Caspase cell death. Medical search. Frequent questions

inflammatory stimuli induce neuroglial apoptosis through caspases-11, -1, and -3. (eurekaselect.com)
Central to the execution phase of apoptosis are the two closely related caspase-3 and caspase-7. (eurogentec.com)
Caspases are the key regulators of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various neurological damaging factors, including radiation ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Unlike inflammation, apoptosis is a 'programmed cell death' mechanism, whereby enzymatic reactions lead to cell apoptosis and phagocytes remove the debris without stimulating an inflammatory response. (spandidos-publications.com)
The most important enzymes involved in apoptosis are caspases, which hydrolyze important structural and functional proteins of the cell, ultimately leading to apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibit apoptosis by interacting with and then regulating the functions of caspase-8 or caspase-9, -3 and -7 ( 9 , 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It presents a focused yet extensive discussion on proteolytic enzymes such as caspases, HtrAs, granzymes, calpains and cathepsins as well as laboratory protocols related to enzymology and apoptosis. (springer.com)
While slowly unravelling the complexities of apoptosis in chapter one, the next three chapters individually elaborate on different classes of proteases that play key roles in the initiation, progression and execution of programmed cell death. (springer.com)
Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
We observed that the WNV-Cp protein is a pathogenic protein, which drives apoptosis in vitro through the mitochodrial/caspase-9 pathway. (cdc.gov)
We also observed that expression of Cp protein in mouse muscle resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
In vitro apoptosis in individual cells was determined by terminal desoxyriboxyl-desoxyriboxyl transferase-mediated DVTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay with the In Situ Cell Death Assay Kit (Roche Diagnostic Corp., Indianapolis, IN) and visualized by fluorescent microscopy. (cdc.gov)
In addition to inducing apoptosis, caspase inhibition contributes to necroptosis and/or autophagy depending on the cell type and cellular context. (molcells.org)
Several studies have identified various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagic cell death, and pyroptosis. (molcells.org)
Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
In the complete absence of oxygen, cells undergo cell death through apoptosis, and not necrosis. (nih.gov)
In this review , an alternative intrinsic cell death pathway, mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1 (PARP-1) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), is described. (bvsalud.org)
EC 2.4.2.30), causing excessive use of energetic substrates such as NAD (+) and ATP , inducing cell death either by apoptosis or by necrosis . (bvsalud.org)
Recently, it was demonstrated that activation of PARP-1 induces translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor from the mitochondria to the nucleus, causing DNA condensation and fragmentation, and subsequent cell death . (bvsalud.org)
AA005 induces a unique type of cell death in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, characterized by lack of caspase-3 activation or apoptotic body formation, sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor Olaparib (AZD2281) but not pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk, and dependence on apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we showed that the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus is required for As 2 O 3 -induced cell death in human cervical cancer cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
The central goal of our research is to characterize how proteases regulate important biological processes such as apoptosis and cell differentiation. (ualberta.ca)
RIPK1 also directly regulates caspase-8-mediated apoptosis or, if caspase-8 activity is blocked, RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necroptosis. (nih.gov)
Caspase-10 was reported to activate early in TRAIL-induced apoptosis and was found in association with the DR4 (TRAIL-R1) receptor complex in a thyroid carcinoma line. (enzolifesciences.com)
Caspases are a family of proteases that have central functions in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Many studies on the cancer-killing activity of 125 I seeds radiation mainly focused on its ability to trigger apoptosis, which is the most well-known and dominant type of cell death induced by radiation. (hindawi.com)
However our results showed some unique morphological features such as cell swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and plasma membrane integrity, which is obviously different to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
We found besides apoptosis that 125 I seed radiation killed colorectal cancer cell via inducing paraptosis. (hindawi.com)
