• The core of the United Kingdom as a unified state came into being in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, into a new unitary state called Great Britain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of this new state of Great Britain, the historian Simon Schama said: What began as a hostile merger would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Act of Union 1800 added the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (wikipedia.org)
  • With defeat by the United States, France and Spain in the War of American Independence, Great Britain lost its 13 American colonies and rebuilt a Second British Empire based in Asia and Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to Britain and (after 1945) to the United Kingdom or UK. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Kingdom of Great Britain came into being on 1 May 1707, as a result of the political union of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Treaty of Union. (wikipedia.org)
  • This combined the two kingdoms into a single kingdom and merged the two parliaments into a single parliament of Great Britain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dissertation on the topic "The 'radical right' in Great Britain. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Great Britain is a truly historical anomaly. (thetrumpet.com)
  • The name would later be changed to the Swimming Association of Great Britain in 1874. (swimmingworldmagazine.com)
  • Using individual census data on the employment of individuals in Sweden, the USA, and Great Britain, the study also documents how industrialization led to further growth dynamics, primarily in the service sector. (lu.se)
  • Important policy lessons from Great Britain empha- size information systems as wel as civic and political institutions in infuencing the health development process ( 369 ). (who.int)
  • They include an exceptional range of historical children's literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as a significant local business archive and a collection of 18th century printed books. (librarything.com)
  • coal-powered steam engines put Britain ahead of the world for more than a hundred years in the 19th and early 20th centuries. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • 19th and early 20th centuries by Arthur Conan Doyle during a period when British society was developing in matters of human rights, law, and science. (lu.se)
  • Some tools used in the stories about Sherlock Holmes can also be traced to new scientific inventions during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (lu.se)
  • Her current research focuses on cultures of knowledge making in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries. (routledge.com)
  • My research to date has examined the experiences of gay and bisexual men in post-war Scotland, as well as tracing the history of same-sex desire from the 17th century to the late 20th century in Scotland. (gla.ac.uk)
  • 1500-1650) Price revolution is a term used to describe a series of economic events from the 2nd half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. (timetoast.com)
  • The first newspapers were printed in the 17th century. (localhistories.org)
  • In the late 17th century, the Spanish informally spread word that Blacks who escaped British plantations could live freely in St. Augustine , provided that they: (1) swore allegiance to the Spanish crown, (2) converted to Catholicism and (3) for men, completed a period of military service. (visitflorida.com)
  • Laura's main research interest lies in twentieth century Jewish political history, which largely pivots around core questions of Jewish migration from Europe to North America and the Middle East. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • The play remained very popular throughout the twentieth century. (rsc.org.uk)
  • Nicole Robertson works on nineteenth and twentieth-century British history. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Introduction: Twentieth-century Britain. (shu.ac.uk)
  • I'm an environmental historian, working on human relationships with the rest of the natural world in Britain and North America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • 'Nights on Earth' investigates nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific and popular engagement with animals that dwell in dark environments. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • In this workshop session, we examine modes of adaptation and resilience of Shi'i Islam in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, focusing on: (a) the modernization and consolidation of the Ḥawza (seminary center for the education of Shi'i clergymen), (b) the activities of globally interconnected Shi'i public intellectuals, (c) the social life of diasporic and exilic Shi'is in Europe, and (d) the ritual cultures and artistic expressions of Shi'i Islam. (lu.se)
  • In the first part, we examine the intellectual and exegetical legacies of twentieth-century Shi'i scholars, whose contributions constituted a major shift in Islamic social theory. (lu.se)
  • It covers a broad historical range (from Folk Tales and ballads to 21st century postmodernity) and offers a basic grounding in key elements of literary theory, literary history and the varieties of literary form. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Poe's Dupin is a logically thinking man, but Doyle's scientific knowledge was of aid to him when writing as Sherlock Holmes' high intelligence and understanding of science is what made the stories about him so interesting to read, and they are still interesting and immensely popular in the 21st century. (lu.se)
  • The new tobacco use trend of the 21st century is "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking" (WTS). (who.int)
  • 21st century, especially with respect to the economy, climate change and public health. (who.int)
  • The Red Lion and Cock pubs (inns) may date back to the 15th century. (brent.gov.uk)
  • In Europe, in the mid-15th century, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which made books much cheaper and allowed newspapers to be invented. (localhistories.org)
