Bacteria encode genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

Based on patterns in their DNA sequences, these genes likely encode proteins in the bacterial membrane. (scienceblog.com)
This is a prime location for gene products involved in infection because many dangerous bacteria secrete toxins or proteins through the membrane to attack the host. (scienceblog.com)
Change in base sequence that does not alter amino acid sequence of proteins encoded nevertheless may result in alterations of the protein that make it unsafe. (i-sis.org.uk)
Instead the original proteins produced in bacteria were used as surrogates in feeding trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
It is now clear that synonymous mutations are not neutral but instead frequently adversely affect the proteins encoded. (i-sis.org.uk)
The protein product of the translocase gene demonstrated characteristics typical for members in this family of proteins, including 12 transmembrane helices and an isoelectric point of 9.4. (usda.gov)
These transport proteins appear to be unique to mitochondria, plant plastids, and obligate-intracellular bacteria. (usda.gov)
The mRNAs encode the proteins that do all the work in a cell, so by measuring a bacterium's mRNA level, one can infer the bacterium's behavior. (eurekalert.org)
The proteins responsible for controlling electron transfer in bacterial secondary metabolism are not always known or characterised. (rsc.org)
Bioinformatics strategies were used to find other homologous genes and proteins, which can also degrade HCH present in various bacteria for controlling of pollution and offer clue to prevent its entry in the food chain. (ispub.com)
STAT proteins induce transcription of IFN-stimulated genes upon binding of type I interferon to its heterodimeric receptor [43]. (mingsheng88.org)
In addition, and and that encode interferon-induced proteins which are involved in the protective response to viral contamination [46]. (mingsheng88.org)
This then injects bacterial proteins into the host cell, which in turn enhance bacterial replication inside that cell. (phys.org)
All bacteria carry ribosomes that consist of proteins and RNAs. (technologynetworks.com)
By cross-linking bacterial surface proteins to fibrinogen, factor XIIIa causes bacteria to be immobilized and killed. (medscape.com)
We based our search on the known bacterial SaxA proteins to select candidate genes for further investigations. (mpg.de)
RafK carries a C-terminal regulatory domain present in a subset of ATP-binding proteins that has been involved in both direct regulation of transporter activity (inducer exclusion) and transcription of transporter genes. (lu.se)
The significantly upregulated genes encode proteins involved in reactions of the energy-generating phosphotransferase system and transcription processing, which could be related to phage transcription. (lu.se)

Although the bacterial translocase has been characterized in other intercellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Rickettsia prowazeki, this is the first characterization of an ATP/ADP translocases in an obligate-intracellular plant pathogen and, given the conservation of the ATP uptake mechanism, may represent an evolutionary link between plant and animal pathogens. (usda.gov)
Of the bacterial ATP/ADP translocases characterized thus far, all have been found in endosymbionts of protozoa or pathogens of higher order animals including humans. (usda.gov)
Chitinolytic enzyme activity in the presence of chitinous substrates enhanced the growth of E. cloacae and readily restored the ability of bacterial cells to bind to hyphae of the pathogens despite high concentrations of d-glucose or sucrose in the medium. (apsnet.org)
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most relevant mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle, and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes presents a significant health issue in both veterinary and human fields. (bvsalud.org)
In support to this hypothesis, the microarray analysis revealed two up-regulated genes, and (Table 2, Physique 3) that play important functions in the host defense against bacterial pathogens. (mingsheng88.org)
Findings of Cambridge scientists, published today in the journal PLoS Pathogens , show a new mechanism used by bacteria to spread in the body with the potential to identify targets to prevent the dissemination of the infection process. (phys.org)
Home / Healthcare & Medicine / Antimicrobial & Antibiotic Resistance / Bacterial Genomes: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens / What are the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance? (futurelearn.com)
In addition to the intrinsic mechanisms of resistance, bacterial pathogens can acquire genes and mutations that mediate resistance to antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
β-lactamases are a family of enzymes (there are thousands of different versions) found in many bacterial pathogens. (futurelearn.com)
Recently, data have begun to emerge suggesting differences in the molecular basis by which individual CDTs interact with and enter host cells, suggesting the possibility that CDTs possess properties reflecting the specific niches idiosyncratic to those CDT bacterial pathogens that produce them. (illinois.edu)
Sometimes, under certain conditions, the resident bacterial flora can act as pathogens and cause disease. (msdmanuals.com)

