• Anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 counteract BAX-mediated cell death. (nature.com)
  • Although an interaction site that confers survival functionality has been defined for anti-apoptotic proteins, an activation site has not been identified for BAX, rendering its explicit trigger mechanism unknown. (nature.com)
  • Here we demonstrate by NMR analysis that BIM SAHB binds BAX at an interaction site that is distinct from the canonical binding groove characterized for anti-apoptotic proteins. (nature.com)
  • PMID:14996496, table 1 provides links to papers that describe subcellular location of many pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. (geneontology.org)
  • The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
  • Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
  • It has been previously shown that rbf1 pro-apoptotic activity depends on its ability to decrease the level of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the Bcl-2 family protein Buffy. (sdbonline.org)
  • In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
  • Active caspases can then cleave many proteins, including poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), other caspases and other protein substrates en masse. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • C1QBP significantly increased ROS level, apoptosis, and the expression of apoptotic proteins such as cleaved caspase-3 and bax/bcl2 via regulating XDH. (medsci.org)
  • Huang, D. C. & Strasser, A. BH3-only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. (nature.com)
  • Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function. (nature.com)
  • Protein and gene expression of apoptotic signaling pathway-related proteins such as caspase-3, cytochrome c, and PARP were determined to provide evidence for the mechanisms of action of Tan IIA in the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Caspase also recognises several structural proteins as substrates, leading to cleavage that is associated with distinct morphological changes in apoptotic cells, including chromatin condensation, nucleus fragmentation, and cytoplasmic integrity. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
  • Utilization of Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins and Both Bottom-up and Top-down Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of a Transcription Factor-dsDNA Complex. (cuni.cz)
  • BCL2 proteins are described as 'crucial regulators of apoptosis' (PMID:15868100)and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which results in the activation of caspases (15102863) - help in generating a defintion for intrinsic apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
  • A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • High levels of intracellular calcium ion activate proteolytic enzymes (known as calpains) that break down many cell proteins, particularly those in the cytoskeleton of neurons (spectrin, neurofilament and microtubule-associated protein). (benbest.com)
  • The BH3 domain-only proteins effectively antagonize their apoptotic activities. (oncotarget.com)
  • Therefore, there is substantial interest in developing chemotherapeutic drugs that directly target pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins by mimicking the BH3 domain and unleashing pro-apoptotic molecules in tumor cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Taken together these data demonstrate that this Dioscin (Collettiside III) neurotrophic effects of VEGF are likely mediated directly by increasing Dioscin (Collettiside III) survival and decreasing apoptotic proteins and signals as well as indirectly by modulating release of proteins that affect neuronal viability. (bioinf.org)
  • Caspases-9, -8 and -3 have been implicated in apoptosis-caspase-9 in the mitochondrial pathway, caspase-8 in the Fas/CD95 pathway, and caspase-3 more downstream, activated by multiple pathways. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) or extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptotic pathways. (geneontology.org)
  • There are two typical apoptotic pathways: The mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • Therefore, there have been recent attempts to develop effective anticancer strategies targeting apoptotic signaling pathways [ 2 ], such as through inhibiting anti-apoptotic survival factors, which are likely overexpressed in many tumors and may confer drug-resistant phenotypes [ 2 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • NF-κB pathways can be mainly activated by two pathways. (springer.com)
  • The VEGF-mediated decrease in amyloid beta is dependent on a functional Flt-1 receptor and is inhibited by dicoumarol a multifunctional inhibitor of stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK and NFkappaB pathways. (bioinf.org)
  • Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The apoptosome is a multimolecular holoenzyme complex assembled around the adaptor protein Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) upon mitochondria-mediated apoptosis which must be stimulated by some type of stress signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • There was also no translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus in apoptotic keratinocytes, indicating Tan IIA-induced apoptosis occurs mainly through the caspase pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Apoptosis through Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. (geneontology.org)
  • Mitochondria are the central relay station for apoptotic signal transduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to apoptotic stimulus, permeabilized mitochondria release cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, where cytochrome c forms an apoptosome with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 and triggers the caspase cascade. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The apoptotic response of cells can be induced by the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway, the former being mediated by the mitochondria and the latter activated by ligand stimulation of death receptors at the cell surface [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pro-caspase-8 activation can directly result in cleavage of caspase-3 to execute apoptosis (type I cells) or cleave Bid to produce a truncated form (tBid), which induces the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria leading to caspase-9 and subsequent caspase-3 activation (type II cells) as it is the case for EOC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, we observed that inactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway using ABT-737 dramatically increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bim via transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulation, in a cell type-dependent manner, inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human oral cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • During apoptosis, Bax undergoes a conformational change involving NH 2 -terminal exposure and translocates to mitochondria to release apoptogenic factors. (rupress.org)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway has been chosen for a Reference Genome project as the curation work will complement and inform a planned apoptosis content meeting scheduled for June the 1st, assisted by domain experts from the Apo-Sys Consortium. (geneontology.org)