  • From the late 15th century to the 19th century, France and Switzerland were making artificial limbs that could rotate and bend using cables, gears, cranks, and springs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The history of the United Kingdom began in the early eighteenth century with the Treaty of Union and Acts of Union. (wikipedia.org)
  • You will be surrounded by 500 years of national, international and local history, enthused and inspired by teachers who are leaders in their fields, with expertise as diverse as medieval Scandinavia, early-modern Poland and modern East Asia and you will be enthralled by our wonderful collections of historic treasures. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • and a small collection of 19th and early 20th-century items in German. (librarything.com)
  • Kilburn became a notorious duelling spot in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (brent.gov.uk)
  • The early 19th century saw a proliferation in the production of printed material, including music. (earlydancecircle.co.uk)
  • dancers of the early 19th century were encouraged to invent fresh figure sequences each time they danced. (earlydancecircle.co.uk)
  • Cotillion dancing fell out of fashion in the early 19th century, but returned in the form of the Quadrille from the mid 1810s. (earlydancecircle.co.uk)
  • So, I returned to history after my first year at the university, and delved into the Middle, and Early Modern Ages. (essex.ac.uk)
  • My publications cover a variety of 19th and 20th century social history, from household formation and economics in early 20th-century Scotland, through to examining the intersections of religious faith and sexuality. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Britain by winning its wars with Portugal & France in the 18th and early 19thC, had managed to drive them out of India & acquire colonies. (ayton.id.au)
  • My doctoral research focused on the animal and environmental histories of Bristol Zoo Gardens from 1835 through to the early twenty-first century. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • In the early 19th century the recipient of a letter had to pay the postage, not the sender. (localhistories.org)
  • The modern attitude to nature is so different from that of the eighteenth century that it is not easy for us to understand the prejudices against which the early English landscape-painters had to struggle. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • Following a fictional story about detectives who solve a crime is a relatively new art in the world of literature, as they only came to be in the early 19th century. (lu.se)
  • The medical history of early Singapore / by Lee Yong Kiat. (who.int)
  • Other known early prosthetics include artificial feet from Switzerland and Germany, crafted between the 5th and 8th centuries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The home provides a fascinating view into the life of a village doctor in the early 19th century. (cdc.gov)
  • If you go back to the beginning of what we generally consider modern medicine - Paris in the late 18th or early 19th century - you find the nascent idea that when someone dies, you can do an autopsy and you can figure out that there are different changes in the body. (medscape.com)
  • This essay will review this subject and discuss the social changes and the scientific advancements made during the 19th century in Britain that influenced Doyle in writing his stories about Sherlock Holmes. (lu.se)
  • The UK took a strong stand against Communist expansion after 1945, playing a major role in the Cold War and the formation of NATO as an anti-Soviet military alliance with West Germany, France, the United States, Canada and smaller countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Culturally, the Victorian era was a time of prosperity and dominant middle-class virtues when Britain dominated the world economy and maintained a generally peaceful century from 1815 to 1914. (wikipedia.org)
  • khan, or chief, who terrorized China during the 16th century. (britannica.com)
  • And in the 16th century, the French surgeon Ambroise Paré designed some of the first purely functional prosthetics for soldiers coming off the battlefield. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, the abbey as we know it today began to take shape in the 13th century when King Henry III decided to rebuild the church in the Gothic style. (anglik.net)
  • As mentioned earlier, King Henry III played a significant role in the redevelopment of Westminster Abbey in the 13th century. (anglik.net)
  • Caroline works on the neglected history of Indigenous American travellers to Europe in the sixteenth century. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Thus a tendency to idealism and breadth of vision led to the treatment of landscape, especially in the sixteenth century among the Venetians, in broad and simple masses of conventional colour and tone to harmonize with the glowing colour-schemes of their pictures. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • A form of waterpipe used in India in the sixteenth century was made from a coconut shell as the water reservoir, with a bamboo reed inserted through the top. (who.int)
  • Its origins trace back to the Benedictine monks who settled in the area in the mid-10th century. (anglik.net)
  • If we are to trace the origin of the crime novel, then we will see that urbanisation played a vital part in influencing the rise of this genre, as a result of social and geographical changes in 19th- century Britain. (lu.se)
  • Aberdeen is a leading centre for the study of literature, language and creative writing, rated second in the UK for its research output. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The Centre for Medieval Studies and the History of Art Department's Medieval Art and Medievalisms Research School are holding this online summer research seminar about a manuscript which was recently acquired by the British Library and has a York connection. (york.ac.uk)
  • This conference is gratefully mentored by Prof. Michael White, the head of the Department of History of Art, and generously funded by the Humanities Research Centre (HRC) in the University of York. (york.ac.uk)