Bacteria are the most diverse organism, inhabiting all environments and evolving enzymes to mitigate cellular damage from potentially hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS). (bodyecology.com)
The carboxysome is a specialized bacterial organelle that encapsulates enzymes into a virus-like protein shell and plays essential roles in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (nature.com)
The bacterium encodes enzymes that can digest complex carbohydrates such as starches, Seal said. (sciencedaily.com)
However, the combination of bacterial culture filtrate with fungal chitinolytic enzymes generated only an additive response, indicating that the presence of bacterial cells was required for a synergistic effect. (apsnet.org)
The results of this study suggest that transgenic bacteria, capable of binding to fungal cell walls and expressing fungal genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, may be powerful biocontrol agents. (apsnet.org)
biodegradable enzymes present in the genes of some bacteria degrade HCH in soil. (ispub.com)
Mainly, two genes linA and linB encode dehydrochlorinase and dehalogenase enzymes involved in degradation of HCH. (ispub.com)
Two other mechanisms of resistance are mediated by bacteria acquiring enzymes. (futurelearn.com)
Firstly, bacteria can acquire enzymes that chemically modify the target of the antibiotic in the bacteria by adding additional chemical groups. (futurelearn.com)
The first session of the research project was focused on functional-based screening method to screen a collection of 100 marine bacteria isolated from Svalbard and Lofoten islands for their ability to produce a broad spectrum of cold-active enzymes.The isolated bacteria were classified by 16S rRNA sequencing and the phylogenetic distribution of the detected activities was evaluated with the interest for finding new cold-active biocatalysts. (unina.it)
Keasling's team, comprised of JBEI and ABPDU scientists, studied the genes from the original strain ( S. roseoverticillatus) that encode the jawsamycin-building enzymes and took a deep dive into the genomes of related Streptomyces, looking for a combination of enzymes that could make a molecule with jawsamycin's toothy rings while skipping the other parts of the structure. (scienceblog.com)
Researchers at New Zealand's University of Otago have found that the soil bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis uses two special enzymes that can efficiently scavenge hydrogen as fuel at very low concentrations. (science20.com)
They also found the bacterium ramps up these enzymes' activity when starved of its usual carbon-based energy sources. (science20.com)
Study lead author and Otago PhD candidate Chris Greening says the findings emerge from a project led by Professor Greg Cook investigating why the mycobacteria family, which includes members causing TB and leprosy, have genes encoding hydrogenase enzymes. (science20.com)
Hydrogenases are well-known for their roles in anaerobic bacteria, but this is the first comprehensive study of these enzymes in an organism that requires oxygen to combust their fuel sources. (science20.com)
This study provides a snapshot of eukaryotic gene expression in the muskoxen rumen, and identifies a number of candidate genes coding for potentially valuable lignocellulolytic enzymes. (concordia.ca)
2010) Cellulosilyticum ruminicola, a newly described rumen bacterium that possesses redundant fibrolytic-protein-encoding genes and degrades lignocellulose with multiple carbohydrate- borne fibrolytic enzymes. (concordia.ca)
The researchers wanted to identify the enzymes and corresponding genes underlying this detoxification mechanism. (mpg.de)

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. (wikipedia.org)
These ferredoxin systems are important in controlling electron transfer across bacterial secondary metabolite production processes which include antibiotic and pigment formation among others. (rsc.org)
In Staphylococcus aureus, the phage-mediated acquisition of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that encode virulence and antibiotic resistance genes largely contribute to its evolutionary adaptation and genetic plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in clinics and in the environment is a growing concern because plasmid encoded genes that confer antibiotic resistance are becoming more prevalent in gram-negative bacteria. (confex.com)
Among the most common antibiotic resistance genes are those that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, used heavily in clinics and agriculture. (confex.com)
This is the first report of an isolate that contains this arrangement of the arsenic resistance operon, chrA gene, and multiple antibiotic resistance genes encoded on plasmids. (confex.com)
The aims of this research work were to determine the patterns of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the meat of wild or domestically reared pigeons from Spain, to detect the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and to carry out a phylogenetic classification of the isolates. (mdpi.com)
In some cases, bacteria may acquire multiple mechanisms of resistance to the same antibiotic, and in multidrug resistant bacteria, they acquire resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
This means that erythromycin can no longer bind to the target, as shown in Figure 2 below, meaning the bacteria can continue to thrive in the presence of the antibiotic. (futurelearn.com)
A common mechanism that bacteria use to become resistant to antibiotics is by modifying the target of the antibiotic. (futurelearn.com)
If one of these mutations happens to be at a location of a gene that encodes for a protein that is the target of an antibiotic, then sometimes these mutations mean that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target. (futurelearn.com)
The global spread of antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatments in biofilm-associated bacteria, highlights the need for novel strategies to overcome treatment hurdles. (cdc.gov)
Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge. (janusinfo.se)

Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)
The roles of SOD in bacterial survival and pathogenesis vary depending on the species. (bodyecology.com)
Rhodopseudoaonas acidophila is a species of photosynthetic bacterium which has more than one type of light harvesting complex (LHII). (gla.ac.uk)
This bacterial species therefore provides an excellent model system for examining the response of gene expression to the environment. (gla.ac.uk)
The gut contains an estimated 1000 different bacterial species, which begin to colonise the GI tract soon after birth and are thought to express roughly 100 times the number of genes encoded in the human genome. (medscape.com)
Antibiotics in particular can significantly alter gut microbiome composition by reducing the diversity of bacterial species, which can influence metabolism in the gut and affect the breakdown of nutrients. (medscape.com)
Seal added that the researchers plan to perform whole genome sequencing on four or five other bacterial species among the 20 isolates. (sciencedaily.com)
Similar ferredoxin encoding genes were identified across Mycobacterium species, including in the pathogenic M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans , as well as in a wide range of other bacteria such as Rhodococcus and Streptomyces . (rsc.org)
Although only about ten thousand species of prokaryotes have been described, mainly because only a small number of bacteria can be grown in the laboratory, indirect molecular approaches (without culture) based on the analysis of DNA extracted from the environment suggest that there may be 10 9 or more prokaryotic species. (theconversation.com)
Members of one bacterial species share parts of their genome encoding essential metabolic and informational functions (called the core genomes), but often carry unique, strain-specific sequences for adaptation to local environmental pressures. (theconversation.com)
Diversity could also favour the emergence of complex collective behaviours, including in organisms without a nervous system, as demonstrated by the cooperative division of labour in certain species of bacteria. (theconversation.com)
gene encodes for the and by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) GNE-0439 within macrophage-lineage cells [50]. (mingsheng88.org)
The team also presented a new role for the NADPH phagocyte oxidase (Phox) (a host mechanism which generates reactive oxygen species which can inhibit the growth and/or kill the bacteria) in the control of Salmonella infection. (phys.org)
Our work with VIRGO has revealed just how much genetic diversity there is within a woman's vaginal microbiota, as well as within bacterial species in the vagina. (technologynetworks.com)
Culture independent metagenomic studies have been used to reveal the genetic content of the bacterial species within gut microbiomes. (concordia.ca)
Matthew Barber and Nels Elde from the University of Utah School of Medicine compared transferrin-encoding genes from 21 primate species, and found remarkable variation at sites known to interact with a bacterial transferrin binding protein, TbpA. (the-scientist.com)
Two bacterial species, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis , are among the main causes of meningitis, a life-threatening inflammation of the membranes surround the brain and spinal cord. (the-scientist.com)
Bacteria, like other living things, are classified by genus (based on having one or several similar characteristics) and, within the genus, by species. (msdmanuals.com)
The analysis revealed altered transcription levels of 12 E. coli genes in response to phage infection, and the observed regulation of phage genes correlated with the known in vivo pattern of M13 mRNA species. (lu.se)

Like group A Streptococcus, many pathogenic bacteria have completely sequenced genomes, but we don't know what most of the genes are doing. (scienceblog.com)
However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)
Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
A comparison of the TF repertoire of S. aureus against 1209 sequenced bacterial genomes was carried out allowing us to identify a core set of orthologous TFs for the Staphylococacceae , and also allowing us to assign potential functions to previously uncharacterized TFs. (biomedcentral.com)
We have evaluated the orthologous distribution of these elements in other sequenced bacterial genomes using the repertoire of TFs identified in USA300, and identified a core set of regulators for both the Firmicutes phylum, and the Staphylococacceae group. (biomedcentral.com)

Transposons, also known as jumping genes, are short sequences of DNA that physically move within a genome, mutating genes by jumping into them. (scienceblog.com)
If the mutation causes an interesting effect, scientists can identify the mutated gene by locating the transposon, sequencing the DNA surrounding the transposon and mapping its location in the genome. (scienceblog.com)
A single translocase encoding gene was identified through an in silico analysis of the recently completed Las genome. (usda.gov)
The scientists isolated 20 different gut bacteria that preliminary genetic analyses indicate have probiotic qualities, and for this paper they performed whole genome sequencing on a novel Paenibacillus strain. (sciencedaily.com)
The 16S rDNA is present in scattered form in the entire genome of bacteria. (ispub.com)
Even though diverse strains of S. aureus have been extensively studied, and subjected to genome sequencing, the function of a large proportion of their genes remains unidentified. (biomedcentral.com)
In the case of the bacterium Escherichia coli, the core genome represents only 6% of the genes present in 61 sequenced strains . (theconversation.com)
Researchers from the University of Maryland School of Medicine's (UMSOM) Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS) have created VIRGO (human vaginal non-redundant gene catalog): the first genomic catalog of the vaginal microbiome. (technologynetworks.com)
As bacteria grow and replicate they copy their genetic material (the genome). (futurelearn.com)
In the second session of the project, a gene encoding for an esterase was amplified by PCR from a bacterial sequenced genome belonging to Thalassospira sp. (unina.it)
By sequencing the genome of endolysin, identifying the gene encoding it and then expressing this gene in E. coli, IFR research leader Arjan Narbad told DairyReporter.com that the team was able to produce endolysin and introduce it to break down C. tyrobutyricum from the outside. (hyfoma.com)

The ancestors of bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. (wikipedia.org)
Besides smaller amounts of archaea, yeasts and protozoa, bacteria account for the majority of microorganisms in the intestines of rabbits. (researchgate.net)
Herbivores rely on digestive tract lignocellulolytic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa, to derive energy and carbon from plant cell wall polysaccharides. (concordia.ca)

Due to an inability to genetically manipulate Las at the present time, the translocase (tlc) open reading frame was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to determine if this putative gene was in fact functional. (usda.gov)
The Las gene encoding the translocase (tlc) was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to enable E.coli to uptake ATP directly into the cell. (usda.gov)
Here, we build large, intact carboxysome shells (over 90 nm in diameter) in the industrial microorganism Escherichia coli by expressing a set of carboxysome protein-encoding genes. (nature.com)
To identify Escherichia coli genes potentially regulated by filamentous phage infection, we used oligonucleotide microarrays. (lu.se)