This form of cell death is fundamentally different from apoptosis and lacks some distinct characteristics of apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation, pyknosis, or caspase activation and cleavage [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
C. burnetii employs a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) to establish and maintain its intracellular niche and to modulate host immune responses including the inhibition of apoptosis, a form of caspase-mediated cell death. (usda.gov)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death, essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating dysfunctional cells. (duke.edu)
The process of apoptosis is executed by a family of cysteine proteases called caspases. (duke.edu)
as a potential target for cancer therapy, because of its importance in suppressing metabolic suppression of caspase-2 activation and apoptosis. (duke.edu)
Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that re-express CD45RA are apoptosis-resistant memory cells that retain replicative potential. (tcd.ie)
Triple point mutants, unable to bind caspase 9, caspase 3, and DIABLO/HtrA2/Omi, were completely ineffectual in inhibiting apoptosis. (rupress.org)
Overexpression of caspase-8 is sufficient to induce apoptosis in certain cell lines (e.g. (bdbiosciences.com)
Low PDCD4 level was associated with reduced proliferation but not apoptosis or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase caused by pulsatile shear stress to help maintain the homeostasis of endothelial cells. (plos.org)
In animals, morphological distinctions have since been used to distinguish different types of cell deaths, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. (essaywriter.org)
Primarily, the aim of anti-cell death in animals is to describe the processes of autophagy and apoptosis, while necrosis is the mechanism for defining the uncontrollable or chaotic mode of death. (essaywriter.org)
Majority of the literature and experiments in the field of programmed cell death in plants draw heavily on comparative analysis retrieved from paradigms of animal systems such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. (essaywriter.org)
Apoptosis, often called programmed cell death, is a carefully regulated process that is part of normal development and homeostasis . (bitesizebio.com)
Apoptosis is morphologically and biochemically distinct from necrosis, which is conversely called accidental cell death. (bitesizebio.com)
Apoptosis consists of an orderly sequence of events characterized by cell shrinkage, increased cell permeability, changes in membrane asymmetry, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and cell blebbing. (bitesizebio.com)
No single parameter fully defines cell death in all systems, so it is advantageous to use several different apoptosis assays when studying apoptosis. (bitesizebio.com)
Shift of fluorescence emission from red to green of the JC-1 Fluorescent Probe indicating loss of mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis in treated cells compared to untreated cells. (bitesizebio.com)
Moving from early to intermediate stages of apoptosis, you can measure the activation of caspase enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, and changes in cell membrane asymmetry. (bitesizebio.com)
The activation of a series of cytosolic proteases, called caspases, is a hallmark of apoptosis. (bitesizebio.com)
during apoptosis pro-caspases are activated by proteolysis. (bitesizebio.com)
Apoptosis and necrosis are characterized by different mechanisms leading to cell death. (news-medical.net)
Apoptosis is associated with nuclear disintegration, followed by removal of the cell by macrophages. (news-medical.net)
Studies show that necrotic death is induced by a ligand binding to a receptor, such as when apoptosis is initiated. (news-medical.net)
The "death receptors", which typically cause cell death by apoptosis, can be activated by ligands, such as TNF. (news-medical.net)
However, apoptosis can be blocked by caspase inhibitors resulting in a "ballooning cell membrane", typical of necrosis. (news-medical.net)
Necroptosis can therefore start in an apoptosis-like manner, but result in necrotic-like cell death. (news-medical.net)
Cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, is treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy to induce apoptosis and kill cancerous cells. (news-medical.net)
The possibility that cytotoxic effects were due to apoptosis was indicated by significant time- and dose-dependent induction of caspase-3/7 activity in both HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
These substances include apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), apoptosis protease activating factor 1 (apaf 1), cytochrome c and members of the protease family: the caspases. (lu.se)
it promotes cell death by binding to and inhibiting INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEINS, resulting in an increase in activity of CASPASES. (bvsalud.org)