  • I am a member of the Centre for the History of Medicine. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Emil Eiby Seidenfaden , PhD Academic Visitor (Carlsberg Foundation Visiting Fellow), Oxford Centre for European History, University of Oxford, Junior Research Fellow, Linacre College. (lu.se)
  • A series of short papers on European mosaic production in the long nineteenth century. (york.ac.uk)
  • Pantheons is a major three-year project, exploring the sculpture at St Paul's across the long nineteenth century. (york.ac.uk)
  • Transnational education in the late nineteenth century: Brazil, France and Portugal connected by a school museum 7. (routledge.com)
  • African pioneers of modern medicine : Nigerian doctors of the nineteenth century / Adelola Adeloye. (who.int)
  • Colonizing the body : state medicine and epidemic disease in nineteenth-century India / David Arnold. (who.int)
  • It studies how (some) manufacturing establishments managed to start growing, adopted new technologies, and learned to organize themselves more efficiently in late nineteenth-century Sweden. (lu.se)
  • Di-… Mounting the challenges to systematic structures of difference in and from histories of art and cultural theory. (york.ac.uk)
  • Explore a range of British women artists working in the late 19th century and through the 20th century, relating their significance to the artistic, social & cultural context in which they worked. (wea.org.uk)
  • Senior Assistant at the Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University of Berlin. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Especially, the letters of the wife give a unique personal perspective on her private life during the war, but also on her social and cultural environment in the city of A*. The current idea of the research project is to take the letters as basis for a micro-history of life in a Catholic milieu in wartime NS-Germany. (essex.ac.uk)
  • I am a social scientist and social & cultural historian with particular focus on 19th and 20th-century history. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome. (timetoast.com)
  • Research interests: European media/journalism and cultural history, broadcasting history, sound history, youth media, history in the media and collective remembrance, public history. (lu.se)
  • although Europe was dominated by Napoleon 1800-14, France was unable to defeat the British who would dominate the century as the strongest empire due to its maritime strengths. (ayton.id.au)
  • The fact that the two most important 19th century secular ideologies that still dominate our contemporary world, namely communism and liberalism, pose as trans-or inter-national modes of political practice shows that nationalism is always to be understood in relation to "the other" and "to the world. (lu.se)
  • You'll soon see that in all of human history nothing parallels the stupendous prosperity, expanse and grandeur of the British Empire at its peak. (thetrumpet.com)
  • Further, my research engages with gender history, in particular through analysis of dominant constructs of masculinity and the emergence and visibility of 'queer masculinities' from the interwar period onwards. (gla.ac.uk)
  • But it was not till the seventeenth century that landscape pure and simple really came into its own. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • From their work and from that of the eclectic painters of Bologna developed the Roman school of classical landscape, of which Claude Lorrain and Nicholas Poussin were the leaders in the seventeenth century. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • Her project 'The Clerical Profession and the Administrative Revolution: the Rise of the Modern Workplace in Britain', funded by an AHRC Fellowship, included activities delivered in partnership with the Working Class Movement Library (Salford) and Bishopsgate Institute (London). (shu.ac.uk)
  • and Generational Conflict and University Reform: Oxford in the Age of Revolution (2012), which was awarded the 2014 Kevin Brehony prize for the best first book by the History of Education Society UK. (routledge.com)
  • Originally an Americanism, enthuse is now standard and well established in the speech and all but the most formal writing of educated persons, in both Britain and the United States. (dictionary.com)
  • This original Underground Railroad was less formal than its 19th-century counterpart. (visitflorida.com)
  • English and History at Aberdeen combines all the advantages of the UK's second most highly-rated research hub for English literature, language and creative writing, setting this in the wider context of world and British history through every period of literature. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Her current research examines the artist and the printed image in 19th and 20th century in Britain and Ireland. (tcd.ie)
  • Patrick has published one hundred papers and meeting abstracts on his bryozoan research and over 150 notes, papers, and books in other fields including the history and philosophy of geology and the use of building materials in Ireland. (tcd.ie)
  • Nicole's research specialisms include the labour movement and grassroots activism, the development of white-collar work in modern Britain, and the history of retailing, consumer society and the co-operative movement. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Her research has been supported by several fellowships and grants, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council Leadership Scheme (2015-2017), the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (2015), an AHRC Research Networking Grant (2013-14) and an Economic History Society Small Research Grant (2012). (shu.ac.uk)
  • She was Co-Investigator of the AHRC-funded research network 'Tailored Trades: Clothes, Labour and Professional Communities, 1880-1939', with partner organisations Bishopsgate Institute (London) and the People's History Museum (Manchester). (shu.ac.uk)
  • The contributions to this volume demonstrate the diversity and originality of research currently being conducted into the connections between the history of science and the history of education. (routledge.com)