The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. (wikipedia.org)
Diphtheria, caused by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae , can result in life-threatening respiratory disease or cutaneous infections. (cdc.gov)
The life-threatening infections occur when the bacteria spread underneath the surface of the skin or throat and invade the underlying soft tissue. (scienceblog.com)
In a new study, McIver's laboratory and researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine identified two genes important for invasive group A Streptococcus infections in mice. (scienceblog.com)
The genes, subcutaneous fitness genes A (scfA) and B (scfB), may prove to be promising clinical targets in the fight against these infections, as there are no vaccines against group A Streptococcus or effective treatments for invasive infections. (scienceblog.com)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a common environmental bacterium, can colonize different body parts, such as the lungs, leading to persistent, chronic infections that can last a lifetime - a common occurrence in people with cystic fibrosis. (eurekalert.org)
But the bacteria can sometimes change their behavior and enter the bloodstream, causing chronic localized infections to become acute and potentially fatal. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers chose to look at human tissue samples of chronic bacterial lung and wound infections. (eurekalert.org)
This is a common environmental characteristic of bacterial infections, as bacteria frequently encounter oxygen deprivation during chronic infections. (eurekalert.org)
They observed that when SicX wasn't present, the bacteria easily disseminated from chronic infections throughout the body, causing systemic infection. (eurekalert.org)
Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause respiratory and urinary tract infections and the presence of resistance genes may make treatment of such infections more difficult. (confex.com)
The lack of functioning B cells and T cells makes it difficult for people with activated PI3K-delta syndrome to fight off bacterial and viral infections. (medlineplus.gov)

We also describe the epidemiologic public health efforts conducted to identify potential sources of infection and mitigate its spread and the molecular and genetic studies performed to identify the bacterium. (cdc.gov)
These genes would be good targets for a vaccine or treatment because the bacteria missing these genes did not flourish in the infection site. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers identified 273 scf genes as potentially involved in establishing infection under the skin, but two genes stood out: scfA and scfB. (scienceblog.com)
A person with a chronic infection might be fine one day, but environmental changes in the body can cause bacteria to change their behavior. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers then tested the functions of the gene in different animal infection models. (eurekalert.org)
The comparison allowed the researchers to determine that the gene is important for promoting chronic localized infection. (eurekalert.org)
How bacterial cyclases recognize phage infection is not known. (bvsalud.org)
Consistent with these in vitro findings, phage treatment did not reduce bacterial burdens in a neutropenic mouse S. aureus thigh infection model. (bvsalud.org)
Identification of drug-resistant strains of bacteria is crucial to allow for characterisation of the pathogen and correct treatment of the infection. (randox.com)
The expression of genes encoded within the T-DNA promotes the development and production of roots at the site of infection on most dicotyledonous plants. (bioone.org)
Plant infection begins at the roots, where the fungus is confronted with rhizosphere inhabiting bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
This interplay of bacterial effects on the pathogen can be beneficial to protect plants from infection, as shown with A . thaliana root experiments. (frontiersin.org)
Treatment of the roots with bacteria prior to infection with V. dahliae resulted in a significant reduction of fungal root colonization. (frontiersin.org)
Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection is a bacterial infection that causes stomach inflammation ( gastritis), peptic ulcer disease, and certain types of stomach cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Tularemia Tularemia is infection that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Francisella tularensis , which is acquired when people have direct contact with infected wild animals, usually rabbits. (msdmanuals.com)
Phage therapy does have its limitations, however, including potential narrow host ranges, development of bacterial resistance to infection, and the potential spread of phage-encoded virulence genes. (cdc.gov)
Normally, these cells recognize and attack foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, to prevent infection. (medlineplus.gov)

Although these 3 strains contained the tox gene, they were not toxin producing. (cdc.gov)
In molecular biology, generalized transduction is routinely used as a technique to manipulate and construct bacterial strains. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, we examine the conservation of 135 USA300 TFs amongst 11 other S. aureus strains, identifying a key group of regulators that display a high degree of conservation, including many that have previously been demonstrated to play a role in virulence gene regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

The genes encoding the CDTs have been identified in a diverse array of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. (illinois.edu)
The extent to which functional differences between individual CDTs reflect the specific requirements for intoxicating cells and tissues within the diverse range of host microenvironments colonized by CDT-producing pathogenic bacteria remains to be experimentally explored. (illinois.edu)
The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in drinking-water renders the water unfit for human consumption. (who.int)

S. aureus is known to bind multiple coagulation factors, resulting in the formation of aggregates and blood clots that might protect the bacterium from the phages. (bvsalud.org)
These downregulated genes are normally part of the host stress response mechanisms that protect the bacterium during conditions of acid stress and stationary phase transition. (lu.se)

Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria stain differently because their cell walls are different. (msdmanuals.com)

Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Accordingly, why was Pasteur such a genius as to discern how the immune system functions to protect us against invasion by the microbial world when no one had even made the distinction between fungi, bacteria, or viruses, and no one had formulated any theories of immunity. (frontiersin.org)
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria and other microbes, including archaea, viruses, and fungi, collectively referred to as the gut microbiome. (medscape.com)
Plant diseases are mainly caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. (justia.com)
However, the nature of the genes encoded by eukaryotic protozoa and fungi within these environments has not been explored using metagenomic or metatranscriptomic approaches. (concordia.ca)
We then tested whether these genes are actually expressed in greater quantities in fungi exposed to the toxins, and whether the resulting protein can render the toxins harmless,' explains Daniel Vassão, one of the study leaders. (mpg.de)