The three main classes of caspase inhibitors frequently found among viruses include serpins (CrmA/SPI-2), viral IAPs (vIAPs) and p35. (edu.pl)
Active recombinant caspases are useful in screening caspase inhibitors, studying enzyme kinetics and regulation, determining substrate specificity, and as a positive control in caspase activity assays. (enzolifesciences.com)
All these effects were prevented by NAC, while caspase inhibitors were ineffective, thus suggesting a caspase-independent cell death. (unipa.it)
Furthermore, pretreatment of 1,5- dihydroxyisoquinoline or 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-l(2H)- isoquinolinone, PARP-1 inhibitors, effectively attenuates the loss of Δψ m , AIF release, and cell death. (ewha.ac.kr)
The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)

For a caspase-9-specific test, 5 μg of pcWNV-Cp-DJY or pcWNV-CpWT was cotransfected with a dominant negative caspase-9 (DN caspase-9) construct, and cleavage of procaspase-9 protein was determined by Western blot analysis with antihuman caspase-9 antibody (MBL, Nagoya, Japan). (cdc.gov)
We showed that LPS/zVAD- and poly I:C/zVAD-induced cell death in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was inhibited by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) inhibitor necrostatin-1 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. (molcells.org)
Moreover, blocking activation of RIP-1 by necroptosis inhibitor necrotatin-1 inhibits AIF translocation and partially suppresses AA005-induced cell death in SW620 cells demonstrating that RIP-1 protein may be essential for cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Quantitative MS-based enzymology of caspases reveals distinct protein substrate specificities, hierarchies, and cellular roles. (ualberta.ca)
Three different pattern recognition classifiers were developed for predicting caspase cleavage sites from protein sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
Pripper is not restricted to predicting only caspase cut sites, but it gives the possibility to scan protein sequences for any given motif(s) and predict cut sites once a suitable cut site prediction model for any other protease has been developed. (biomedcentral.com)
Huntingtin contains a few domains that suggest particular functions, including WW domains and caspase cleavage sites ( 7 , 8 ), but the function of the protein remains unknown. (jci.org)
This metabolic suppression of caspase-2 is exerted via the inhibitory phosphorylation of S135 on the caspase-2 prodomain by activated Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). (duke.edu)
Caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH-1) is a 55 kDa cytosolic protein with homology to the CD95/Fas-associated signal transducer, FADD/MORT-1, as well as to other caspase (ICE/Ced-3) cysteine proteases. (bdbiosciences.com)
Full-length recombinant human caspase-8 protein was used as immunogen. (bdbiosciences.com)
Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
Likely target for the cowpox virus CRMA death inhibitory protein. (lu.se)
These include production of homologues of mammalian tumor necrosis factor receptor, interleukin-1beta receptor, interleukin 18-binding protein, interferon-alpha/beta receptor, and interferon-gamma receptor, as well as a complement-binding protein and a caspase inhibitor. (medscape.com)
To investigate the effect of Goal-Oriented Temperature Therapy on pyroptosis (Pyroptosis measured as a composite of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1Beta protein levels on a venous blood sample using ELISA) in patients with spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrests caused by acute myocardial infarction. (who.int)

Upon caspase-3/7 cleavage, Ac-DEVD-AFC generates the AFC fluorophore which has bright blue fluorescence and can be detected at Ex/Em=380 nm/500 nm. (eurogentec.com)
Caspases mediate their effects through aspartate-specific cleavage of their target proteins, and at present almost 400 caspase substrates are known. (biomedcentral.com)
There are several methods developed to predict caspase cleavage sites from individual proteins, but currently none of them can be used to predict caspase cleavage sites from multiple proteins or entire proteomes, or to use several classifiers in combination. (biomedcentral.com)
The possibility to create a database from predicted caspase cleavage products for the whole genome could significantly aid in identifying novel caspase targets from tandem mass spectrometry based proteomic experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
Evaluation of the classifiers with quality measures indicated that all of the three classifiers performed well in predicting caspase cleavage sites, and when combining different classifiers the accuracy increased further. (biomedcentral.com)
Both known caspase cleavage products as well as novel cleavage products were identified using the database demonstrating the usefulness of the tool. (biomedcentral.com)
We have developed Pripper, a tool for reading an arbitrary number of proteins in FASTA format, predicting their caspase cleavage sites and outputting the cleaved sequences to a new FASTA format sequence file. (biomedcentral.com)
Caspases mediate their effects through aspartate-specific cleavage of their target proteins, and several hundreds of caspase target proteins have been identified [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The prediction of caspase cleavage sites from proteins is not a trivial task due to the heterogeneity of target sequences, and several different tools have been developed to predict caspase cleavage sites from individual proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
These cell-permeable substrates are basically non-fluorescent until caspase cleavage. (bitesizebio.com)

Protocols portraying in vitro and ex vivo colorimetric and fluorescence-based enzyme kinetic studies as well as cell death assays are explained in the fifth chapter. (springer.com)
Learn about cell viability assays. (abcam.com)
Learn about the assays used to assess cell proliferation and the cell cycle. (abcam.com)
Useful tips for selecting caspase substrate-based activity assays. (abcam.com)
We'll examine how ImmunoChemistry Technologies' FLICA (Fluorescent-Labeled Inhibitor of Caspases) assays can be used to assess cell death, including caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis. (immunochemistry.com)
Several fluorogenic assays for caspase activity are available, including the PhiPhiLux system ,and the CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 Green and NucView 488 Caspase substrates. (bitesizebio.com)
The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated in colon cancer, HCT-116, and noncancerous, HEK-293, cell lines using the MTT antiproliferative assays. (mendeley.com)
The caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions and DAPI (4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining assays were used to evaluate the apoptotic activity. (mendeley.com)
Cytotoxic effects of fipronil and fipronil sulfone were examined using the adenylate kinase and the trypan blue exclusion assays in HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)

z-VAD-fmk ( N -benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone) is a powerful, irreversible and cell permeable inhibitor of caspases, and has been demonstrated to directly block the activity of caspases ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Interestingly, we demonstrated that in MDA-MB231 cells the effect of parthenolide was potentiated by the addition of z-VAD-fmk, a general inhibitor of caspases. (unipa.it)