  • Research interests: radio history, transnational media histories, women and broadcasting, European broadcasting collaboration, transnational history and national archives. (lu.se)
  • Research interests: the history of radio news, talks and current affairs, the BBC, radio archive policy. (lu.se)
  • Research interests: Cold War media cultures, media and conflict, literary journalism, transnational radio and television, history of media and communication studies. (lu.se)
  • Research interests: Lithuanian diaspora history, media and migration studies, Lithuanian radio and television history, culture and politics in media, diaspora identity studies. (lu.se)
  • Research interests: Cold War history, resilience and psychological defence, architecture and materiality, history of nuclear science and technology. (lu.se)
  • Research interests: history of information technologies, history of newspaper reading, little tools of journalism, media archives, media as waste. (lu.se)
  • She completed postgraduate study at the University of Nottingham and was awarded the Economic History Society's R. H. Tawney Fellowship. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Victorian Britain is often defined by its prescriptive respectability and this stereotypical view has given rise to both derision and admiration. (ucalgary.ca)
  • The First World War (1914-1918), with Britain in alliance with France, Russia and the United States, was a furious but ultimately successful total war with Germany. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the US joined the UK as the main Allied powers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Built out of coal shale from those mines, it is a reminder of an industrial past that changed Britain, and the world, forever. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Recent and forthcoming publications have examined the impact of World War One upon women and families in Scotland, the interactions between homosexual law reform organisations and religious institutions in Scotland, masculinity and effeminacy, 'queer emotions', and boarding and lodging in working-class Scottish homes at the turn of the 20th century. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Why did Britain create the largest empire in world history? (thetrumpet.com)
  • Meanwhile across the Atlantic, a nation went from brand-new to world-dominating in about a century. (thetrumpet.com)
  • Genesis 12 contains one of the most important passages of Scripture for understanding world history. (thetrumpet.com)
  • World history-not just the history of Abraham's descendants, but the entire history of mankind since the time of Abraham-has been shaped and defined by God's promise to Abraham. (thetrumpet.com)
  • This promise is the key to unlocking world history and Bible prophecy. (thetrumpet.com)
  • This lecture will look at how their study can be used to advance our knowledge of the intellectual history of the premodern world. (gresham.ac.uk)
  • This illustrated lecture investigates their history and the continuing influence on our modern world. (gresham.ac.uk)
  • Plato's most brilliant student and perhaps the most significant intellectual in world history, Aristotle built on Plato's doctrines but also radically disagreed with them. (gresham.ac.uk)
  • I am an animal and environmental historian, working primarily on human engagements with the non-human animal world across the nineteenth and twientieth centuries. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • TV was suspended in Britain during World War II but it began again in 1946. (localhistories.org)
  • Ledecky is well on her way to becoming one of the most decorated female swimmers in Olympic history with five Olympic gold medals, 14 world championship gold medals and six world records under her belt. (swimmingworldmagazine.com)
  • Clouds of Infection, relies heavily on has never been seen in world history. (cdc.gov)
  • Today, WTS cafés are gaining in popularity around the world, including Britain, France, Russia, the Middle East, and the United States and its use by youth and college students is increasing. (who.int)
  • Nearly seven centuries since Lorenzet i's frescoes, the world has become an urban majority. (who.int)
  • In most European languages derived from Latin, the word science is essentially the same, but in German, Wissenshaft has a broader meaning, including humanities subjects such as history, law and philosophy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Llafur : journal of Welsh labour history = cylchgrawn hanes llafur Cymru, 11 (1), 20-35. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Sir Isaac Newton , one of the most influential scientists in history, is buried in Westminster Abbey. (anglik.net)
  • Westminster Abbey, formally known as the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, has a history dating back over a thousand years. (anglik.net)
  • Here is a very brief history of the society's first 150 years. (edinphoto.org.uk)
  • This state of affairs, they suggest, is linked to broader divisions in the history of knowledge, which has, for many years, been carved up into sections reflective of the academic subject divisions that structure modern universities and higher education in the West. (routledge.com)
  • At the beginning of the century the very idea that the genre of pure landscape could be a fit subject for art was little more than a hundred years old, and the idea still lingered among persons of 'taste' that a landscape-painting must be dignified by some ostensible figure-subject. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • The feeling for landscape was strongest in the north of Europe, especially in Flanders, and before the middle of the fifteenth century Van Eyck had painted landscape backgrounds which were as true in their sense of space, lighting, and atmosphere as anything that was produced in the next three hundred years, and it was in Flanders that pictures which approached to pure landscape were first painted. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • This course will introduce students to the subject of university level history. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Study of History (major) and English (minor) at Bielefeld University. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Linda Mahood is a professor of history at the University of Guelph. (ubcpress.ca)