Synonymous mutations in the HIV gene Rev enhance HIV-1 replication, providing resistance to the drug enfuvirtide [6]. (i-sis.org.uk)
Within the environment the presence of heavy metals and antibiotics may apply an additional selective pressure on bacteria resulting in the accumulation of heavy metal resistance genes in plasmids which can be transmitted to other bacteria. (confex.com)
Within this plasmid approximately four thousand base pairs upstream of the IncN conjugative region, there is a multiresistance region encoding resistance to neomycin ( aph-(3')-I ) followed by genes that confer resistance to puromycin, streptomycin ( aada1 -like), spectinomycin ( aada1 -like), and trimethoprim ( dfr12 ). (confex.com)
The isolate also contains a plasmid with a chromate resistance gene ( chrA ) adjacent to an arsenic resistance operon. (confex.com)
Upstream of the arsenic resistance operon is a heavy metal response regulator gene followed by genes that confer resistance to heavy metals: copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury. (confex.com)
This arrangement of the chromate resistance ( chrA ) gene and arsenic resistance operon has been described in the plasmids of three other isolates, one of which was isolated clinically in Virginia, U.S.A. while the other two samples were isolated environmentally in a Citrobacter amalonaticus in South Korea and in a Pluralibacter gergoviae in Malaysia. (confex.com)
The accumulation of heavy metal resistance genes and a multidrug-resistance region in an environmental bacterial isolate could indicate a reservoir of heavy metal resistance genes which may aid in the persistence of multidrug-resistance bacteria in the environment. (confex.com)
In this article, we explain the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
An example of this is the erm (erythromycin ribosomal methylation) gene that provides resistance against macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin. (futurelearn.com)
Loss of ybeY function, which results in a marked resistance to HU, had global affects on sRNA-mediated gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
In addition, long-read sequencing of one representative XDR ST235 isolate identified an integron carrying multiple resistance genes (including bla VIM-2), with differences in gene composition and synteny from the P. aeruginosa class 1 integrons described previously. (who.int)

Rather than a cysteine residue, which is highly conserved in [4Fe-4S] clusters, or alanine or glycine residues, which are common in [3Fe-4S] ferredoxins, these genes encode at this position histidine, asparagine, tyrosine, serine, threonine or phenylalanine. (rsc.org)
One type of RNA, the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is encoded by a gene whose sequence is highly conserved between bacterial taxa. (technologynetworks.com)
The highly conserved bacterial YbeY RNase has structural similarities to the MID domain of AGOs. (biomedcentral.com)

Surface swabs were tested for lytic phages and bacterial isolates for mitomycin C-inducible prophages. (mdpi.com)

Taking everything into account, this bacterial isolate could be a potential useful probiotic for domestic dogs. (sciencedaily.com)
Recently, metagenomics a new approach to identify culturable and non culturable bacteria with the help of 16S rDNA sequences isolate total DNA from HCH contaminated soil and amplified 16S rDNA through universal primers and confirmed its total population with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. (ispub.com)
The isolate was found to have four plasmids including an IncN conjugative plasmid of 48,760 base pairs, capable of being transferred to other bacteria which was confirmed with conjugation experiments using J53 E. coli as a recipient. (confex.com)

Using bacteria for the degradation of pesticides is an efficient approach. (omicsonline.org)
In addition, analysis on culture dependent and culture independent bacteria were done, which might play a vital role in the degradation of the non-degradable compounds. (ispub.com)
Genes required for degradation of and growth on the carbon source pectin were down-regulated, whereas transcripts involved in redox processes were up-regulated. (frontiersin.org)

Here we describe our studies on the genetic organization of phages infecting Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of human importance, by using an assembly of tools for gene annotation, identification of expression components, and phylogeny analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Here we show that staphylococcal phages produce a structured RNA transcribed from the terminase subunit genes, termed CBASS-activating bacteriophage RNA (cabRNA), which binds to a positively charged surface of the CdnE03 cyclase and promotes the synthesis of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP to activate the CBASS immune response. (bvsalud.org)
Bacteriophages (phages), or viruses that infect bacteria, have reemerged as one such potential strategy. (cdc.gov)
Virulent phages are capable of infecting and killing their bacterial hosts, in some cases producing depolymerases that are able to hydrolyze biofilms. (cdc.gov)

Other bacterial sRNAs, referred to as cis -encoded sRNAs, are present in close proximity to their targets, such as upstream, opposite of the 5′ UTR of the target, or between two genes in an operon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Import of these sugars occurs through the previously characterized raffinose ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, encoded by the raf operon, that lacks the necessary ATP-binding protein. (lu.se)
Pneumococci lacking RafK showed a 50- to 80-fold reduction in expression of the raf operon genes aga (alpha-galactosidase) and rafEFG (raffinose substrate binding and permease genes), and both glucose and sucrose inhibited raffinose uptake through inducer exclusion. (lu.se)
Like RafK, the presence of DLDH also activated the expression of raf operon genes, as DLDH-negative pneumococci showed a significantly decreased expression of aga and rafEFG, but DLDH did not regulate rafK or the putative regulatory genes rafR and rafS. (lu.se)

All current GM crops use protein coding genes from bacteria that have been altered by introducing synonymous codons, replacing plant-preferred codons for the bacterial codons in order to enhance the production of protein from the transgenes. (i-sis.org.uk)

Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
Over time, "superbugs," or bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics, have become a great concern in modern medicine. (bepress.com)
When they do this, occasionally mistakes in the DNA sequences get included (e.g. an A gets replaced with a C). These mistakes only happen very rarely, but the very large population sizes (billions and trillions) of bacteria, means that this happens frequently enough that occasionally these mutations are present in bacterial populations in the presence of antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
For many years, much work has gone into seeking novel therapies to combat drug-resistant bacteria, however, the indiscriminate overuse of antibiotics seen around the world, along with other factors, continues to contribute to the rise in AMR. (randox.com)
Methicillin is of a class of antibiotics known as β-lactams which bind to the penicillin binding protein (PBP) of the bacteria. (randox.com)

As plant genetic engineering has "advanced" the crucial active domains of toxins, and enzyme are "improved" to such an extent that the gene for the original source protein is hardly recognizable. (i-sis.org.uk)
This ability to import ATP directly allows bacteria that posses this enzyme to act as "energy parasites" and uptake ATP produced by their hosts. (usda.gov)
When looking around to see how other organisms tackle this challenge, the team uncovered a counterpart enzyme in bacteria that is less sensitive to feedback inhibition. (weizmann.ac.il)
They decided to genetically insert the gene encoding this bacterial enzyme into a model plant. (weizmann.ac.il)

This T3SS is encoded by genes in a region of the bacterial chromosome called Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (or SPI-2). (phys.org)
Hairy roots are induced by the incorporation of a bacterial-derived segment of DNA transferred (T-DNA) into the chromosome of the plant cell. (bioone.org)

Using genetic sequencing technologies, Whiteley and Cao measured the levels of all types of mRNA present in the bacteria. (eurekalert.org)
In bacteria, numerous sRNAs that range in size from ~50-300 nucleotides in length act on independently transcribed mRNA targets. (biomedcentral.com)
The most extensively characterized class of bacterial sRNAs are the trans -encoded sRNAs that are encoded distant from the genes for their mRNA targets and that typically have only limited complementarity (10-30 nt) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Trans- encoded sRNAs form imperfect base-pairing interactions with complementary sequences in their mRNA targets, which are often located at or near ribosome binding sites (RBS), but can also be located upstream of the translation start site as well as deep in the coding regions (CDS) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Atlas of mRNA translation and decay for bacteria. (janusinfo.se)

The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)

A . Cell length compared to cell volume in L. oneistus symbiont en E. coli . (asmblog.org)
E. coli bacteria. (theconversation.com)
The basis for this increased production depends on an E. coli gene, yddG, that encodes the YddG protein. (patentdocs.org)
After cloning and gene heterologous expression in E. coli, the recombinant protein was obtained as high level in soluble form and then purified to homogeneity. (unina.it)
No genes belonging to any known E. coli stress response pathways were scored as upregulated. (lu.se)

However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. (wikipedia.org)
Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally? (illinois.edu)
The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. (illinois.edu)
Conceptual parallels exist between bacterial and eukaryotic small-RNA (sRNA) pathways, yet relatively little is known about which protein may recognize and recruit bacterial sRNAs to interact with targets. (biomedcentral.com)

In fact, in April 2000 a team led by Michael Geraghty at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine discovered that this gene is mutated in patients with hyperlisinemia, a genetic disorder resulting in mental retardation and other symptoms. (weizmann.ac.il)
The neo-Darwinian theory of evolution proposes that biological diversity is the consequence of genetic accidents (mutations and recombinations of genes, for example) that occur spontaneously and randomly, without regard for their usefulness. (theconversation.com)

Based on the results of phylogenetic similarity of 16SrDNA gene sequences, strain DB17 was identified to be Pseudomonas putida. (omicsonline.org)
These ribosomal sequences was functional for the phylogenetic analysis and molecular taxonomic of any bacteria. (ispub.com)

As virulence determinant production is very tightly regulated in S. aureus , a thorough understanding of its regulatory network is necessary to fully comprehend the pathogenic processes of this bacterium. (biomedcentral.com)
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive, commensal bacteria found in normal human flora on the skin and mucous membranes. (randox.com)
Des isolats suspects de Staphylococcus ont d'abord été identifiés par l'analyse biochimique classique, puis les souches confirmées par amplification en chaîne par polymérase (29 isolats de S. aureus et 17 isolats de S. saprophyticus) ont été analysées pour déterminer leur sensibilité aux différents antimicrobiens. (who.int)

Interestingly, the researchers found that rather than encoding a protein, the gene encodes a small RNA that plays a vital role in bacterial respiration. (eurekalert.org)
A limited study had indicated that in Sinorhizobium meliloti the YbeY ortholog regulates the accumulation of sRNAs as well as the target mRNAs, raising the possibility that YbeY may play a previously unrecognized role in bacterial sRNA regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Bacteriophage transduction is the major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among many bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
The expression pattern of IFN-related transcripts in the mastic oil group might be indicative of a protective mechanism against bacteria. (mingsheng88.org)
Gaining a deeper insight into how sRNAs recognize and interact with their targets is crucial to understanding the mechanism of sRNA action and function in bacteria at a molecular level. (biomedcentral.com)
Like microRNAs (miRNAs) in eukaryotes, trans -acting bacterial sRNAs appear to recognize their targets by a seed-pairing mechanism using seeds as small as 6-7 nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)

