GlutamateArginineAlanineLigaseAmino acidHydroxylationSynthetaseValineSubstitutionTransporterProteinProteinsFoundFormationAsparticResiduesAmino acidsGlutamineASNSConvertsSynthetase expressionMetabolismSuppressesUtilizationResidueSugarsVitroTumourRegulationReactionProliferationRelyPromotesCellsExpressionNamesPotentialFood
Glutamate4
- 1] "A glutamate/glutamine/aspartate/asparagine transport operon in Rhodobacter capsulatus. (tcdb.org)
- Proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein. (lbl.gov)
- Glutamate/aspartate:Na+ symporter, GLAST or EAAT1, Structural rearrangements have been probed by Leighton et al. (lbl.gov)
- Phenotypic assays revealed that the trophic preferences on organic acids and several amino acids such as glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine are conserved between strains. (inrae.fr)
Arginine1
- Pathway enrichment analysis showed significant alterations of lipids (e.g., glycosphingolipids, linoleic acid, and de novo lipogenesis), and amino acids (e.g., aspartate and asparagine, tyrosine, arginine and proline) in association to PFASs exposure. (goranlab.com)
Alanine1
- Two coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) supposedly affect their functions: GSTO1*C419A (rs4925) causing alanine to aspartate substitution (*A140D) and GSTO2*A424G (rs156697) causing asparagine to aspartate substitution (*N142D), and have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. (cancerindex.org)
Ligase2
- In enzymology, an aspartate-ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.3.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-aspartate + NH3 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + L-asparagine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-aspartate, and NH3, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and L-asparagine. (wikipedia.org)
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-aspartate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming). (wikipedia.org)
Amino acid5
- This enzyme is found in cells throughout the body, where it converts the protein building block (amino acid) aspartic acid to the amino acid asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although asparagine can be obtained through the diet, the amino acid cannot cross the protective barrier that allows only certain substances to pass between blood vessels and the brain (the blood-brain barrier). (medlineplus.gov)
- Asparagine from the diet likely makes up for the enzyme's inability to produce the amino acid in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, because asparagine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, brain cells in people with asparagine synthetase deficiency have a shortage (deficiency) of this amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
- This mutation leads to the conversion of the amino acid asparagine to aspartate at position 40 (N40D) on the extracellular N-terminal domain, which affects a putative glycosylation site of the receptor ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Hydroxylation2
- Factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) catalyzes the β-hydroxylation of an asparagine residue in the C-terminal transcriptional activation domain of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a modification that negatively regulates HIF transcriptional activity. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Unexpectedly we found that aspartate residues in ankyrinR and ankyrinB are hydroxylated and that FIH-catalyzed aspartate hydroxylation also occurs in other naturally occurring AR sequences. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Synthetase8
- Other names in common use include asparagine synthetase (ADP-forming), and asparagine synthetase (adenosine diphosphate-forming). (wikipedia.org)
- The ASNS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called asparagine synthetase. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is thought that asparagine synthetase helps to maintain the normal balance of these four amino acids in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, brain cells rely solely on asparagine synthetase to produce asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
- At least 15 mutations in the ASNS gene have been found to cause asparagine synthetase deficiency, a severe condition that causes neurological problems soon after birth. (medlineplus.gov)
- The exact effect of asparagine synthetase deficiency on brain cells is unknown, but because of the severe features of this condition, it is clear that asparagine is necessary for normal brain development. (medlineplus.gov)
- A lack of asparagine in developing brain cells leads to poor brain development and the severe neurological problems in individuals with asparagine synthetase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency causes reduced proliferation of cells under conditions of limited asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
Valine1
- Analyses of the temperature dependences and shapes of nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) signals of site-directed mutants of human myoglobin indicate that a water molecule is bound to the sixth coordination site of the ferric heme in proteins in which the valine at position 68 is changed to either aspartate (Val68Asp) or asparagine (Val68Asn). (caltech.edu)
Substitution1
Transporter1
- Using the same approaches, we have also confirmed that ansP2 encodes an asparagine transporter in Mtb. (imperial.ac.uk)
Protein2
- Asparagine helps to break down toxic ammonia within cells, is important for protein modification, and is needed for making a certain molecule that transmits signals in the brain (a neurotransmitter). (medlineplus.gov)