  • In addition, as the intrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have evolved at the same time as multicellular organisms, whereas the extrinsic pathway is a more recent evolutionary development in veterbrates, it is felt the intrinsic mechanism was more suited to a multi-organism curation project. (geneontology.org)
  • The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Interestingly, rbf1 -induced apoptosis leads to a debcl - and drp1 -dependent Reactive Oxygen Species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. (sdbonline.org)
  • Our work may provide novel therapeutic clues for treating cancers via a non-canonical apoptotic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was observed that β-alanine activated MRGPRD-induced IL-6 release via the Gαq/Phospholipase C/NF-kB signaling pathway. (uantwerpen.be)
  • In lpr mice, a naturally occurring mutant deficient in Fas, there is marked reduction in infarct size and abundance of apoptotic cardiac myocytes following ischemia and reperfusion that also signifies the importance of Fas pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injury [ 5 ]. (ac.ir)
  • However, cancer cells use various strategies to avoid apoptotic cell death by modulating multiple key regulators of the apoptotic signaling pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • A stress stimulus can trigger the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm which will then bind to the C-terminus of Apaf-1 within a region containing multiple WD-40 repeats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Per usual in non-apoptotic growing cells caspase activated dnase is held in check inactivated in the cytoplasm thanks to the association with its inhibitor, inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) also known as DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa (DFF45). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis further downstream was investigated, showing changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and enhanced activation of cleaved caspase-3 and Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). (hindawi.com)
  • Countering NADH production, calcium action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pores increases inner membrane permeability thereby reducing proton potential, causing the matrix to swell and ultimately releasing cytochrome c (an initiator of apoptosis). (benbest.com)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the retina overexpression of VEGF reduces phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase a stress-activated enzyme that can initiate apoptosis in neurons (Hou 2006b). (bioinf.org)
  • For instance, caspase-3 indirectly activates CAD (caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease) while inactivating ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease), which contributes to chromatin fragmentation in nucleosome units. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
  • This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (nih.gov)
  • Caspase belongs to the cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease family, which gets activated by various signals such as death receptor ligation, DNA damage, serum starvation, and stresses. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
  • In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of an apoptosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy in 2002, revealing a heptameric wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. (wikipedia.org)
  • The stable APAF-1 and cytochrome multimeric complex fit this description, and is now called the apoptosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are hidden routes for cell death as well, which are independent of APAF-1 and therefore the apoptosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation of the apoptosome requires the presence of ATP/dATP and cytochrome c in the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The wheel-shaped heptameric complex with sevenfold symmetry structure of the apoptosome was first revealed at 27 Å resolution by electron cryomicroscopy techniques and has a calculated mass of about 1 MDa (Acehan et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytochrome c then forms a multi-protein complex known as the 'apoptosome' and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. (geneontology.org)
  • Bcl-2 is antiapoptotic), and other inhibitors (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Apoferritin-encapsulation of cysteine protease inhibitors for cathepsin L inhibition in cancer cells. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) were originally designed to reduce serum cholesterol levels and thus reduce this risk factor. (ac.ir)
  • In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the Retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. (sdbonline.org)
  • Fas/APO-1/CD95, member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a widely expressed cell surface receptor that can initiate apoptosis when activated by its ligand (FasL). (ac.ir)
  • However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. (mdpi.com)
  • In addition, activating signals may induce the internalization of expressed receptors to selectively down-regulate their intensity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This triggers potent inside out signals inducing ADP release from dense bodies ( Shape change & agonist release ) as well as activating platelet major integrin α IIb β 3 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding of caspase-9 to Apaf-1 leads to activation of the protease which then cleaves and activates caspase-3. (nih.gov)
  • Active caspase identifies multiple molecules as substrates and cleaves them, leading to biological events associated with apoptosis. (caltagmedsystems.co.uk)
  • A previous study reported that the extract of the whole plant of SN activated cell death in hepatoma cells through autophagy and apoptosis [ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Schiff base compounds and their metal complexes have become important synthetic organic drugs due to their extensive biological activities, which include anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral effects. (researchsquare.com)
  • Secreted phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. (ijbs.com)
  • The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. (wikipedia.org)
  • It remains inactive in growing cells while it is associated with its inhibitor (ICAD, DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa subunit, DFFA or DFF45) resulting into a complex ICAD-CAD. (wikipedia.org)
  • although it is derived from cells of the renal tubular epithelium, it has several histological subtypes which differ in their clinical outcome and biological features. (hindawi.com)
  • In the final stages of the process, dying cells become fragmented into apoptotic bodies and consequently are eliminated by phagocytic cells without significant inflammatory damage to surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Changes in the plasma membrane are one of the characteristics of the apoptotic process detected in living cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Since intracellular annexin V is also exposed if the plasma membrane is compromised, a membrane-impermeant dye such as 7-AAD is commonly used to distinguish between apoptotic and dead cells to exclude the dead cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The populations of cells that are stained with annexin V only represent the apoptotic cell populations. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Breast cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations (1 to 5 mg/ml) of Solanum nigrum extract for 24 and 48 h. (ijpsonline.com)
