AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
CalcaneusSubtalar JointTalusFoot Deformities, AcquiredAchilles TendonTarsal JointsHeelClubfootFractures, BoneTarsal BonesFootBone DensityIntra-Articular FracturesOsteoblastomaFractures, ClosedBone CystsDeerOsteoporosisTendon TransferFracture Fixation, InternalAbsorptiometry, PhotonFelidaeFoot InjuriesExternal FixatorsAnkle JointRadius
TendonMedialTalusTuberosityHeel boneSurface of the calcaneusFracture of the calcaneusApophysitisBoneGrowth plate of the calcaneusAspect of the calcaneusInsertionAvulsion fractureIntra-articularView of the calcaneusFractures of the calcaneusAnkleInferiorLateral calcanealBursaGastrocnemiusAnatomyTarsiStressSustentaculumTarsalFlexorProximalIncisionPatientsOsteotomyApophysisOccur as a resultInflammationTendonsBonesSulcusAxialDiagnosis
Tendon16
  • The posterior-most portion of the calcaneus is the calcaneal tuberosity , a large, non-articulating process that is the insertion point for the calcaneal tendon (or Achilles tendon ). (wikidoc.org)
  • The superior facet is separated from the calcaneal tendon by the retrocalcaneal bursa. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The middle facet provides the attachment site for the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The calf muscles, including the gastrocnemius and soleus, join to form the strong calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the heel and attach to the calcaneus bone in the heel. (innerbody.com)
  • Take the gastrocnemius, which has its origin on the distal, posterior end of the femur, and its insertion on the posterior surface of the calcaneus bone by the calcaneal or Achilles tendon . (infoplease.com)
  • The etiology of pain in Sever disease is believed to be repetitive trauma to the weaker structure of the apophysis, induced by the pull of the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon) on its insertion. (medscape.com)
  • Luxation or subluxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon from the point of the hock may occur after disruption to the retinaculum that attaches the tendon to the calcaneus. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • In horses in which the tendon is unstable and subluxates on and off the tuber calcanei, endoscopy of the calcaneal bursa reveals disruption of both the medial retinacular/calcaneal insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon and its associated fibrocartilage, with disruption of the medial wall of the bursa creating or establishing communication with an acquired subcutaneous bursa. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • A month of PT and anti-inflammatories didn't clear it up, so the doctor took X-rays which revealed a Haglund's defect, which is a large spur of bone extending from the calcaneus just behind the Achilles tendon (see photo below). (runblogger.com)
  • The Achilles (calcaneal) tendon is a common tendon shared between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the posterior leg. (physio-pedia.com)
  • A subcutaneous calcaneal bursa permits movement of the skin over the flexed tendon. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Calcaneal tendon tendinopathy. (post-operative-chronic-pain.com)
  • It occurs where the Achilles tendon pulls on the growth plate (physis) of the heel bone (calcaneus) which has yet to fuse (ossify). (emstuartinjuries.com)
  • 3-Malunion of the calcaneus 4-Peroneal tendon irritation and impingement from the lateral wall. (freemedicalvideos.com)
  • The muscle fibres of the gastrocnemius blend with the soleus deep to it distally to form the calcaneal tendon which inserts on the calcaneus . (anatomyzone.com)
  • it varies in length in different individuals, is convex from side to side, is concave in the anteroposterior axis, and supports a fat pad situated anterior to the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. (medscape.com)
Medial9
  • calcaneal branch to the medial aspect of the calcaneus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plantar surface of the calcaneal tuberosity projects forward on the plantar surface as a medial (larger) and lateral (smaller) process and at its most anterior projection is the calcaneal tubercle, where the short plantar ligament attaches. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The medial calcaneal nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve, which is a major nerve supplying most of the muscles and skin of the back of the leg. (docpods.com)
