Catecholamines cells chromaffin system. Medical search. Frequent questions

The chromaffin cells release catecholamines: ~80% of adrenaline (epinephrine) and ~20% of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) into systemic circulation for systemic effects on multiple organs (similarly to secretory neurones of the hypothalamus), and can also send paracrine signals. (wikipedia.org)
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by the splanchnic nerve and secrete adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), some dopamine, enkephalin and enkephalin-containing peptides, and a few other hormones into the blood stream. (wikipedia.org)
the former produce norepinephrine, the latter arise out of N cells through interaction with glucocorticoids, and convert norepinephrine into epinephrine. (wikipedia.org)
This chronic increase of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion causes desensitization of the chromaffin cells to catecholamines resulting in a decrease in production and presence of α2 adrenergic receptors on their cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Catecholamine is the common term for the important hormones Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Dopamine. (proteinlounge.com)
The major product of the adrenal medulla is epinephrine, which constitutes 80% of the catecholamines released from the medulla (Ref.1&2. (proteinlounge.com)
The adrenal medulla synthesizes and stores three catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. (unboundmedicine.com)
Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. (ncats.io)
Chromaffin tissue secretes two hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine , which are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines . (britannica.com)
Epinephrine is formed from norepinephrine by methylation (the addition of a methyl, or ―CH 3 , group), a reaction that occurs outside the granules of the chromaffin cells. (britannica.com)

The secretion of the hormones of the adrenal medulla (adrenaline, norepinephrine) is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. (synthroidnews.net)

Acinic Cell Carcinoma A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm consisting of secretory cells forming acinar patterns. (nih.gov)
Glands can also be classified according to the secretory mechanisms of their cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
The most common secretory mechanism is merocrine, in which secretion-filled intracellular vesicles release their contents by fusing with the cell membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
Other secretory mechanisms include holocrine (in which the gland cell membrane disintegrates to release its secretion), apocrine (in which the ends of the gland cells pinch off, carrying the secretion), and direct active transport of particular molecules across the gland cell membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
The elemental and water content of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and their secretory chromaffin granules have been measured and compared with isolated chromaffin granules using quick freezing, ultracryomicrotomy, and electron microprobe analysis methods. (nih.gov)
The finding of secretory vesicles in extrasynaptic sites of neurons, the presence of signaling molecules (namely transmitters or peptides) in the extracellular space outside synaptic clefts, and the mismatch between exocytosis sites and the location of receptors for these molecules in neurons and glial cells, have long suggested that in addition to synaptic communication, transmitters are released, and act extrasynaptically. (frontiersin.org)

Chromaffin cells, also called pheochromocytes (or phaeochromocytes), are neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the medulla of the adrenal glands in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
In order to activate chromaffin cells, the splanchnic nerve of the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which then binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the adrenal medulla. (wikipedia.org)
Some of these cells will migrate to the adrenal medulla to form sympathetic ganglia cells within the adrenal medulla (without postsynaptic sympathetic fibers). (wikipedia.org)
2) Chromaffin cells (or pheochromocytes): These cells will migrate to the area adjacent to the sympathetic ganglia (hence the name paraganglia) and to the adrenal medulla where they will be the most abundant type of cells. (wikipedia.org)
The biosynthesis and storage of catecholamines in chromaffin cell tumors may differ from the biosynthesis and storage in the normal medulla. (medscape.com)
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are the key site of catecholamine synthesis and collections of these cells are also found in heart, liver, kidney, gonads, adrenergic neurons of the postganglionic sympathetic system, and CNS (Central Nervous System). (proteinlounge.com)
A phaeochromocytoma is a rare functional tumour that arises from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
Objective: Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumour originating from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia. (bvsalud.org)
Termination of the adrenal medulla growth was found to be associated with decreased chromaffin cell proliferation, activation of canonical Wnt-signaling pathway, and enhanced expression of Sonic Hedgehog ligand. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis of transcription factors associated with pluripotency revealed increased percentage of Oct4-expressing cells by the end of medulla growth and no signs of Sox2 expression. (bvsalud.org)
These findings allow considering the formation of the cell pools for dedifferentiation as a putative mechanism for physiological regeneration of the adrenal medulla. (bvsalud.org)
The adrenal medulla is located in the center of the adrenal gland and is connected to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (picmonic.com)
These catecholamines are secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, affecting the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system. (picmonic.com)
Isolated non-familial catecholamin-producing tumours arising from neuroendocrine chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or in extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue, respectively. (cdc.gov)
The medulla arises from ectoderm, which also gives rise to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). (unboundmedicine.com)
The medulla consists of chromaffin cells arranged in groups or in anastomosing cords. (unboundmedicine.com)
The adrenal medulla is controlled by the SNS system and functions in conjunction with it. (unboundmedicine.com)
The adrenal medulla is one of the locations of the sympathetic nervous system in the body.What do the results of this study add? (istinye.edu.tr)
This highlights the importance of chromaffin cell secretions in the adrenal medulla in preeclampsia.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? (istinye.edu.tr)
This study will help understand the role of the adrenal medulla in the autonomic nervous system dysregulation in preeclampsia. (istinye.edu.tr)
The adrenal medulla is neuroendocrine tissue composed of postganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) neurons. (openstax.org)
The cortex develops from cells of the coelomic epithelium and is, therefore, of mesodermal origin , while the chromaffin and sympathetic ganglion cells of the medulla are derived from the neural ectoderm . (myendoconsult.com)
The adrenal gland of mammals is composed of an outer region, the cortex, which consists of adrenocortical tissue that secretes steroid hormones (steroids are fat-soluble organic compounds), and an inner region, the medulla, which is composed of chromaffin tissue , so called because its cells contain granules that can be characteristically coloured by certain reagents. (britannica.com)

