• The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH, ARC, or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons in this region are also responsible for integrating information and providing inputs to other nuclei in the hypothalamus or inputs to areas outside this region of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other types of neurons have projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus to mediate different regions of the hypothalamus or to other regions outside of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
  • such as neural projections that influence feeding behavior project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). (wikipedia.org)
  • The effect of electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) on the blood levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. (eurekamag.com)
  • Leptin is well known for its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in adults, a mechanism that at least partially results from the inhibition of the activity of NPY/AgRP/GABA neurons (NAG) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). (elsevierpure.com)
  • We recently showed that perineuronal nets (PNNs) enmesh glucoregulatory neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) 1 , but whether these PNNs play a role in either the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or its treatment remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • Swanson, L.W. & Kuypers, H.G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. (nature.com)
  • Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several studies have indicated that the effect of leptin on reproductive axis can be mediated by its action on Kiss1 neurons in the hypothalamus.A subpopulation of Kiss1 neurons in the arcuate nucleus also shows co-expression of neurokinin B and dynorphin A,presenting a self-regulatory action kisspeptin secretion. (usp.br)
  • mTOR signaling in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus mediates the anorectic action of estradiol. (uib.no)
  • Kisspeptin, also known as metastin, serves as a gatekeeper of puberty and is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus of rodents, especially the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the anterioventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) areas [12], in addition to the paraventricular nucleus and amygdala [13]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Insulin's orexigenic effect in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus can be a major modulator of foetal development. (aaem.pl)
  • The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, which is located between the third ventricle and the median eminence, integrates these energy homeostatic feedback mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • In rodents, Resistin is expressed by adipocytes and in the pituitary and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (5 - 9). (rndsystems.com)
  • The hypothalamus is a very complex brain area with many different functions and nuclei. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • Like most brain structures, the hypothalamus is made up of several sub-nuclei that differ in cell-type and downstream-function. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • One of these nuclei, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, is considered the main hub for feeding and appetite control. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • In the arcuate nucleus of the mice hypothalamus, immunofluorescence staining of leptin receptor ObR shows two types of cells. (hstalks.com)
  • Neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are considered to play an essential role in generating the pulsatile mode of GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. (bioone.org)
  • D opamine is a biogenic amine synthesized in the hypothalamus, in the arcuate nucleus, the caudad, and various areas of the central and peripheral nervous system. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) coordinate homeostatic changes in appetite associated with fluctuations in food availability and leptin signaling. (biorxiv.org)
  • NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons make up two groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that are centrally involved in the neuroendocrine function of feeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neurons in the arcuate nucleus are stimulated by these and other signalling molecules in order to maintain energy homeostasis for the entire organism. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • These populations include the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that have projections to key neurons in other hypothalamic nuclei and higher brain centers in order to orchestrate the feeding responses. (researchgate.net)
  • It is a well-defined afferent satiety factor that suppresses appetite by affecting the hypothalamic nuclei regulating appetite [3] . (researchgate.net)
  • Neural brain circuits integrate information from the NTS and multiple hypothalamic nuclei to regulate overall body homeostasis. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, ghrelin and several hypothalamic nuclei, that is, the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and arcuate nucleus (ARC), play a key role in the Tb rhythm. (intechopen.com)
  • Furthermore, PFHxS-treated mice had lower levels of kisspeptin immunoreactivity and kiss-1 mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). (researchsquare.com)
  • Stimulation in other hypothalamic areas outside the ARH was generally ineffective, although repeatable inhibition of episodic LH release did occur in 2 of 3 rats stimulated in the periventricular nucleus. (eurekamag.com)
  • We identified dopamine neurons that uniquely coexpress the Onecut3 and Nmur2 genes, and placed these in the periventricular nucleus with many synaptic afferents arising from neuromedin S + neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. (nature.com)
  • There are two main neuronal populations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that are sensitive to signals indicating systemic fuel availability (e. g., leptin, ghrelin and insulin). (researchgate.net)