  • Heather Ellis is a Vice-Chancellor's Fellow at the University of Sheffield, UK. (routledge.com)
  • Marie Cronqvist , Associate Professor in Journalism and Media History, Lund University, Sweden. (lu.se)
  • More useful inventions were made in the 19th century. (localhistories.org)
  • While prosthetics were still made of combinations of wood, metal, glue, and leather even up to the 20th century, they were becoming more functional. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At school it turned out that history was the only subject which didnt bore me to death. (essex.ac.uk)
  • In Protestant Holland, painters, looking for new subject-matter to replace the old devotional subjects, turned their attention to landscape, and a school of artists arose numbering among them Meindert Hobbema (1638-1709), Salomon van Ruysdael (1603-70), Aelbert Cuyp (1620-90), and Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82), whose work helped to form the conventional English taste in the next century. (visual-arts-cork.com)
  • Our areas of expertise reach from ancient history to contemporary history, encompassing European, Asian, African and American history and including history of the Humanities and epistemology. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • While migration is being reassessed against the background of a turn to representations in the Humanities, history as a discipline traditionally involved with the Social Sciences has a key role to play in the necessary conversation between the renewed Humanities and Social Sciences. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Angela Griffith is Assistant Professor in History of Art (TCD) and is joint principal investigator for the Drawn to the page: Irish artists and illustration collection , a Digital Humanities Forum (TCD) Innovative Digital Project. (tcd.ie)
  • Most noticeably this has occurred with the history of science, but more recently the history of humanities has been divided as well. (routledge.com)
  • In the first decade of the century, William Poel led the Elizabethan Stage Society in its traditional staging of several of Shakespeare's plays, with a simple thrust stage for fast-paced fluid action. (rsc.org.uk)
  • This course looks at the roots, rise, notions, and results of respectability in British 19th century society. (ucalgary.ca)
  • Created jointly by the Royal Geographical Society with street gallery pioneers Wecommunic8, and supported by the Ordnance Survey, Britain from the Air captures Britain's beauty as seen from its skies. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Developed out of a 2015 conference of the History of Education Society, UK, this book explores the interconnections between the histories of science, technologies and material culture, and the history of education. (routledge.com)
  • Doyle depicted this new society that was taking shape, and he was able to incorporate the changes that had happened during the 19th century into his stories, and one can argue that Doyle did not depict the positive side of society, as his stories dealt with crime. (lu.se)
  • The resulting League of Nations was a favourite project in Interwar Britain. (wikipedia.org)
  • A century after the Norris family were reported for recusancy, Thomas Norris (1618-87), Edward's great-grandson, converted the family to Protestantism. (nationaltrust.org.uk)
  • Most of the area which became Queen's Park was farmland bounded by Chambers Lane (now Chamberlayne Road) and Salusbury Road, until its development in the late 19th century. (brent.gov.uk)
  • In England and Wales, you'll explore coastal towns with rich history, immerse yourself in the buzzing city hubs and discover the birth places of The Beatles and Dr Who. (intrepidtravel.com)
  • The contributions express a shared concern over the extent to which the history of science and technology and the history of education are too frequently written about separately from each other despite being intimately connected. (routledge.com)
  • Indeed, it is the materiality of education, a focus on the use of objects, pedagogical practices and particular spaces, which seems to offer some of the most promising avenues for exploring further the relationship between the histories of science and education. (routledge.com)
  • Introduction: science, technologies and material culture in the history of education 1. (routledge.com)
  • and to what extent these films influence public opinion about science and the future… Bringing together history, scientific theory, and humorous observation, Hollywood Science features dozens of film stills and a list of the all-time best and worst science-fiction movies. (aip.org)
  • According to Katherine Ott, Ph.D., curator for the Division of Medicine and Science at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, this is partly because different cultures have their own ideas about what makes a person whole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Britain has moved back and forth on its economic relationships with Western Europe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Managing Director of the Berlin College for Comparative History of Europe (Berlin). (fu-berlin.de)
  • Acting on il -health and poverty became an imperative in major cities of 19th century Europe. (who.int)
  • But until recently, one of Florida's largest contributions to African-American history has gone largely unrecognized: its role in the original Underground Railroad. (visitflorida.com)
  • However, the Brexit referendum in 2016 committed the UK to leave the European Union, which it did in 2020. (wikipedia.org)
  • I am presently supervising four PhD students and three MScR students on topics relating to the senses, sensory environmental histories, rights of nature, wildlife documentary, space exploration, and the teaching of environmental history in secondary schools. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • The verb enthuse is a 19th-century back formation from the noun enthusiasm. (dictionary.com)