They are in close proximity to pre-synaptic sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, with which they communicate, and structurally they are similar to post-synaptic sympathetic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
The diversification of neural-crest-derived sympathoadrenal (SA) progenitor cells into sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells was thought to be largely understood. (biologists.com)
Peripheral Effects of Nicotine Nicotine exerts its action on the cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal motor, and gastrointestinal systems through stimulation of peripheral cholinergic neurons via afferent chemoreceptors and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (Ginzel 1967b). (nih.gov)
Key to this study was the development of advanced genetic and intersectional mouse models, which allowed them to specifically kill/silence the NPY+ sympathetic neurons and/or adrenal chromaffin cells. (yiacupuncture.com)
Consistent with this, ablating sympathetic neurons abrogated the beneficial effects of electrical stimulation, while ablation of only chromaffin cells had no effect on the stimuli-induced anti-inflammation, and hence the effects rely on sympathetic neurons, although a redundant role of chromaffin cells could not be ruled out. (yiacupuncture.com)
Catestatin can inhibit catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and adrenergic neurons. (istinye.edu.tr)
The cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the heart primarily reside in the stellate ganglion (SG), alongside neurons innervating other organs and tissues. (elifesciences.org)
We review the evidence of exocytosis from extrasynaptic sites in the soma, dendrites, and axonal varicosities of central and peripheral neurons of vertebrates and invertebrates, with emphasis on somatic exocytosis, and how it contributes to signaling in the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)

These terms can be used interchangeably but usually paraganglioma refer to a tumor originating from chromaffin cells outside the adrenal gland, which can also be called extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, whereas pheochromocytoma typically refer to a tumor originating from the chromaffin cells within the adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
The pathophysiology of the pheochromocytoma is best appreciated with an understanding of catecholamine biochemistry. (medscape.com)
Pheochromocytoma A pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor of chromaffin cells typically located in the adrenals. (msdmanuals.com)
We investigated possible acute in vitro effects of BDE-47 on vesicular catecholamine release and intracellular Ca 2+ in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. (nih.gov)

A tumor arising from these cells is called neuroblastoma. (wikipedia.org)
Age, stage, and biological features encountered in tumor cells are important prognostic factors and are used for risk stratification and treatment assignment. (medscape.com)
The term paraganglioma refers to any extra-adrenal or nonfunctional tumor of the paraganglion system, whereas functional tumors are referred to as extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. (medscape.com)
This information contributes to our understanding of the role of the immune system in the control of tumor development and to the optimization of the design of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. (sunolmolecular.com)
These organizations will probably reflect the essential part these substances play in the relationships of tumor cells with the different parts of both innate and adaptive disease fighting capability [1-5] (Fig. 1). (sunolmolecular.com)
The debate has focused on whether HLA antigen and NKCAL changes are simply the by-product of genomic instability or reflect selection of tumor cells with HLA antigen or NKCAL changes secondary to immune selective pressure. (sunolmolecular.com)
1892 Berdez discovered a chromaffin tumor of the adrenal. (myendoconsult.com)

