirmed cholera cases and 68 deaths were reported in Zimbabwe through the situation analysis report (sitrep). (bvsalud.org)
Effect1
  • On pressure measurement demiological study designs used the underlying causal effect on one of three generations should be found. (lewishamcyclists.org.uk)
Spread1
  • The second Cholera pandemic followed the footsteps of the first and spread up to North America (1826-1837) but lasted longer with death tolls of more than 100 thousand. (actascientific.com)
Study3
  • Certainly, the dissertation offers a considered, ethnographic study of the ways that cholera narratives and public health responses map onto existing social hierarchies in Vietnam. (dissertationreviews.org)
  • STUDY REGISTRATION: Project 1791, Registro de Proyectos de Investigacin en Salud Pblica (PRISA), Instituto Nacional de Salud, Per. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the cross-sectional design of the study precludes causal relationships from being determined, the study finding deserves further examination via longitudinal research. (bvsalud.org)
Thought1
Significant1
  • The age-old connection between sin and suffering is another highly significant social influence in the constellation of cholera in the 19th century. (medhumanities.org)
Subject2
  • We can continue with our subject of Asiatic cholera. (yale.edu)
  • The subject of causal explanation in the social sciences has been a recurring thread here ( thread ). (blogspot.com)
Years2
  • Rosenberg's Cholera Years is a classic demonstration of this, and Johnson's more recent contribution ( the Ghost Map ) makes a similar point in different ways. (medhumanities.org)
  • The third Cholera pandemic engulfed almost a million people in fourteen years (1846-1860). (actascientific.com)
Social2
  • Causal realism is a defensible position when it comes to the social world: there are real social relations among social factors (structures, institutions, groups, norms, and salient social characteristics like race or gender). (blogspot.com)
  • This I have attempted to provide through the theory of methodological localism ( post ) -- the idea that the causal nexus of the social world is constituted by the behaviors of socially situated and socially constructed individuals. (blogspot.com)
Million1
Factors2
  • One of the causal factors in cancer is uncontrolled tissue regeneration or failure of the immune system to recognise and destroy aberrant cells. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Discovery of correlations among factors does not constitute the whole meaning of a causal statement. (blogspot.com)