  • The medial calcaneal nerve arises from the main nerve of the inner side of the anke, perforates the laciniate ligament, travels downwards passing below the bony projection on the inner side of the ankle, and supplies the skin over the medial aspect of the heel. (docpods.com)
  • Blue patch indicating the area supplied by the medial calcaneal nerve. (docpods.com)
  • The medial calcaneal nerve may become entrapped between the tight fascia at the origin of the abductor hallucis muscle and the heel bone (calcaneus). (docpods.com)
  • An excessive pronation of the foot may lead to medial calcaneal nerve entrapment. (docpods.com)
  • When the medial calcaneal nerve is trapped the Tinel's sign is positive. (docpods.com)
  • Medial calcaneal nerve entrapment should not be confused with other causes of heel pain, such as plantar fasciitis and tarsal tunnel syndrome. (docpods.com)
Talus7
Tuberosity6
  • The inferior facet curves anteriorly and is continuous with calcaneal tuberosity on the plantar surface. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The Bohler angle is formed by the intersection of a line drawn from the superior aspect of the posterior calcaneal tuberosity to the superior subtalar articular surface and a line drawn from the superior subtalar articular surface to the superior aspect of the anterior calcaneal process. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The posterior tibial nerve gives, in the retro-malleolar region, the internal calcaneal nerve directed towards the greater tuberosity of the calcaneus and ensures plantar sensitivity of the heel. (post-operative-chronic-pain.com)
  • Open reduction and internal fixation of the calcaneus is generally delayed for 1-2 weeks to allow for improvement of the soft tissue swelling, except with fractures of the posterior tuberosity (avulsion fracture) which can cause skin tenting and urgent reduction is recommended. (freemedicalvideos.com)
  • Bohler angle is formed by a line drawn from the highest point of the anterior process of the calcaneus to the highest point of the posterior facet and a line drawn tangential to the superior edge of the tuberosity. (freemedicalvideos.com)
  • Will see a fracture in T1 as a linear streak or a band of low signal intensity in the posterior calcaneal tuberosity. (freemedicalvideos.com)
Heel bone11
Surface of the calcaneus2
Fracture of the calcaneus6
Apophysitis5
  • Calcaneal apophysitis (or Sever's disease) is a common cause of heel pain in young athletes, presenting as pain in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. (nih.gov)
  • Sever disease (calcaneal apophysitis), first described in 1912, is a painful inflammation of the calcaneal apophysis. (medscape.com)
  • volleyball, 22.3%) whose ages ranged from 6 to 14 years, found that the risk of calcaneal apophysitis was significantly higher in younger individuals, in those who had fewer training sessions over the course of a week, and in those whose training sessions were shorter. (medscape.com)
  • Wiegerinck et al, in a 2014 cross-sectional study described as the first report on the incidence of calcaneal apophysitis in the general population, examined the records of children aged 6-17 years who visited 34 general practices in the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. (medscape.com)
  • Sever's disease (also known as calcaneal apophysitis) is one of the most common causes of heel pain in growing children, especially children who are very physically active. (orthoinfo.org)
Bone10
  • The calcaneus is the largest bone of the human foot. (wikidoc.org)
  • The calcaneus is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone. (medscape.com)
  • The calcaneus bone also forms joints with several other small bones of the foot including the navicular and cuboid (figure 2). (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • When this stress is traumatic, and beyond what the bone can withstand, a break in the calcaneus may occur. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • Because of the large forces required to break the calcaneus bone, this condition often occurs in combination with other injuries such as a sprained ankle or other fractures of the foot, ankle or lower leg. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • Patients with a calcaneus fracture may also experience swelling, bruising and pain on firmly touching the affected region of bone. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • During a calcaneal ostomy, an incision is typically made in the back of the heel and the bone is cut. (medstarhealth.org)