Virulence factors are encoded in and translated from genes in chromosomal DNA, bacteriophage DNA, or plasmids of bacteria. (bodyecology.com)
They concentrated their work on a bacteriophage (a type of virus that infects bacteria) called ΦCTP1. (hyfoma.com)

These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. (wikipedia.org)
For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. (wikipedia.org)
The most recent common ancestor of bacteria and archaea was probably a hyperthermophile that lived about 2.5 billion-3.2 billion years ago. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)

The objective of this study was to describe the genes present on the plasmids of an environmentally isolated aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria. (confex.com)

A more detailed analyses on bacterial-fungal co-cultivation in narrow interaction channels of microfluidic devices revealed that the strongest inhibitory potential was found for Pseudomonas protegens CHA0, with its inhibitory potential depending on the presence of the GacS/GacA system controlling several bacterial metabolites. (frontiersin.org)
Alterations due to co-cultivation with bacteria could not only be observed in fungal morphology but also in fungal transcriptome. (frontiersin.org)

We demonstrate that upon hitting a host cell, motile Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce a specific gene expression program. (elifesciences.org)

The positive clones employing the largest halo size were sequenced and a gene encoding a putative lipase was found. (unina.it)

Toxigenicity is contingent on successful bacterial expression of diphtheria toxin, encoded by a toxin gene (tox). (cdc.gov)
In synthesizing transgenes for GM crops, say, a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry toxin gene, a table of plant preferred codons is used to substitute for the bacterial codons [3]. (i-sis.org.uk)

The ribosomal operons mainly 16S rDNA has proven to be a stable and specific molecular marker for bacterial identification. (ispub.com)

Humans and most other animals carry vast numbers (approximately 1013 to 1014) of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
McIver also looks forward to using transposon sequencing to study other ways bacteria attack humans. (scienceblog.com)
Transposon sequencing can be used to probe how bacteria infect humans in any environment you can think of," McIver said. (scienceblog.com)
His findings led to the identification of a counterpart gene in humans that also mediates the production of glutamate (in this context a neurotransmitter playing an essential role in learning, memory, and a host of other tasks - see box). (weizmann.ac.il)
The discovery of similar catabolic genes in plants and in humans places us in a unique position,' says Galili. (weizmann.ac.il)
Bacterial metabolism is much more flexible than that of humans. (science20.com)
The slow-growing that humans are infected with nontuber- (TB) broth to cover the lower portion of bacteria included: photochromogens, culous mycobacteria from environmen- the slant only. (who.int)

That need causes the bacteria to enter the bloodstream. (eurekalert.org)
This protein is an aromatic amino acid transporter that causes the bacteria to excrete these amino acids into the culture medium. (patentdocs.org)

Most researchers largely use 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (technologynetworks.com)

Bacteria can cause disease by producing harmful substances (toxins), invading tissues, or doing both. (msdmanuals.com)

One such method is through the utilization of the second messenger molecule cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) that has been shown to regulate phenotypes within other bacteria that may control surface colonization in Acinetobacter baumannii . (bepress.com)
Finally, although not as attenuated as DLDH-negative bacteria, pneumococci lacking RafK were significantly outcompeted by wild-type bacteria in colonization experiments of murine lung and nasopharynx, indicating a role for raffinose and stachyose transport in vivo. (lu.se)

Non-toxic, spore-forming bacteria promote anti-inflammatory immune responses in the gut and inhibit pathogen growth," he said. (sciencedaily.com)
We demonstrate that not only the presence of pathogen inherent molecular patterns induces immune responses, but that bacterial motility is linked to a host-cell-induced expression of additional immune modulators. (elifesciences.org)
The opportunistic pathogen may infect virtually any tissue and has evolved as a model to study bacterial adaptation to the conditions within the human host. (elifesciences.org)

This bacterium induces the neoplastic growth of plant cells that differentiate to form "hairy roots. (bioone.org)

Many resident flora are actually helpful to people-for example, by helping them digest food or by preventing the growth of other, more dangerous bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)

For years, people have been studying these bacteria in well-controlled lab environments, even though the lab is a place most microbes have never seen," said Whiteley. (eurekalert.org)

In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. (wikipedia.org)
Analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of profenofos and λ-cyhalothrin in bacterial medium to monitor the intended biodegradation of both compounds. (omicsonline.org)
bacterial adhesion, fungitoxic compounds. (apsnet.org)
He had scoured the scientific literature for organic compounds with three-carbon rings and found just two known examples, both made by Streptomyces bacteria that are nearly impossible to grow in a lab environment. (scienceblog.com)

Translating this cell culture work into whole animals, it has become accepted dogma that the SPI-2 T3SS is also required for bacterial intracellular replication in cells inside the body. (phys.org)
intracellular bacteria infecting free- mission cannot be dismissed. (cdc.gov)

Can't live without you is the story of a symbiotic relationship between an insect and not one, but two different bacteria. (asu.edu)
has significant implications in understanding how stuff is spatially organized in different bacteria. (asmblog.org)

Also, over 20 years, he extended his experiments to show that spoilage associated with the dairy, beer, wine, vinegar, and silk industries was explicable by contamination with bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
Additional experiments showed that bacteria lacking scfA or scfB had difficulty spreading from under the skin to the bloodstream and other organs. (scienceblog.com)
A body of knowledge has been built using in vitro (test tube) cell culture experiments that indicates that replication of Salmonella enterica within host cells in vitro is somewhat dependent on the bacteria making a syringe-like structure, called a Type 3 Secretory System (T3SS). (phys.org)