This increased sympathetic activity leads to chronically increased synthesis and secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal chromaffin cells. (wikipedia.org)
An acute 15 min pretreatment of chromaffin cells with MPTP or MPP+ induced secretion of catecholamines over a 1 h pulse, with MPP+ producing the maximum and more rapid secretion as determined by HPLC. (iospress.com)

The adrenal glands are a pair of anatomically complex organs with essential roles in the endocrine system of the human body. (trifixx.com)
In idiopathic Addison's disease, the cortical substance of the adrenal glands loses its three-layer structure, the cells are preserved in the form of islets surrounded by fibrous tissue permeated with lymphoid cells. (synthroidnews.net)
Microscopically, it is represented by light cells with lipid inclusions, which are similar to cells of the reticular zone of the adrenal glands. (synthroidnews.net)

Tumors arising from these cell are called paragangliomas or pheochromocytomas. (wikipedia.org)
Neoplasms arising from these cells are pheochromocytomas (also called chromaffin or sympathetic paragangliomas, in contrast to non-chromaffin or parasympathetic paragangliomas of glomus cells). (wikipedia.org)
Pheochromocytomas and catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas have a similar clinical presentation, but the risk for associated neoplasms, risk for malignancy, and genetic testing is different between the tumors. (medscape.com)
Extra-adrenal paragangliomas (extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas) are closely related, though less common, tumours that originate in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. (medicalexamprep.co.uk)

There are two types of cells that originate from the neural crest and are related to the sympathetic nervous system (originate from a cell called sympathogonia): 1) Neuroblasts: These cells migrate, during the fourth to the fifth week of fetal development in humans, on both sides of the spinal cord toward the region just behind the dorsal aorta forming the two chains of sympathetic ganglia (Sympathetic chain). (wikipedia.org)
the chromaffin cells settle near the sympathetic ganglia, the vagus nerve, paraganglia, and carotid arteries. (medscape.com)
Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA along the ABDOMINAL AORTA , beginning cranial to the superior mesenteric artery ( MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR ) or renal arteries and extending to the level of the aortic bifurcation or just beyond. (nih.gov)

Large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), which contain neurotransmitters of amines and peptides, play a critical role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system. (jneurosci.org)
The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. (slideshare.net)
The role of autonomic nervous system dysregulation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is known. (istinye.edu.tr)
It is really an extension of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates homeostasis in the body. (openstax.org)

Role of N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, J. Neural. (degruyter.com)

These tumours secrete catecholamines and cause a collection of symptoms and signs related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
The cells of ductless glands secrete specific molecules into the adjacent interstitial space (paracrine glands) or into the bloodstream (endocrine glands). (unboundmedicine.com)
The cells of ducted glands (exocrine glands) secrete into a cylindrical sac (tubular glands) or into a flask-shaped sac (alveolar glands). (unboundmedicine.com)
The endocrine system is the network of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to reach distant target tissues and organs within the body. (rarediseases.org)

To determine the contribution of plasma catecholamines to the cardiovascular effects of elevated levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) in trout, this study investigated (1) the stimulatory effects of [Asn 1 -Val 5 ]-Ang II on plasma catecholamine levels, (2) the cardiovascular effects of Ang II with and without α-adrenoceptor blockade and (3) the relationship between plasma adrenaline concentrations and their cardiovascular effects. (silverchair.com)

Hence they are called neuroendocrine cells. (wikipedia.org)

Bradykinin decreases adrenergic transmission via a G-protein-dependent and protein kinase C-independent mechanism in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. (arclightproperty.com)
In the present report, using biochemistry and cell biology techniques, we report for the first time the presence of PEBP in bovine chromaffin cell, a well described secretion model. (hal.science)
In addition, its presence in bovine chromaffin cell and platelet exocytotic medium, as well as in serum, was reported showing that it is secreted. (hal.science)
Electron probe microanalysis of the subcellular compartments of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. (nih.gov)

We showed previously that repetitive stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) induced activity-dependent potentiation (ADP) of large dense-core vesicle (LDCV) exocytosis in chromaffin cells. (jneurosci.org)
Electron microscopy revealed a depletion in dense-core vesicles in chromaffin cells after chronic exposure to MPTP while the mitochondria appeared similar to those observed in control cells. (iospress.com)

In-vitro studies with isolated SA progenitor cells had suggested that chromaffin cell differentiation depends crucially on glucocorticoids provided by adrenal cortical cells. (biologists.com)
Primate adrenal medullary cells were exposed to l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in vitro to examine the effect of this neurotoxic agent on chromaffin cells. (iospress.com)
Alternatively surgically eliminated lesions possess provided the chance to prove how the adjustments within cell lines aren't an in vitro artifact but reveal in vivo adjustments. (sunolmolecular.com)