  • During the operation, the bone fragments are initially assembled, the position of the calcaneus is improved, and it is returned to the correct position. (ottobock.com)
  • The calcaneus , also referred to as the calcaneum , (plural: calcanei or calcanea) is the largest tarsal bone and the major bone in the hindfoot . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The majority of stress injuries of the calcaneus occur in the posterior part of the bone, but a considerable proportion can also be found in the middle and anterior parts. (orthobullets.com)
Growth plate of the calcaneus1
Aspect of the calcaneus1
  • On the otherwise fairly smooth lateral aspect of the calcaneus is the fibular trochlea (peroneal tubercle) anterior to the middle of the surface, where the tendons of the fibularis brevis and longus muscles pass above and below respectively. (radiopaedia.org)
Insertion2
  • Bursitis can develop at the inferior calcaneus, near the insertion of the plantar fascia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Subtalar distraction arthrodesis plus insertion of a bony block and rigid internal fixation The lateral calcaneal artery provides blood supply to the lateral flap associated with the calcaneal extensile approach. (freemedicalvideos.com)
Avulsion fracture2
  • The ossicle can be a cause of ankle pain and may mimic bifurcate ligament avulsion fracture of the anterior calcaneal process . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Calcaneal avulsion fracture is an important topic. (freemedicalvideos.com)
Intra-articular6
  • Calcaneus fractures are divided into intra-articular and extra-articular fractures based on involvement of the subtalar joint. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] In adults, about 75% of calcaneal fractures are intra-articular. (medscape.com)
  • Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures are associated with posttraumatic osteoarthritis. (medscape.com)
  • Calcaneal fractures may be intra-articular. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Whether intra-articular calcaneal fractures should be treated surgically or nonsurgically is much debated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Controls were patients receiving CT scan for an intra-articular distal tibia fracture without preexisting foot or calcaneal pathology. (psu.edu)
View of the calcaneus2
  • Results demonstrated that tangential X-ray view of the calcaneus can be used to evaluate its radiographic anatomy and to measure its width. (uwi.edu)
  • Lateral view of the calcaneus and cuboid bones. (medscape.com)
Fractures of the calcaneus3
Ankle2
  • With a calcaneal fracture, acute swelling occurs in the anterior region and above the ankle joint. (ottobock.com)
  • Talalgia or plantar fasciitis symptoms increased by valgus of the calcaneus, dorsiflexion of the ankle, abduction with pronation of the midtarsus and extension of the toes. (post-operative-chronic-pain.com)
Inferior3
  • Symptoms and signs of inferior calcaneal bursitis include throbbing heel pain, particularly when walking barefoot on hard surfaces. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The posterior part of the calcaneus is circular, with three facets (superior, middle and inferior). (radiopaedia.org)
  • The inferior or plantar calcaneal surface is wider posteriorly and convex from side to side. (medscape.com)
Lateral calcaneal1
  • The lateral calcaneal surface (see the image below) is broader posteriorly and becomes narrower anteriorly. (medscape.com)
Bursa1
Gastrocnemius1
  • The anatomy of the calcaneal apophysis lends to significant shear stress because of its vertical orientation and the direction of pull from the strong gastrocnemius-soleus muscle group (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Anatomy1
  • Labeled MRI depicts the anatomy and mechanical forces responsible for the development of Sever disease (shear stress at the calcaneal apophysis). (medscape.com)
Tarsi1
  • Between these two facets runs a fairly deep sulcus, the calcaneal sulcus, which together with the opposing talar sulcus forms the tarsal sinus (sinus tarsi). (radiopaedia.org)
Stress10
  • Calcaneus fractures can vary in location, severity and type including stress fracture, displaced fracture, un-displaced fracture, comminuted fracture etc. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • A stress fracture to the calcaneus may occur as a result of overuse often associated from a recent increase or high volume of running or marching activity. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • Activities which place large amounts of stress through the calcaneus should also be avoided, particularly excessive weight bearing activity such as running, jumping, marching, standing or walking excessively (especially on uneven surfaces). (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • Stress injuries of the calcaneus detected with magnetic resonance imaging in military recruits. (orthobullets.com)