- The petitioner has provided information describing the methods used to develop Simplot Innate® potato events Gen2-W8, Gen2-X17, and Gen2-Y9 and the molecular biology data that characterize the genetic change, which results in reduced levels of free asparagine in tubers, lower levels of reducing sugars (i.e., glucose and fructose) in tubers, reduced expression of polyphenol oxidase 5 enzyme (Ppo5), and expression of the VNT1 protein. (canada.ca)
Proteins1
- Asparagine is needed to produce many proteins but also plays other roles. (medlineplus.gov)
Found1
- In addition, as part of a collaborative project, we have found that aspartate is required for the virulence of Mtb within the host. (imperial.ac.uk)
Formation1
- The reduction in asparagine alone significantly decreases acrylamide formation in tubers when subjected to various forms of thermal processing (e.g., baking, frying, etc.) however lower levels of reducing sugars further decreases acrylamide formation and limit heat-induced browning. (canada.ca)
Aspartic6
- At acidic pH, deamination of glutamine and asparagine residues and peptide bond hydrolysis on the carboxylate side of aspartic acid residues are observed. (medscape.com)
- Asparaginase is an enzyme that hydrolyses an amino acid, asparagine, to aspartic acid by hydrolyzing the amide in free asparagine. (canada.ca)
- This enzyme is found in cells throughout the body, where it converts the protein building block (amino acid) aspartic acid to the amino acid asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Asparaginase is produced using DNA techniques from a strain of the host micro-organism Aspergillus oryzae , and converts asparagine to aspartic acid to reduce acrylamide formation in baked or fried wheat dough based products. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
- asparagine A non‐essential amino acid , chemically the β‐amide of aspartic acid . (encyclopedia.com)
- About the 0.1% Sodium aspartate, this is expressed in terms of concentrations of aspartic acid, but is not at all critical. (nih.gov)
Residues4
- [ 41 ] At neutral pH, deamination of glutamine and asparagine residues and thiol-catalyzed disulfide exchange can occur. (medscape.com)
- Asparaginase has no activity on asparagine residues in peptides or proteins. (canada.ca)
- Systematic single and multiple replacement studies have been applied to Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase to probe the electrostatic effect of the two substrate-binding arginine residues, Arg292 and Arg386, and the structural effect of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-Asn194-Arg386 hydrogen-bond linkage system (PLP-N-R) on the pK(a) value of the Schiff base formed between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and Lys258. (nih.gov)
- The central region of Pfaarp2 contains blocks of repetitions encoding asparagine and aspartate residues. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Amino acids3
- It is thought that asparagine synthetase helps to maintain the normal balance of these four amino acids in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- It can take place on several amino acids, like lysine, asparagine, aspartate and histidine, but the most frequently hydroxylated amino acid residue in human proteins is proline . (wikipedia.org)
- Acrylamide appears to form as a result of a reaction between specific amino acids, including asparagine, and sugars found in foods reaching high temperatures during cooking processes. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
Glutamine3
- Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) converts aspartate and glutamine to asparagine and glutamate in an ATP-dependent reaction. (nih.gov)
- Aside from free asparagine, asparaginase only acts on free glutamine. (canada.ca)
- Taken together, HCC subtype which is more reliant on asparagine and glutamine metabolism has a worse prognosis, and a core gene of asparagine metabolism GOT2 is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target of HCC. (biomedcentral.com)
ASNS9
- Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyses the ATP-dependent conversion of aspartate to asparagine. (nih.gov)
- Here, we report that p53 suppresses asparagine synthesis through the transcriptional downregulation of ASNS expression and disrupts asparagine-aspartate homeostasis, leading to lymphoma and colon tumour growth inhibition in vivo and in vitro. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, the removal of asparagine from culture medium or the inhibition of ASNS impairs cell proliferation and induces p53/p21-dependent senescence and cell cycle arrest. (nih.gov)
- Thus far, 15 unique mutations in the ASNS gene have been clinically associated with asparagine synthetase deficiency (ASD). (nih.gov)
- The ASNS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called asparagine synthetase. (medlineplus.gov)
- At least 15 mutations in the ASNS gene have been found to cause asparagine synthetase deficiency, a severe condition that causes neurological problems soon after birth. (medlineplus.gov)
- 3. Knockdown of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) suppresses cell proliferation and inhibits tumor growth in gastric cancer cells. (nih.gov)
- Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the synthesis of the non-essential amino acid asparagine from aspartate. (biomedcentral.com)
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) barely expresses ASNS and is thus sensitive to asparagine depletion therapy by asparaginase (ASNase). (biomedcentral.com)
Converts3