Using the amino acid sequence from the Las encoded translocase, a homologous protein was identified in Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease. (usda.gov)

Marvin Whiteley - professor in the School of Biological Sciences and Bennie H. and Nelson D. Abell Chair in Molecular and Cellular Biology - and Pengbo Cao , a postdoctoral researcher in Whiteley's lab, discovered a gene that drives the switch. (eurekalert.org)

Bacteria are ubiquitous, living in every possible habitat on the planet including soil, underwater, deep in Earth's crust and even such extreme environments as acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. (wikipedia.org)

We were particularly interested in the mutations that didn't come out the other end-the ones not found in the surviving bacteria from the infected tissue," McIver said. (scienceblog.com)
When found in gene protein coding regions, SNPs can be synonymous, i.e., causing no change in the amino acid encoded, or non-synonymous, when the amino acid is altered. (i-sis.org.uk)
We analyzed twenty fecal samples taken from four premature infants (4-6 time points from each infant), and found significantly higher diametric ratios of genes associated with low oxygen levels in samples of infants later diagnosed with NEC than in samples without NEC. (osti.gov)
While P. aeruginosa has roughly 6,000 genes, Whiteley and Cao found that one gene in particular - known as PA1414 - was more highly expressed in human tissue samples than all the other thousands of genes combined. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers also found that low oxygen drives the high expression of the gene. (eurekalert.org)
We found that the potential for formation of bacterial lipopeptide syringomycin resulted in stronger growth reduction effects on saprophytic Aspergillus nidulans compared to Verticillium spp. (frontiersin.org)
Whipple pointed out the existence of great numbers of peculiar rod-shaped bacteria found in extracts of lymph node tissue and lamina propria of the intestine. (medscape.com)

On the basis of 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis of bacteria was done. (ispub.com)

Well aware of the advantages biology has to offer, a group of biofuel experts led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) took inspiration from an extraordinary antifungal molecule made by Streptomyces bacteria to develop a totally new type of fuel that has projected energy density greater than the most advanced heavy-duty fuels used today, including the rocket fuels used by NASA. (scienceblog.com)
A culture of the Streptomyces bacteria that makes the jawsamycin. (scienceblog.com)

The physiological conditions experienced by a microbial community can thus be inferred using meta-transcriptomic sequencing by comparing transcription levels of specifically chosen genes. (osti.gov)
In this context, DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) play an important regulatory role by either repressing or activating genes in response to environmental and physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

As illustrated in Figure 3 below, this stops it binding to the ribosome, meaning the bacteria becomes resistant. (futurelearn.com)

The products of such transgenes carrying synonymous mutations were risk assessed using surrogates produced originally in bacteria and free from synonymous mutation. (i-sis.org.uk)
Activated PI3K-delta syndrome is caused by variants (also called mutations) in the PIK3CD gene and the PIK3R1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)

Gene cloning and expression were followed by a production of the recombinant protein in a soluble form. (unina.it)

Here, we focused on the growth and metabolic interactions of the Oligo-Mouse-Microbiota (OMM 12 ) synthetic bacterial community, which is increasingly used as a model system in gut microbiome research. (nature.com)
Metabolic network reconstruction in combination with metabolomics analysis of bacterial culture supernatants provided insights into the metabolic potential and activity of the individual community members. (nature.com)
The composition of the gut microbiome influences metabolism and weight, and a dysbiosis, or imbalance of gut bacteria, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes . (medscape.com)

The bacteria, which are able to ferment cellulose, xylane and pectin, established themselves with solid feed intake. (researchgate.net)
This means that using endolysin to control the bacteria may not interfere with the bacteria that ferment the cheese. (hyfoma.com)

While we rely on carbon sources such as sugars and amino acids, many bacteria can use gases (e.g. hydrogen, carbon monoxide) and even metals (e.g. iron, uranium) as fuel sources for growth and survival," says Mr Greening. (science20.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms96

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science4

Health Care18

Geographicals1

Proteins18

Pathogens11

Enzymes18

Antibiotic13

Species20

Genomes5

Genome11

Microorganisms3

Escherichia4

Infections12

Infection17

Strains3

Pathogenic bacteria3

Protect the bacterium2

Gram-negative1

Fungi6

Resistance13

Highly conserved3

Isolates1

Isolate3

Degradation3

Phages4

Operon4

Protein codin1

Antibiotics5

Enzyme4

Chromosome2

MRNA5

Viruses1

Coli5

Eukaryotic5

Genetic2

Sequences2

Aureus3

Role in bacterial2

Mechanism4

Bacteriophage2

Archaea4

Plasmids1

Fungal2

Pseudomonas1

Putative1

Toxin gene2

Ribosomal1

Humans7

Causes the bacteria2

RRNA gene1

Toxins1

Colonization2

Pathogen3

Induces1

Dangerous bacteria1

Microbes1

Compounds4

Intracellular2

Different bacteria2

Experiments3

Homologous1

Molecular1

Earth's1

Found7

Phylogenetic1

Streptomyces2

Transcription2

Resistant1

Mutations2

Recombinant1

Metabolic3

Ferment2

Amino acids1