  • Both neuronal populations innervate the paraventricular nucleus, which, in turn, sends signals to other areas of the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Projections of these neurons extend a long distance from the arcuate nucleus to the median eminence to influence the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence is a target for sustained diabetes remission induced by fibroblast growth factor 1. (nature.com)
  • MnPO, median preoptic nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
  • The rats bearing implants of NE in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus region (MAR) showed irregular estrous cycles or prolonged diestrus and their ovaries had few follicles and atrophic corpora lutea. (karger.com)
  • The populations of neurons found in the arcuate nucleus are based on the hormones they secrete or interact with and are responsible for hypothalamic function, such as regulating hormones released from the pituitary gland or secreting their own hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mice were generated by a bilateral injections of either adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors driving Cre recombinase (AAV-Cre) or AAV vectors driving GFP (AAV-GFP, control) into the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of Kiss1-floxed male mice, in which exon 3 of the Kiss1 gene were floxed with loxP sites. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons of the arcuate nucleus have intrahypothalamic projections for neuroendocrine circuitry. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and GABA receptors within the arcuate nucleus (ARC). (molvis.org)
  • Dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate also inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, explaining in part why lactating (or otherwise hyperprolactinemic) women experience oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (infrequency or absence of menses). (wikipedia.org)
  • Increase of energy accumulation elicits leptin release and simultaneous inhibition of orexigenic neurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), as well as activation of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). (frontiersin.org)
  • The arcuate nucleus provides many physiological roles involved in feeding, metabolism, fertility, and cardiovascular regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further feedback is provided by nutrient receptors in the upper small bowel and neural signals indicating distention of the stomach's stretch receptors, which are primarily conveyed by the vagal afferent and sympathetic nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. (medscape.com)
  • To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)
  • It is connected to cognitive areas such as the cortex and the hippocampus, but also to distinct areas in the brainstem like the locus coeruleus , which is the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain and regulates stress and panic responses. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • it regulates energy homeostasis through the inactivation of orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related neuropeptide (AGRP) neurons and activation of anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) 6 . (nature.com)
  • 15. VGF is required for obesity induced by diet, gold thioglucose treatment, and agouti and is differentially regulated in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide Y-containing arcuate neurons in response to fasting. (nih.gov)
  • The human neuronal cultures have a transcriptional and physiological profile of neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide arcuate nucleus neurones. (duke.edu)
  • Dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate also inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, explaining in part why lactating (or otherwise hyperprolactinemic) women experience oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (infrequency or absence of menses). (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons of the arcuate nucleus have intrahypothalamic projections for neuroendocrine circuitry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leptin acts directly on arcuate nucleus neurons coexpressing NPY and AgRP, and POMC and CART, via the ObRb form of the leptin receptor expressed on these cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • The ventral tegmental area (VTA), whose dopaminergic cell bodies are found in the midbrain, project to many forebrain areas including the cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, and other limbic structures. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • In regards to fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, IV ghrelin increased the alcohol- and food-related BOLD signal, respectively in left amygdala (p=0.01) and left nucleus accumbens (p=0.08). (nih.gov)
  • The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and other brain nuclei were micro-dissected, and the concentrations of aminergic neurotransmitters and their metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. (nih.gov)
  • Dopamine pathways originate in certain specific brain nuclei. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • 1. Activation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus predicts the anorectic actions of ciliary neurotrophic factor and leptin in intact and gold thioglucose-lesioned mice. (nih.gov)
  • 2. GABAergic nature of hypothalamic leptin target neurones in the ventromedial arcuate nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Down-regulated STAT3 messenger ribonucleic acid and STAT3 protein in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the obese leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Effects of leptin on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) synthesis and CRF neuron activation in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of obese (ob/ob) mice. (nih.gov)