The function of caspase 4 is not fully known, but it is believed to be an inflammatory caspase, along with caspase 1, caspase 5 (and the murine homolog caspase 11), with a role in the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
The anti-inflammatory drug indoprofen is an inhibitor of the activity of the caspase-4 enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, inflammatory signals that activate neuroglia may also initiate internal death program, in which caspases play a crucial role. (eurekaselect.com)
For example, the dysregulation of caspases underlies several human diseases that include cancer and inflammatory disorders, and a better understanding of these enzymes is of great importance in order to design new therapies. (ualberta.ca)
Altogether 15 different caspases have been identified in mammals, and they are grouped into two major subfamilies, inflammatory and apoptotic caspases [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, these inflammatory cells are "primed" to produce exaggerated inflammatory responses to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. (jneurosci.org)
The finding that a single acute systemic inflammatory event can induce neuronal death in the CNS has implications for therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. (jneurosci.org)
In the current study, we used LPS to mimic aspects of central or systemic infection and the ME7 model of murine prion disease to model chronic neurodegeneration to address the hypothesis that microglial cells, activated by chronic neurodegeneration, are primed to produce greater proinflammatory responses to subsequent central and systemic inflammatory challenges. (jneurosci.org)
To achieve this, we assessed proinflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and expression of effector enzymes such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) after intracerebral and intraperitoneal LPS challenges. (jneurosci.org)
Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death frequently triggered upon infection with intracellular pathogens. (immunochemistry.com)
In this webinar, learn about the mechanisms of pyroptosis, including the critical role of caspase-1, a protease involved in activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, plasma membrane rupture, and other morphological characteristics of pyroptosis. (immunochemistry.com)
Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases. (thejcdp.com)
Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. (thejcdp.com)

Caspase 4 is an enzyme that proteolytically cleaves other proteins at an aspartic acid residue (LEVD-), and belongs to a family of cysteine proteases called caspases. (wikipedia.org)
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the proteases involved in programmed cell death. (springer.com)

Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. (nature.com)
In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)
Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
Apoptotic caspase activity inhibits cell death-associated inflammation. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial-driven inflammation can enhance the immunogenicity of cell death. (nature.com)
Is mitochondrial-driven inflammation during cell death driven by bacterial-like DAMPs? (nature.com)
Can inflammation occur under caspase-proficient conditions? (nature.com)
What physiological functions has mitochondrial inflammation during cell death? (nature.com)
NF-κB pathways are associated with immunity, inflammation and cell survival. (springer.com)
Thus, both central and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate local brain inflammation and neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, using immunohistochemical staining and quantification of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive and activated caspase-3-positive cell death after intraperitoneal LPS challenges, we addressed the hypothesis that this exaggerated inflammation exacerbates the neurodegenerative process. (jneurosci.org)
Together, these proposals comprise the "microglial priming hypothesis," which predicts that microglia, primed by an existing pathology such as synapse, axon, or neuronal cell body degeneration or by amyloid deposition can be stimulated to an aggressive state of inflammation by secondary influences, such as infection and injury, and during this window of activation can exacerbate neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
Ample evidence shows that pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow induces sustained activation of atherogenic genes in endothelial cells to promote their oxidation, inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, whereas pulsatile shear stress tends to maintain endothelial cells in a quiescent and less proliferative state with a low level of oxidation and inflammation [16] , [17] . (plos.org)
The induced necrotic cell death by virial agents is important for virus-induced inflammation, and blockage of necroptosis is a primary concern for controlling certain viral diseases. (news-medical.net)

Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
The extrinsic pathway is triggered by binding of death ligands, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, to death receptors of the TNF family, which results in the assembly of a receptor-associated complex. (spandidos-publications.com)
Radiation and other agents induce caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway, which includes mitochondrial integration of apoptotic signals and the subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytosol ( 5 , 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We conclude that enhanced TRIF-RIP1-dependent autocrine action of IFNβ, rather than inhibition of ERK or Akt, is involved in TLRs/zVAD-induced autophagic and necroptotic cell death via the JAK/STAT1/ROS pathway. (molcells.org)
This pathway seems to be triggered by depletion of NAD (+) and appears to be caspase independent. (bvsalud.org)
Several lines of evidence suggest that this pathway plays a role in I/R injury , although some studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction may also trigger AIF translocation and cell death . (bvsalud.org)
AA005 may trigger the cell death via mediated by AIF through caspase-3 independent pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
These data support a notion that ROS-mediated PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in activation of a caspase-independent pathway of cell death in solid tumor cells by As 2 O 3 treatment. (ewha.ac.kr)
We found that 125 I seeds radiation activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and could trigger paraptosis-like cell death. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, inhibitor of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could inhibit paraptosis-like cell death induced by 125 I seeds radiation. (hindawi.com)
Our data suggest that 125 I seeds radiation can induce paraptosis-like cell death via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
Caspase-2, an apoptotic initiator, can be suppressed by high levels of nutrient flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). (duke.edu)
Gentamicin-induced hair cell death was initiated through the caspase-9 intrinsic apoptotic pathway followed by activation of downstream executioner caspase-3. (cdc.gov)
Support cell death was initiated through the caspase-8 extrinsic apoptotic pathway followed later by downstream activation of caspase-3. (cdc.gov)

FLICA (Fluorescent Inhibition of Caspases) is also cell permeant and reacts covalently with a caspase-selective amino acid sequence with a fluorescent tag. (bitesizebio.com)

MCF-7) and this phenotype is blocked by overexpression of the caspase-3 protease inhibitor, CrmA. (bdbiosciences.com)
Most upstream protease of the activation cascade of caspases responsible for the TNFRSF6/FAS mediated and TNFRSF1a induced cell death. (lu.se)
Generation of the subunits requires association with the death-inducing signaling complex (disc), whereas additional processing is likely due to the autocatalytic activity of the activated protease. (lu.se)

In ischemia / reperfusion (I/R) injury increased intracellular Ca(2+) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause cell death by intrinsic apoptotic pathways or by necrosis . (bvsalud.org)
The influence of adipocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also causes the bone marrow to develop B-cells more and more weakly and slowly. (medscape.com)
Now, necrosis is known to have programmed aspects, with "necroptosis" describing regulated necrotic cell death. (news-medical.net)
In 1988, Laster and colleagues exposed two cell lines to TNF to investigate whether TNF (tumor necrosis factor) targets underwent DNA fragmentation. (news-medical.net)
Acute solvent exposure induced activation of cytochrome P4502E1 causes proximal tubular cell necrosis by oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)

Caspase substrates in cell death and remodeling. (ualberta.ca)

Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is an active process. (eurekaselect.com)
Apoptotic signaling during oxygen deprivation occurs through the release of cytochrome c and apaf-1 mediated caspase-9 activation. (nih.gov)
Here we review what is currently known oxygen deprivation induced cell death and speculate about initiating mechanisms resulting in the activation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. (nih.gov)
This event caused depletion of thiol groups and glutathione, NF-κB inhibition, JNK activation and cell detachment from the matrix. (unipa.it)
N-acetyl-L-cystein, a thiol-containing antioxidant, completely blocks As 2 O 3 -induced PARP-1 activation, Δψ m loss, nuclear translocation of AIF from mitochondria, and the consequent cell death. (ewha.ac.kr)
Congo red also inhibited ATP depletion and caspase activation. (the-scientist.com)
Anthocyanin is involved in the activation of pyroptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. (thejcdp.com)
FADD therefore acts as an adapter molecule, allowing caspase-8 to become recruited to the cytoplasmic region of Fas following receptor activation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Viral proteins (v-FLIPS) which inhibit recruitment and activation of caspase-8 have been isolated. (bdbiosciences.com)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. (frontiersin.org)
The activation of cell death by plants is dependent on the decision by the plant cells based on information that these cells receive from different sources, such as the environment . (essaywriter.org)
Effects via Activation of Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells. (novapublishers.com)
Fipronil mediated activation of caspase-3/7 in concurrence with compromised ATP production and viability are attributed to apoptotic cell death. (cdc.gov)
The resulting aggregate called death-inducing signaling complex (disc) performs CASP8 proteolytic activation. (lu.se)
Organic solvent-induced proximal tubular cell toxicity via caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)