- "The enzyme converts one of the precursors of acrylamide, asparagines, into another naturally occurring amino acid, aspartate," DSM said. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
- DSM Food Specialties developed Preventase, an "asparaginase enzyme preparation " from the Aspergillus niger bacteria, which converts asparagines into another naturally occurring amino acid called aspartate. (foodnavigator-usa.com)
- A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. (reference.md)
Synthetase expression3
- Among these, asparagine synthetase expression in a patient's primary tumour was most strongly correlated with later metastatic relapse. (nih.gov)
- Limiting asparagine by knockdown of asparagine synthetase, treatment with l-asparaginase, or dietary asparagine restriction reduces metastasis without affecting growth of the primary tumour, whereas increased dietary asparagine or enforced asparagine synthetase expression promotes metastatic progression. (nih.gov)
- 14. Asparagine synthetase expression and its potential prognostic value in patients with NK/T cell lymphoma. (nih.gov)
Metabolism3
- However, the asparagine metabolism status and relevant mechanism in HCC were barely understood. (biomedcentral.com)
- By conducting consensus clustering and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression of HCC samples from three cohorts, we classified the HCC patients into two subtypes based on asparagine metabolism level. (biomedcentral.com)
- HCC patients with higher asparagine metabolism level have worse prognoses. (biomedcentral.com)
Suppresses2
- 1. Knockdown of asparagine synthetase by RNAi suppresses cell growth in human melanoma cells and epidermoid carcinoma cells. (nih.gov)
- 2. Loss of asparagine synthetase suppresses the growth of human lung cancer cells by arresting cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. (nih.gov)
Utilization1
- Since DcuA is encoded in an operon with the gene for aspartase, and DcuB is encoded in an operon with the gene for fumarase, their physiological functions may be to catalyze aspartate:fumarate and fumarate:malate exchange during the anaerobic utilization of aspartate and fumarate, respectively. (tcdb.org)
Residue1
- Of note is the presence of an asparagine in the active centre, in a position likely to interact with the acetyl NH group that, in all other known families of glycosidase using this mechanism, is an aspartate or glutamate residue. (rcsb.org)
Sugars2
- Acrylamide is formed as a reaction product between asparagine and reducing sugars when certain foods are baked or fried at temperatures exceeding 120oC. (canada.ca)
- Both asparagine and reducing sugars are commonly found in many raw food materials. (canada.ca)
Vitro1
- Altering asparagine availability in vitro strongly influences invasive potential, which is correlated with an effect on proteins that promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. (nih.gov)
Tumour1
- However, both the regulation and biological functions of asparagine in tumour cells remain largely unknown. (nih.gov)
Regulation2
- 4. Down-regulation of asparagine synthetase induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits cell proliferation of breast cancer. (nih.gov)
- 19. Asparagine synthetase: regulation by cell stress and involvement in tumor biology. (nih.gov)
Reaction3
- As a result, asparagine is not available anymore for the chemical reaction that forms acrylamide when carbohydrate-containing foods, such as bread, cake, cookies, potato chips and cereals, are being heated. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
- It is formed as a result of a side reaction that takes place alongside the Maillard reaction and in the presence of asparagines, a reducing sugar (such as glucose) and heat. (foodnavigator-usa.com)
- This means that the asparagine is no longer available for the acrylamide-forming reaction, leading to a reduction of acrylamide in foods like bread, cake, cookies, potato chips and cereals. (foodnavigator-usa.com)
Proliferation1
- Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency causes reduced proliferation of cells under conditions of limited asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
Rely1
- As a result, brain cells rely solely on asparagine synthetase to produce asparagine. (medlineplus.gov)
Promotes1
- 15. Enhanced expression of asparagine synthetase under glucose-deprived conditions promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma development. (nih.gov)
Cells4
- Asparagine from the diet likely makes up for the enzyme's inability to produce the amino acid in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- The exact effect of asparagine synthetase deficiency on brain cells is unknown, but because of the severe features of this condition, it is clear that asparagine is necessary for normal brain development. (medlineplus.gov)
- A lack of asparagine in developing brain cells leads to poor brain development and the severe neurological problems in individuals with asparagine synthetase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- 5. Targeting Asparagine Synthetase in Tumorgenicity Using Patient-Derived Tumor-Initiating Cells. (nih.gov)
Expression1
- 20. Low expression of asparagine synthetase in lymphoid blasts precludes its role in sensitivity to L-asparaginase. (nih.gov)
Names1
- Other names in common use include asparagine synthetase (ADP-forming), and asparagine synthetase (adenosine diphosphate-forming). (wikipedia.org)
Potential1
- Here we show that asparagine bioavailability strongly influences metastatic potential. (nih.gov)
Food1
- The purpose for using asparaginase in food manufacture is to reduce asparagine in food, and thereby reduce the risk of formation of acrylamide . (canada.ca)