  • Using DBA/2OlaHsd mice, we investigated the effects of chronic social defeat and concomitant treatment with R121919/NBI 30775 on 1) the behavioural profile in the modified hole board test and 2) in-situ hybridization analysis-based expression of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and CRH mRNA in both the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • To overcome the limitation of human tissue access for study, we have generated induced human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal cultures that recapture many features of hypothalamic neurones within the arcuate nucleus. (duke.edu)
  • The mice were generated by a bilateral injections of either adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors driving Cre recombinase (AAV-Cre) or AAV vectors driving GFP (AAV-GFP, control) into the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of Kiss1-floxed male mice, in which exon 3 of the Kiss1 gene were floxed with loxP sites. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide that is cleaved into MSH, ACTH, and β-endorphin and expressed in the arcuate nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electrophysiology was used to determine the mechanism by which the central fragment of RELN (CF-RELN) acts on arcuate nucleus (ARH) satiety-promoting proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and the impact of DIO on this circuitry. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The amount of information conveyed from one (afferent) element of the complex, the anteroventral region of the third ventricle (AV3V), to another (an efferent element), the supraoptic nucleus , was increased by hypertonic stimulation (intravenous mannitol, z = 4.39, P (brainmaps.org)
  • The results showed that vasopressin-containing neurons expressed P2X(2), P2X(4), P2X(5) and P2X(6) receptor and oxytocin-containing neurons expressed P2X(2), P2X(4) and P2X(5) receptors in the supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • ACTH content in the pituitary and AVP mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were significantly reduced by SPS. (brainmaps.org)
  • Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of NMS induced cFos expression in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • We performed laser microdissection and real-time PCR in the PVN and as a control in the supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • OT-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was immunohistochemically localized within VP neurons of the PVN and the supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Testosterone treatment increased prodynorphin mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the breeding season but not during the non-breeding season. (brainmaps.org)
  • Prodynorphin mRNA expression was also higher in the breeding season than in the non-breeding season in the caudal preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus and accessory supraoptic nucleus , irrespective of treatment. (brainmaps.org)
  • The injections increased the numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the subfornical organ, median nucleus of preoptic area, organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • During pregnancy and lactation, GPCR101 mRNA level remained unchanged in most nuclei, but had increased in the supraoptic nucleus by the end of pregnancy and remained elevated during lactation. (brainmaps.org)
  • In the supraoptic nucleus , in situ hybridisation revealed that the temporal regulation of oxytocin and GPCR101 mRNA expression were similar. (brainmaps.org)
  • The primary aquaporins expressed in the mammalian brain are AQP1, which is densely packed in choroid plexus cells lining the ventricles, and AQP4, which is abundant in astrocytes and concentrated especially in the end-feet structures that surround capillaries throughout the brain and are present in glia limitans structures, notably in osmosensory areas such the supraoptic nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Neuroendocrine dysfunction of hypothalamic neurons in the arcuate nucleus is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. (nih.gov)
  • NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons make up two groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that are centrally involved in the neuroendocrine function of feeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • These changes were accompanied by increases in markers of cell injury and reductions in active mitochondria in the olfactory bulb, gonadotropin releasing hormone cells and fibers and tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeled fibers in the arcuate nucleus, and reductions in spermatogonium. (cdc.gov)
  • The populations of neurons found in the arcuate nucleus are based on the hormones they secrete or interact with and are responsible for hypothalamic function, such as regulating hormones released from the pituitary gland or secreting their own hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Projections of these neurons extend a long distance from the arcuate nucleus to the median eminence to influence the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Changes acquired during early development of neuronal responses to feeding relevant peptides are not a general non-specific mechanism of neurochemical plasticity, but concern specific hypothalamic nuclei and/ or hormones and neuropeptides. (nel.edu)
  • Subthalamic nuclei and globus pallidus pars externa represent interconnecting inter-nuclei. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Fos IR was elevated in the VMH and energy balance-related paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, but not reward areas. (nih.gov)
  • Here we report controlled, efficient, and scalable differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pure populations of POMC neurons with arcuate nucleus identity. (nih.gov)
  • Autopsy revealed the absence of the external arcuate nucleus, which may be involved in the central chemocreception. (nih.gov)
  • In the sham-operated group, a vehicle of kianic acid was administered unilaterally to the arcuate nucleus while the control group was left intact. (phypha.ir)
  • The results following unilateral chemical lesions of the arcuate nucleus showed a decreased pain threshold when compared to the sham and control groups. (phypha.ir)