Here, we elucidated the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of cell death. (molcells.org)
At present, the exact mechanisms linking PARP-1 and AIF in the induction of the ROS-induced cell death are still unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, it appears that further investigations will yield valuable information on underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to reduce caspase -independent cell death during ischemia - reperfusion . (bvsalud.org)
However, the mechanisms underlying its cell-death-inducing activity are unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
Our work provided new mechanisms for AA005-induced cancer cell death and novel clues for cancer treatment via AIF dependent cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Although mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 )-induced cell death have been studied extensively in hematologic cancers, those in solid cancers have yet to be clearly defined. (ewha.ac.kr)
We further focused our interest on the molecular mechanisms that underlie 125 I seeds radiation-induced paraptosis on colorectal cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
HepG2 cells were used to further explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro . (karger.com)
In such cases, alternate mechanisms of cell death, such as necroptosis can be successfully induced. (news-medical.net)
Granqvist, V 2022, ' Mechanisms of TRAIL- and Smac mimetic-induced cell death and phenotypical changes in breast cancer ', Doktor, Institutionen för laboratoriemedicin, Lund. (lu.se)

DN caspase-9 (provided courtesy of Emad S. Alnmeri, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA) has been reported to inhibit the caspase cascade ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Among pathogens, particularly viruses express various modulators of caspases that inhibit their activity by direct binding. (edu.pl)
C. burnetii is unable to inhibit pyroptosis and IL-1' secretion induced by potent inflammasome stimuli but rather enhanced these caspase-1-mediated effects. (usda.gov)
In addition, cowpox virus has been shown to inhibit intracellular transport of major histocompatibility class I molecules, allowing it to evade cytotoxic T cells. (medscape.com)

We report that the WNV-capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)
Parthenolide induces caspase-independent cell death in osteosarcoma, melanoma and breast cancer cells through the induction of oxidative stress. (unipa.it)
In addition, parthenolide has been considered as a novel and effective anti-tumor agent because it induces cytotoxic effects in several tumor cell lines. (unipa.it)
Annonaceous acetogenin mimic AA005 reportedly inhibits mammalian mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) and induces gastric cancer cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
The treatment of human cervical cancer cells with As 2 O 3 induces dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ), translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus, and subsequent cell death. (ewha.ac.kr)

Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as bax or bak are clearly required to initiate cytochrome c/apaf-1/caspase-9 mediated cell death during oxygen deprivation. (nih.gov)
In response to apoptotic stimulus, permeabilized mitochondria release cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, where cytochrome c forms an apoptosome with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 and triggers the caspase cascade. (biomedcentral.com)

We used cell culture and a mouse model of respiratory infection to show that C. burnetii primes but avoids detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes. (usda.gov)
Interactions between C. burnetii and caspase-1-mediated inflammasomes are not fully elucidated. (usda.gov)

Genetic ablation of TMEM9 inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo mouse models. (nature.com)
This caspase-cascade plays a central role in the induction and transduction of apoptotic signals, as well as in the regulation of immunity, cellular proliferation and differentiation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MAPK pathways refer to various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (springer.com)
All the compounds produced a significant reduction in HCT-116 cell line proliferation, except compounds 2 and 6. (mendeley.com)
ABSTRACT This study examined haematopoietic stem cells of 19 high-risk cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals and cellular proliferation and correlated these with clinical and cytogenetic subtypes, particularly trisomy 8. (who.int)

The SensoLyte® Homogeneous AFC Capase-3/7 Assay Kit uses Ac-DEVD-AFC as the fluorogenic indicator for assaying caspase-3/7 activities. (eurogentec.com)
A bi-function assay buffer in this kit is designed to lyze the cells and measure the enzyme activity at the same time. (eurogentec.com)
The localization pattern of capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag antibody as described ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
We recommend using 1U per assay for analyzing caspase activity. (enzolifesciences.com)
Cell deaths were determined by Trypan blue assay and flow cytometry, and related proteins were characterized by western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
ICT is excited to present a webinar on our new product FAM-FLICA Caspase-1 Assay (WEHD)! (immunochemistry.com)
We'll also introduce our new FAM-FLICA WEHD Assay, which allows researchers another target sequence option for detecting caspase-1 in vitro . (immunochemistry.com)