  • These findings suggest that inter- the apoptotic destruction of lymphocytes and dendritic ventions aimed at reducing the extent of immune cell apop- tosis could improve outcomes for a variety of severe cells could have a particularly adverse effect on disease human infections, including those caused by emerging outcome. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
  • rbf1 , the Drosophila homolog of Rb , also displays a pro- apoptotic activity in proliferative cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • AA005 induces a unique type of cell death in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, characterized by lack of caspase-3 activation or apoptotic body formation, sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor Olaparib (AZD2281) but not pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk, and dependence on apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, blocking activation of RIP-1 by necroptosis inhibitor necrotatin-1 inhibits AIF translocation and partially suppresses AA005-induced cell death in SW620 cells demonstrating that RIP-1 protein may be essential for cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes has been demonstrated in animal models with coronary artery occlusion [ 1 ], and experimental evidence suggests that myocardial cells are able to undergo apoptosis during ischemia followed by reperfusion [ 2 ]. (ac.ir)
  • Exposure of cells to either octanoic acid (C8:0), a C8-ceramide hydrolysis product, or oleic acid (C18:1) did not affect MDR1 expression. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • Open up in another windows Fig.?1 Amount159 and MCF7 cells differ in basal histone H4 epigenetic says. (researchensemble.com)
  • BAX is a pro-apoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family that is stationed in the cytosol until activated by a diversity of stress stimuli to induce cell death. (nature.com)
  • It was shown that functional Fas system contributes to apoptotic myocardial cell death in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury [ 4 , 5 ]. (ac.ir)
  • Apoptosis evasion contributes to therapeutic resistance to conventional chemotherapy and accounts for the so-called 'poor responders' [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Inflammatory dysregulation resulting from each organ failure results in rising levels of circulating chemokines, cytokines and activated lymphocytes [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the mean survival period is 8 to 10 months ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Among the many regulatory factors, overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members may promote resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in many tumors. (oncotarget.com)
  • The apoptotic process is characterized by certain morphological features. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 cell lines were analyzed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and spectrophotometric methods. (mdpi.com)
  • Figure 1 demonstrates different steps of platelet tethering, adhesion, aggregation and thrombus formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, phosphorothioated ASOs bind to platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and directly activate minipig platelets in vitro, mirroring the findings in human samples. (uantwerpen.be)
  • The differential abundance of GPVI (and platelet factor 4) in minipigs provides insight into the influence of ontogeny in potential ASO-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatrics. (uantwerpen.be)
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Τheir impact on the apoptotic cell death mechanism requires further elucidation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Both ischemic and reperfused rat myocardium can undergo apoptotic cell death, however the myocardium, which is subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion, undergoes accelerated apoptosis [ 3 ]. (ac.ir)
  • Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To date, over 400 members of this compound family have been found, most of which have been proven to exhibit high cytotoxic and antitumor activities [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) or DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFB gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also known as caspase activated nuclease (CPAN), dna fragmentation factor 40 (DFF-40), DFF2 and DFFB. (wikipedia.org)
  • An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (geneontology.org)
  • The enzymatic activity of sPLA 2 s define their participation in a very broad spectrum of biological processes. (ijbs.com)
  • Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. (nature.com)
  • The most important caspase in this cascade is caspase-3, which is cleaved and activated to transduce the apoptotic signal [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The Combination of Resveratrol and Quercetin Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome in Rats by Modifying the Serum Fatty Acid Composition and by Upregulating SIRT 1 and SIRT 2 Expression in White Adipose Tissue - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (qualitycounts.com)
  • Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
  • The current definition has been expanded into five subtypes whose etymology reflects the primary and secondary pathology, the time frame, as well as cardiac and renal co-dysfunction secondary to systemic disease [ 1 ] (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cell diversity is originated by cell differentiation, which has been attributed to the activation of specific transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metastasis to the colon was diagnosed as small-cell lung cancer based on local positivity for thyroid transcription factor-1 and morphologic and immunochemical features. (bvsalud.org)
  • Firstly, it was investigated whether β-alanine or alamandine-activated MRGPRD induces interleukin-6 (IL-6) release. (uantwerpen.be)
  • neurotrophic protein pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) while significantly decreasing release of the neurotoxic protein amyloid beta. (bioinf.org)
  • To support this spectrum of requirements, BD Biosciences offers a full range of apoptosis detection tools and technologies for measuring indicators at different stages across the apoptotic process. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Numerous apoptotic cardiomyocytes were found in ischemic fields in ischemia-reperfusion groups and werent observed in the sham-operated group. (ac.ir)
  • sPLA 2 isoforms have unique tissue and cellular distributions, and therefore it is evident that individual sPLA 2 s have distinct enzyme-activity-related biological functions. (ijbs.com)
  • Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined. (wikipedia.org)
  • a target-centric approach provides a (FDA) has not increased accordingly, and attrition rates specific biological hypothesis to be tested and a starting are very high1. (gotomydoctor.com)