Bean Pod Mottle Virus (BPMV) and Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV) have historically been considered the most important viruses in the North Central region. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Bean Pod Mottle Virus is the most common and widespread viral pathogen of soybean. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Incidence2
The incidence of BPMV infection in soybean fields can be very high in years when overwintering bean leaf beetle populations are high. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
The incidence of SMV infection in soybean fields has been much lower than that reported for BPMV. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean production areas of the world. (wikipedia.org)
Virus-like symptoms have been increasing in soybean fields in recent years. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
The impact and management of soybean viruses, particularly in the North Central states, is currently an active area of research. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Unlike other soybean pathogens, which are spread by wind, water, soil or plant debris, most plant viruses are spread from plant to plant by specific insect vectors. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
The insects that most commonly transmit viruses in soybean are the bean leaf beetle ( Cerotoma trifurcata ), the soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines ) other migratory aphid species, and soybean thrips ( Sericothrips variabilis ). (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
However, recent surveys have identified the presence of several other viruses, including Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), Soybean Dwarf Virus (SbDV), Soybean Vein Necrotic Virus (SVNV), Tobacco Ringspot Virus (TRV), and Tobacco Streak Virus (TSV) in states across the soybean growing region. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus is transmitted by several aphid species, including the soybean aphid, and through seed. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Soybean Mosaic Virus is transmitted through seed at rates ranging from 0 to 5% in some commercial varieties, and by several species of aphids, including soybean aphid. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
When soybean plants are infected with both BPMV and SMV, symptoms can be more severe than infection by either virus alone. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Soybean Dwarf Virus has reportedly caused severe yield losses in soybean in Japan. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Tobacco streak virus is transmitted both by thrips and through infected soybean seed. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
However, existing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and/or overexpression vectors suitable for soybean have various drawbacks that hinder their widespread adoption. (researchsquare.com)
As a result, FZ constructs destined for soybean can be first delivered to N. benthamiana in order to propagate the modified viruses to high titers. (researchsquare.com)
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative functional genomics tool for soybean because it does not involve the generation of inheritable changes. (researchsquare.com)
Symptoms2
Symptoms are usually more obvious on young, rapidly growing leaves and are variable depending on the host genotype, virus strain, plant age at the moment of infection and the environment. (wikipedia.org)
Trifoliate leaves show distinct mosaic and mottling symptoms with light and dark green areas that later can become raised or blistered along the main veins. (wikipedia.org)
Severe1
We describe the development of a new vector based on cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), a plus-strand RNA virus with its genome divided into two RNA segments, RNA1 and RNA2. (researchsquare.com)
Leaf1
BPMV is transmitted by leaf-feeding beetles, primarily the bean leaf beetle. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Thrips3
The virus may be transmitted by thrips vector, mechanical damage, pollen or dodder. (wikimili.com)
One common form of management for viruses is to plant a desirable host for thrips around the cropping system. (wikimili.com)
The thrips will insert their stylet and "clean" off any virus on their stylet before moving to the target crop. (wikimili.com)
Vectors1
[4] Once the virus becomes systemic, it can be transmitted by vectors. (wikimili.com)
Particles2
Viruses are submicroscopic particles consisting of strands of either DNA or RNA encased in a coat made of protein molecules that can cause disease in plants. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
[6] Subgenomic RNA4 is translated producing capsid proteins and the new virus particles are assembled. (wikimili.com)
Vector1
An attractive alternative is to administer transient gene silencing or overexpression with a plant virus-based vector. (researchsquare.com)
Tobacco1
Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae , in the genus Ilarvirus . (wikimili.com)
Infection1
Mottled, crinkled leaves during periods of rapid growth, mottled seed, and lower than expected yields can be possible indicators of virus infection. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Plants4
Mottling does not indicate that the virus is present in seeds as not all mottled seeds contain virus and not all seeds from virus infected plants are mottled. (wikipedia.org)
SMV and BPMV also interact in a different way: Either one will predispose soy plants to Phomopsis spp. (wikipedia.org)
Agricultural plant viruses can grow and reproduce only inside a living plant cell or sometimes in the insect that transmits the virus. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Recognizing the virus as part of a unique plant-insect-virus relationship is the key to effective management. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
Sometimes, two or more viruses may be present in a plant at the same time. (soybeanresearchinfo.com)
[4] As with many plant viruses, diagnosis is very difficult because TSV has very wide host range and has different effects depending on the host being infected. (wikimili.com)
Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. (wikimili.com)
Protein1
[4] The coat protein subunits play a key role in the life cycle of the virus. (wikimili.com)
Host1
Once the virus has penetrated into the host cells, it uncoats and releases its viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm and expressed proteins replicate. (wikimili.com)
Cowpea1
Type member: cowpea mosaic virus, SB isolate. (dpvweb.net)
Strain1
Symptoms are usually more obvious on young, rapidly growing leaves and are variable depending on the host genotype, virus strain, plant age at the moment of infection and the environment. (wikipedia.org)
APMV1
All the viruses in Table 1 except MFV, PGMV and APMV have beetle vectors. (dpvweb.net)
Hosts1
Sources of virus causing initial infections in crops include seeds and perennial weed hosts, causing spread from the edges of the field, and perhaps overwintering beetles. (dpvweb.net)
Host range of an individual member typically only a few genera: usually symptoms are systemic mosaic or mottling and stunting, occasionally systemic wilting and collapse or necrotic ring symptoms or seed discoloration. (dpvweb.net)
from Co wpea mo saic virus, the type member. (expasy.org)
Seeds1
Mottling does not indicate that the virus is present in seeds as not all mottled seeds contain virus and not all seeds from virus infected plants are mottled. (wikipedia.org)