Once activated by their respective upstream signals, caspase-8 and -9 may cleave and activate downstream executioner caspases -3 and -7, which, in turn, cleave a plethora of target proteins, resulting in apoptotic death ( 6 - 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A database was constructed with the developed tool, and it was used to identify caspase target proteins from tandem mass spectrometry data from two different proteomic experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that Pripper is a valuable tool in identifying novel caspase target proteins from modern proteomics experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies of amino acids in the motif have revealed that the motif is only moderately conserved between target proteins of different caspases. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell death by necroptosis involves membrane breakage, which leaks intracellular molecules such as heat shock proteins. (news-medical.net)

There is increasing evidence that neuronal cell death occurs via extrinsic (death receptors) and intrinsic (mitochondria) pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mitochondria, with rare exceptions, are found in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
Approximately 1.5 billion years ago endosymbiosis between archaebacteria and a prokaryotic cell, driven by increased oxygen levels, led to the formation of mitochondria that we know nowadays [ 4 ]. (nature.com)
Paraptosis is a kind of caspase-independent programmed cell death and is characterized by distinct cytoplasmic vacuolization derived from swelling endoplasmic reticulum and/or mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
METHOD: Both genetic and functional alterations in mitochondria can lead to errors that trigger programmed cell death, which in turn give rise to a number of diseases that affect the nervous system. (lu.se)

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Hurst SM, McLoughlin RM, Monslow J, Owens S, Morgan L, Fuller GM, Topley N, Jones SA, Secretion of oncostatin M by infiltrating neutrophils: regulation of IL-6 and chemokine expression in human mesothelial cells. (tcd.ie)
Additionally, this discussion expands its mandate by analyzing the function and regulation of anti-cell death in plant development. (essaywriter.org)

Staining with Hoechst 33342 revealed in most cells after brief periods of treatments (3-5h) chromatin condensation and fragmentation, while only few cells were PI-positive. (unipa.it)

We show that C. burnetii does not activate caspase-1 during infection of mouse macrophages in vitro. (usda.gov)

The Proteolysis Map Caspase Martinon F, Tschopp J (2007). (wikipedia.org)
This is a monograph on proteolysis via programmed cell death via caspase and granzyme mediated destruction in neurodegeneration. (springer.com)

C. burnetii-infected cells did not develop NLRP3 and ASC foci indicative of lack of cytosolic detection. (usda.gov)
Mice deficient in NLRP3 or caspase-1/11 were similar to wild-type mice in the development and resolution of splenomegaly, histologic lesions and macrophage kinetics, but a suggestion of slightly higher pulmonary bacterial burdens at peak infection. (usda.gov)
Deregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic parenchymal cells during liver cancer progression. (thejcdp.com)

[ 7 ] More recent data from striatal neuronal cultures transfected with mutant huntingtin and transgenic mice carrying the spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1) gene (another CAG repeat disorder) suggest that NIIs may not be necessary or sufficient to cause neuronal cell death, but translocation into the nucleus is sufficient to cause neuronal cell death. (medscape.com)

Mutual concessions and compromises between stromal cells and cancer cells: driving tumor development and drug resistance. (thejcdp.com)
Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
We recently found low level of tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) associated with reduced atherosclerotic plaque area (unpublished). (plos.org)
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important tumor suppressor in the development of various human cancers [1] and inhibits translation rather than transcription. (plos.org)

Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)

Thus, this kit can measure caspase-3/7 activity in cell culture directly in a 96-well or 384-well plate without a time-consuming cell extraction step. (eurogentec.com)
As a result, the present study aimed to investigate changes in the expression of X-linked IAP (XIAP) induced by radiation injury, the activity and expression of caspase members following radiation and the effect of caspase blockade. (spandidos-publications.com)
We used SW620 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells to study AA005 cytotoxic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
All the compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity against the HCT-116 cell line with IC50 values at 33 ± 1.25, 36 ± 2.25, 34 ± 2.15, 32 ± 2.35, 34 ± 2.65, and 36 ± 1.95 μg/mL for compounds 1 to 6, respectively. (mendeley.com)
The viability of the HEK-293 normal cells was found to be significantly higher than the viability of the cancerous cells at all of the tested concentrations, thus suggesting that all the compounds have better inhibitory activity on the cancer cell line. (mendeley.com)
A significant time- and dose-dependent induction of adenylate kinase activity in HepG2 cells was noted from 0.1 to 12.5 µM fipronil followed by decreasing activities at 25 and 50 µM. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, there is need for fundamental distinction between the different types and functions of genes that are involved in anti-cell death in plants. (essaywriter.org)
The main aim of this paper is to review the pathways that lead to cell death in plants with a purpose of identifying the anti-cell death genes. (essaywriter.org)
At the end of the discussion, significant insights will be developed to paint a picture of the emerging trends in plant development with respect to the topical research on anti-cell death genes. (essaywriter.org)
The dominant discovery in these experiments indicates that there is a heterologous expression of certain genes in plants that can regulate cell death. (essaywriter.org)
The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes increased in HCT-116 cell lines after 48 h of treatment, suggesting cell death by the apoptotic pathways. (mendeley.com)