  • Calcaneal stress injuries are fairly common overuse injuries in military recruits and athletes. (orthobullets.com)
  • We assessed the anatomic distribution, nature, and healing of calcaneal stress injuries in a group of military recruits. (orthobullets.com)
  • Over ninety-six months, magnetic resonance imaging revealed calcaneal stress injuries in thirty recruits in a population with a total exposure time of 117,149 person-years, yielding an incidence of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 3.4) per 10,000 person-years. (orthobullets.com)
  • A distinct association emerged between injuries of the different parts of the calcaneus and stress injuries in the surrounding bones. (orthobullets.com)
  • With the numbers available, there were no significant differences between the patients with calcaneal stress injuries and unaffected recruits with regard to age, height, weight, body mass index, or physical fitness. (orthobullets.com)
  • Compression Stress of the Mid- and Hindfoot One hand fixes the calcaneus in neutral position and the other hand applies a sagittal load on the forefoot, so that the mid- and hindfoot are compressed (Fig. 3). (crashingpatient.com)
Sustentaculum1
  • The middle facet lies on a medially projecting process of the calcaneus called the sustentaculum tali (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Tarsal2
Flexor2
Proximal1
  • The calcaneus has two articulations, being part of the Proximal intertarsal joint and the Talocalcaneal joint. (wikidoc.org)
Incision1
  • Generally, a right-angled incision is made on the outside of the calcaneus to operate in the affected area. (ottobock.com)
Patients5
  • Patients with a calcaneus fracture typically experience a sudden onset of sharp, intense heel pain at the time of injury. (physioadvisor.com.au)
  • Tangential calcaneal X-rays were performed on 30 patients with fractured calcaneus and 57 control individuals with normal calcaneus. (uwi.edu)
  • 10% of patients with a calcaneal fracture have a thoracolumbar compression fracture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If patients have calcaneal swelling and tenderness after a high-energy axial load to the calcaneus, check the Bohler angle on x-ray, and check for thoracolumbar compression fracture and compartment syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 001). Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the calcaneus of adult patients with stage IIb AAFD is dysplastic when compared with healthy controls, which further supports the utility of lateral column lengthening. (psu.edu)
Osteotomy1
  • Sliding Calcaneus Osteotomy is an established procedure for treatment of an acquired adult flatfoot, to correct hindfoot valgus in case of deltoid ligament insufficiency, cavovarus foot deformity, osteochondral defects, and treatment of unicompartimental osteoarthritis. (ankleplatform.com)
Apophysis1
  • The calcaneal apophysis develops as an independent center of ossification (possibly multiple). (medscape.com)
Occur as a result1
  • [ 2 ] Calcaneus fractures may occur as a result of falls from heights or from twisting injuries or through a pathologic process such as osteoporosis , cysts, and tumors. (medscape.com)
Inflammation1
Tendons1
  • Further, the tibiotarsal joints had limited range of motion in that both joints had an abnormally low capacity to flex and notable tension in the calcaneal tendons. (avma.org)
Bones1
  • The first characterful postcranial bones to be found were isolated astragali and calcanea from early Late Eocene strata of the Hampshire Basin, UK (Hooker, 2001). (palaeo-electronica.org)
Sulcus2
  • This groove is called the calcaneal sulcus. (medscape.com)
  • Just anteromedial to the calcaneal sulcus is another area of articular surface elongated and concave in its long axis that is directed anterolaterally. (medscape.com)
Axial2
  • The Sanders classification system is based on coronal and axial CT scans of the calcaneus. (medscape.com)
  • If a calcaneal fracture is suspected, x-rays that include axial and lateral views should be taken. (msdmanuals.com)
Diagnosis1
  • A thorough subjective and objective examination from a physiotherapist is essential to assist with diagnosis of a calcaneus fracture. (physioadvisor.com.au)