Overview of the Endocrine System The endocrine system coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream from specific types of cells within endocrine (ductless). (msdmanuals.com)
endocrine system influences metabolic activity by means of hormones (hormone 5 to excite). (slideshare.net)
One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. (slideshare.net)
CAH is an inborn biological error of the endocrine system and can sometimes require hormone replacement therapy. (trifixx.com)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a rare genetic polyglandular cancer syndrome, characterized by the 100% prevalence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and an increased risk of develop other specific tumors affecting additional glands of the endocrine system. (rarediseases.org)

Write the name of the hormone secreted by these cells. (rbsesolutions.com)
Write the name and function of the hormone secreted by Leydig's cells. (rbsesolutions.com)

All the cells demonstrating activation of Wnt-signaling and expression of Oct4 and Sonic Hedgehog were found to be highly differentiated chromaffin cells actively producing tyrosine hydroxylase. (bvsalud.org)
This study has attempted to evaluate the effect of cultured fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) on the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in PC12 cells and rat brain and stomach. (degruyter.com)

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids. (slideshare.net)
• Hormones ultimately target most cells of the body, producing widespread and diverse effects. (slideshare.net)
All major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues, but a hormone influences the activity of only those tissue cells that have receptors for it. (slideshare.net)
Interaction of Hormones at Target Cells 1. (slideshare.net)
For example, reproductive system hormones largely regulate the development of the reproductive system. (slideshare.net)
It mainly involves these aspects: the dysfunction of the brain related hormones, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the immune system, and the gut-brain axis (this latter parameter will not be dealt with in this review). (heraldopenaccess.us)
Gland cells and their intertwined vascular beds can be controlled by autonomic innervation and by hormones from other glands. (unboundmedicine.com)
Primarily, they produce a host of hormones that are needed for the optimal functioning of the body system. (trifixx.com)
Hormones are active molecules, which through their binding to specific receptors in the target cells, regulate the chemical processes (metabolism) that influence vital processes and functions of various organs, including regulating heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. (rarediseases.org)
The thyroid converts iodine into thyroid hormones, which are essential to regulate the chemical processes (metabolism) of virtually every cell in the body. (rarediseases.org)

Both chromaffin and adrenocortical tissues are present in gnathostomes and probably in agnathans (although the evidence on the latter point is not yet decisive), but the tissues vary in the degree to which they are associated, being completely separated in elasmobranch fishes. (britannica.com)

This desensitization and downregulation of α2 adrenergic receptors is caused by the upregulation of the enzyme Adrenal G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) which effectively eliminates the normal autocrine-type negative feedback that normally prevents the cells from over producing the catecholamines and replaces it with a positive feedback loop in which increased secretion further elicits more secretion. (wikipedia.org)

10. Intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating catecholamine release upon activation of NPY Y1 receptors in mouse chromaffin cells. (nih.gov)
Modest effects on vesicular release and intracellular Ca 2+ in PC12 cells were seen following acute exposure to 20 μM BDE-47. (nih.gov)
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. (lookformedical.com)

Release of catecholamines into the circulation by these tumors causes significant hypertension. (medscape.com)
These adjustments have already been convincingly recorded in several malignant tumors by examining cell lines in long-term tradition and surgically eliminated lesions [1-5]. (sunolmolecular.com)

The normal function of alpha-synuclein is poorly understood, and the precise mechanisms by which it leads to toxicity and cell death are also unclear. (en-journal.org)
Fig. 1 Molecular mechanisms underlying the functional properties of HLA antigen and NKCAL expressed by malignant cells. (sunolmolecular.com)
CONCLUSIONS: LIPG participates in HBV infection by upregulating HBV attachment to the cell membrane by means of 2 possible mechanisms: increasing HBV attachment to HSPGs or facilitating HSPG-dependent or HSPG-independent HBV attachment to NTCP by its lipase activity. (inrae.fr)
By comparing the mechanisms of extrasynaptic exocytosis of different signaling molecules by various neuron types we show that it is a widespread mechanism for communication in the nervous system that uses certain common mechanisms, which are different from those of synaptic exocytosis but similar to those of exocytosis from excitable endocrine cells. (frontiersin.org)