T and B lymphocytes undergo AICD as an auto-regulatory mechanism for the body to remove unwanted activated cells after making appropriate use of them. (eurekaselect.com)
Recently, two independent models, one from rodents and the other from insects, have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from skeletal muscle fibers when they undergo either atrophy or programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)

For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. (nature.com)

Unbound FLICA diffuses out of the cell and is washed away. (bitesizebio.com)

In macrophages, necroptosis can be induced by co-treatment with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] for TLR4 and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly I:C] for TLR3) and a cell-permeable pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD. (molcells.org)
Necroptosis falls somewhere in the middle, with several molecules and processes that can trigger, modulate, and effect necroptosis in cells. (news-medical.net)
The signaling cascade following ligand binding is also important in deciding cell fate and potentially initiating necroptosis. (news-medical.net)
For example, HIV-1 induce necroptosis in T cells . (news-medical.net)

Both caspase-3 and caspase-7 have substrate selectivity for the amino acid sequence Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD). (eurogentec.com)
Typically, caspases recognize a four amino acid long motif P 4 P 3 P 2 P 1 in their target sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
The N-terminal region of caspase-8 contains an amino acid sequence, termed the death domain, that facilitates caspase-8-FADD direct interaction. (bdbiosciences.com)

The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)

Preliminary results suggested that parthenolide induced cell death in these cells with a mechanism similar to that demonstrated in osteosarcoma and melanoma cells. (unipa.it)

Healthy male Sprague‑Dawley rats were used in the present study to examine the radioprotective effect of a type of pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, following radiation, to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in a model of the nucleus of the abducens nerve. (spandidos-publications.com)
This theory has its origins in the concept of "Wirkungssphäre" or "sphere of influence" proposed by Strassburger (1893) , in which he argued that a nucleus can only support a discrete volume of cytoplasm, thus defining the upper limits to cell size. (frontiersin.org)
N-terminal fragments of mutant huntingtin accumulate and form inclusions in the cell nucleus in the brains of patients with HD, as well as in various animal and cell models of HD. (medscape.com)

Unraveling the mechanism of cell death induced by chemical fibrils. (ualberta.ca)
Anti-cell death is a technique adopted by multi-cellular organisms as a defensive and developmental mechanism (Franklin-Tong and Gourlay, pg 390). (essaywriter.org)

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Resistance to these treatments are due to the cells resisting apoptotic death. (news-medical.net)

The most important caspase in this cascade is caspase-3, which is cleaved and activated to transduce the apoptotic signal [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we report that AA005 may trigger caspase-3-independent cell death, mediated by AIF. (biomedcentral.com)

Antigen-specific T cell suppression by human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. (tcd.ie)

In turn, myeloid cells are less active in old age due to phagocytosis and antigen presentation, and they get more mutations. (medscape.com)

Caspase-10 is an initiator caspase, highly homologous to caspase-8, a relationship that extends to the death effector domains (DEDs) of their proforms. (enzolifesciences.com)

[ 8 ] Caspase inhibition in clonal striatal cells showed no correlation between the reduction of aggregates in the cells and increased survival. (medscape.com)

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Anatomy30

Organisms12

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Health Care6

Apoptosis63

Inhibitors6

Protein14

Cleavage10

Assays9

Inhibitor of caspases2

Inflammatory13

Proteases2

Inflammation14

Pathway14

Inhibition of caspases1

Protease3

Necrosis5

Substrates1

Activation16

Mechanisms12

Inhibit4

Induces5

Cytochrome2

Inflammasomes2

Proliferation5

Assay7

Proteins5

Mitochondria5

20171

Regulation2

Fragmentation1

Vitro1

Proteolysis2

NLRP33

Neuronal cell death1

Tumor8

Activate1

Activity6

Genes5

Undergo2

Pathways1

FLICA1

Necroptosis4

Amino3

Intrinsic1

Melanoma cells1

Nucleus3

Mechanism2

Molecular2

Apoptotic death1

Cascade1

Trigger1

Suppression1

Mutations1

Initiator1

Clonal1

Physiology1