The patterns of distribution of these cells correlate with the sites of primary neuroblastoma presentation. (medscape.com)
Top right panel, neuroblastoma: A monotonous population of hyperchromatic cells with scant cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
1. Functional expression of neuropeptide Y receptors in human neuroblastoma cells. (nih.gov)
7. Therapeutic concentrations of valproate but not amitriptyline increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. (nih.gov)
12. Stimulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated calcium responses in human SMS-KAN neuroblastoma cells endogenously expressing Y2 receptors by co-expression of chimeric G proteins. (nih.gov)
15. Cholinergic regulation of neuropeptide Y synthesis and release in human neuroblastoma cells. (nih.gov)

In the fifth week of fetal development, neuroblastic cells migrate from the thoracic neural crest to form the sympathetic chains and preaortic ganglia. (medscape.com)

In the four-week-old human embryo , coelomic epithelial ( mesothelial ) cells situated on both sides between the root of the mesentery and the gonadal anlagen begin to proliferate and invade the underlying mesenchymal tissue. (myendoconsult.com)
The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. (lookformedical.com)
They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture. (lookformedical.com)

Glucocorticoids promote and inhibit gene transcription in many cells and organ systems. (msdmanuals.com)

This causes the release of catecholamines. (wikipedia.org)
BK also decreased the stimulatory effect of Iso on the release of catecholamines. (arclightproperty.com)
The anti-inflammatory effect of this circuit was found to rely on chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland and the release of catecholamines, and consistently, it was abolished when chromaffin cells were selectively ablated. (yiacupuncture.com)
Amperometric recordings in chromaffin cells from mice exposed to 68 mg (140 μmol)/kg bw BDE-47 did not reveal changes in catecholamine release parameters. (nih.gov)
Cav1.3 Channels as Key Regulators of Neuron-like Firings and Catecholamine Release in Chromaffin Cells. (ista.ac.at)
It is also possible that pancreatic glucagon, which is secreted in the islets by the A cells, may directly stimulate the release of insulin from the adjacent B cells without actually entering the bloodstream. (britannica.com)
This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. (lookformedical.com)

In lower concentrations, extra-adrenal chromaffin cells also reside in the bladder wall, prostate, and behind the liver. (wikipedia.org)
PMID- 5097518 TI - Effects of -amanitin on mouse and rat liver cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
PMID- 5097527 TI - [Morphological problems resulting from a biochemical study of various fractions of chromatin extracts from the cell nucleus of mouse liver]. (nih.gov)

In non-mammals, chromaffin cells are found in a variety of places, generally not organised as an individual organ, and may be without innervation, relying only on endocrine or paracrine signals for secretion. (wikipedia.org)
11. Neuropeptide Y Y5-receptor activation on breast cancer cells acts as a paracrine system that stimulates VEGF expression and secretion to promote angiogenesis. (nih.gov)

The majority of these tumours are benign and the presenting symptoms are typically caused by the increased catecholamine production of the tumour, including hypertension (often paroxysmal), tachycardia, anxiety and/or excessive sweating. (cdc.gov)

The potentiation of the K. A system with a 6 GB or more graphics card memory. (arclightproperty.com)

Thus, while hindlimb stimulation at high intensity activates a spinal circuitry (see above), low intensity activates the vagus efferent system. (yiacupuncture.com)
Our data also indicate that the cardiovascular effects of Ang-II-mediated humoral catecholamines are recruited in a dose-dependent manner and, as such, may require an acute stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system to contribute significantly to the pressor activity of endogenous angiotensins. (silverchair.com)

METHODS: The present study focused on endothelial lipase (LIPG), which binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the cell membrane. (inrae.fr)
Communication in the nervous system is classically known to occur at synapses, where a neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic active zone reaches the postsynaptic membrane and produces a local synaptic potential. (frontiersin.org)
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. (lookformedical.com)
Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. (lookformedical.com)

A wide variety of stimulant and depressant effects is observed in animals and humans that involves the central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and skeletal motor systems. (nih.gov)
11] Zhou X.X., Meyer C.U., Schmidtke Zepp P.F., Effect of cordycepin on interleukin-10 production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Eur. (degruyter.com)

In patients with suspected phaeochromocytoma, the diagnosis can be confirmed by measuring elevated levels of metanephrines (catecholamine metabolites) in the blood or urine. (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
TRP and its metabolites have key roles in diverse physiological processes including cell growth and maintenance, immunity, disease states and the coordination of adaptive responses to environmental and dietary cues. (mdpi.com)

PEBP is a soluble cytoplasmic protein, also associated with plasma and reticulum membranes of numerous cell types. (hal.science)
transcription occurred after entry of calcium through -type channels on the cell surface, and was mediated by protein kinase C activation. (wikigenes.org)
Treatment of 10 µg/ml and 20 mg/kg CME to PC12 cells and rat cells yielded significant increases of TH protein levels. (degruyter.com)
LIPG was shown to be involved in HBV attachment to the cell surface by using 2 sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP)-expressing cell lines, and the direct interaction of LIPG and HBV large surface protein was revealed. (inrae.fr)
Despite the difference in core elements of deposits in each neurodegenerative disorder, the cascade of neuronal reactions such as activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell cycle re-entry and oxidative stress leading to a progressive neurodegeneration are surprisingly similar. (sagepub.com)
This process is lular control systems as a threat which is then followed prone to errors, causing the protein not to acheive its by an immediate response. (sagepub.com)
It also reduces the rate of synthesis of glycogen, promotes the breakdown of protein , promotes the use of fat as an energy source, and evokes increased glucose uptake by muscle cells. (britannica.com)

Diagnosis can be made based on elevated levels of urinary catecholamines, but localization may require various modalities (see the images below, as well as Workup). (medscape.com)

Chromaffin cells also settle near the vagus nerve and carotid arteries. (wikipedia.org)

The second pathway is a DRG somatosensory afferent system, which ascends into the brainstem engaging the DMV and thus acts through the vagus efferent system. (yiacupuncture.com)

1 Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. (nih.gov)
Guest Editor: J. Molecular Neuroscience: Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology, 2012, Beijing, China. (nih.gov)

Metabolomics Analyses of 14 Classical Neurotransmitters by GC-TOF with LC-MS Illustrates Secretion of 9 Cell-Cell Signaling Molecules from Sympathoadrenal Chromaffin Cells in the Presence of Lithium. (nih.gov)
The classical small molecule neurotransmitters are essential for cell-cell signaling in the nervous system for regulation of behaviors and physiological functions. (nih.gov)

17. Rho/ROCK and MAPK signaling pathways are involved in glioblastoma cell migration and proliferation. (nih.gov)

It is here in the adrenal cortex that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, stimulates aldosterone production. (picmonic.com)
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, is a hormone system that stimulates aldosterone production. (picmonic.com)

These cells serve a variety of functions such as serving as a response to stress, monitoring carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in the body, maintenance of respiration and the regulation of blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)

The most obvious part of this dysregulation is the sympathetic nervous system activation. (istinye.edu.tr)

The secreted adrenaline and noradrenaline play an important role in the sympathetic nervous system response, commonly called the fight-or-flight response. (wikipedia.org)
It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells). (medscape.com)
But, once initiated, those responses tend to last much longer than those induced by the nervous system. (slideshare.net)
This interdisciplinary journal publishes papers relating the plasticity and response of the nervous system to accidental or experimental injuries and their interventions, transplantation, neurodegenerative disorders and experimental strategies to improve regeneration or functional recovery and rehabilitation. (iospress.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, Prion disease and motor disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, present with a similar pattern of progressive neuronal death, nervous system deteriora- tion and cognitive impairment. (sagepub.com)
Extrasynaptic exocytosis may be the major source of signaling molecules producing volume transmission and by doing so may be part of a long duration signaling mode in the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
However, the nervous system also possesses the parallel capacity of changing its responses for very long periods of time, lasting from seconds to days. (frontiersin.org)
They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms. (lookformedical.com)

Leukemia Basophilic A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the immature cells differentiate towards basophils. (nih.gov)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs17

Phenomena and Processes1

Epinephrine10

Norepinephrine1

Secretory6

Medulla23

Neurons8

Pheochromocytoma4

Tumor7

Secretion of catecholamines2

Adrenal glands3

Paragangliomas4

Sympathetic ganglia3

Autonomic nervou4

Biosynthesis1

Secrete4

Plasma catecholamine1

Neuroendocrine cells1

Bovine4

Dense-core2

Vitro3

Endocrine system5

Hormone secreted2

Tyrosine hydroxylase2

Hormones10

Tissues1

Adrenergic1

Intracellular3

Tumors2

Mechanisms4

Neuroblastoma6

Migrate1

Tissue3

Inhibit1

Release7

Liver3

Paracrine2

Tumours1

Potentiation1

Stimulation2

Membrane4

Peripheral2

Metabolites2

Protein7

Localization1

Settle near1

Vagus1

Biology2

Neurotransmitters2

Proliferation1

Renin-angiot2

Concentrations1

Dysregulation1

Nervous9

Acute1