Green algaeBrown algaeCladePlastidsGlaucophytesCentriolesChloroplastsRhodophytaSecondary endosymbiosisEukaryotesExclude the fungiFungiMonophylyUnicellularEukaryoticAlgalCelluloseChlorophyllMulticellularPhotosynthesisPlantsBelongFreshwaterTypicallyFormSpeciesPossessSporesGametophyteXylemPlantGroupSingleImportantColorFood
Green algae17
- pronounced /ɑːrkɪˈplæstɪdə/) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor group glaucophytes. (wikipedia.org)
- All other groups which have chloroplasts, besides the amoeboid genus Paulinella, have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes, suggesting they were acquired secondarily from red or green algae. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events. (wikipedia.org)
- The green algae and land plants - together known as Viridiplantae (Latin for "green plants") or Chloroplastida - are pigmented with chlorophylls a and b, but lack phycobiliproteins, and starch is accumulated inside the chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
- The consensus in 2005, when the group consisting of the glaucophytes and red and green algae and land plants was named 'Archaeplastida', was that it was a clade, i.e. was monophyletic. (wikipedia.org)
- The enrichment of novel red algal genes in a recent study demonstrates a strong signal for Plantae (Archaeplastida) monophyly and an equally strong signal of gene sharing history between the red/green algae and other lineages. (wikipedia.org)
- Viridiplantae ( green algae incl. (wikipedia.org)
- It include the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae , land plants and the minor group glaucophytes . (wikipedia.org)
- The green algae and land plants are colored with chlorophylls a and b , but do not have phycobiliproteins. (wikipedia.org)
- [16] This event (termed primary endosymbiosis ) is at the origin of the red and green algae (including the land plants or Embryophytes which emerged within them)) and the glaucophytes , which together make up the oldest evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic eukaryotes, the Archaeplastida . (wikipedia.org)
- By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin for "green plants") which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants. (handwiki.org)
- Plants in a strict sense include the green algae , and land plants that emerged within them, including stoneworts. (handwiki.org)
- a. euglenoids c. brown algae b. green algae d. red algae Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) There are about 5000 known species of Red Algae most of them are lived in marine except a few freshwater forms (Batrachospermum). (agcommercialloan.com)
- 2005, the red algae are classified in the Archaeplastida, along with the glaucophytes and green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida). (agcommercialloan.com)
- Some references that are less strict considered green algae as plants. (biologyonline.com)
- The green algae are comprised of unicellular and multicellular species that have chloroplasts and cell wall. (biologyonline.com)
- This lack of knowledge extended to those groups within the green algae (Archaeplastida) that are well documented such as Mamiellophyceae, and also to the less studied Pedinophyceae, for which we found sequences representing novel deep-branching clusters. (bvsalud.org)
Brown algae5
- Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as brown algae) do not belong to the Archaeplastida. (wikipedia.org)
- [10] But despite their name, red algae can vary greatly in color from bright green, soft pink, resembling brown algae, to shades of red and purple, and may be almost black at greater depths. (wikipedia.org)
- [17] In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids. (wikipedia.org)
- Undaria pinnatifida is a brown algae native to Asia that has settled in various regions worldwide, periodically contributing with large quantities of C and nutrients during its annual cycle. (bvsalud.org)
- Concomitantly, bacterial abundance peaked, reaching 4.68 ± 1.33 × 105 cells mL -1 (January), showing also higher capability of degrading alginate, a major component of brown algae cell walls. (bvsalud.org)
Clade3
- The assumption made here is that Archaeplastida is a valid clade. (wikipedia.org)
- A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes , in the clade Archaeplastida . (handwiki.org)
- The clade Viridiplantae encompasses a group of organisms that have cellulose in their cell walls , possess chlorophylls a and b and have plastids bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing starch. (handwiki.org)
Plastids4
- The main evidence that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group comes from genetic studies, which indicate their plastids probably had a single origin. (wikipedia.org)
- They are unusual as they havea cell wall within their plastids (called cyanelles). (wikipedia.org)
- Other organelles suspended in the cytoplasm of a plant cell are Golgi apparatus , endoplasmic reticulum , lysosomes , peroxisomes , and plastids . (biologyonline.com)
- The presence of plastids inside a eukaryotic cell is an indication that it is more likely a plant rather than an animal. (biologyonline.com)
Glaucophytes1
- Archaeplastida: Glaucophyta Skuja, 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer, 1986) - glaucophytes Glaucophytes are a small group of freshwater single-celled algae. (wikipedia.org)
Centrioles4
- The cells of the Archaeplastida typically lack centrioles and have mitochondria with flat cristae. (wikipedia.org)
- The cells of the Archaeplastida do not have centrioles . (wikipedia.org)
- The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles , chloroplasts that lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked (stroma) thylakoids , and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments , which give them their red color. (wikipedia.org)
- The Rhodophyta (red algae) are a distinct eukaryotic lineage characterized by the accessory photosynthetic pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins arranged in phycobilisomes, and the absence of flagella and centrioles (Woelkerling 1990). (agcommercialloan.com)
Chloroplasts5
- The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting that they were acquired directly through a single endosymbiosis event by feeding on a cyanobacterium. (wikipedia.org)
- The red algae are pigmented with chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins, like most cyanobacteria, and accumulate starch outside the chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
- [7] The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes . (wikipedia.org)
- Also, starch is built up inside the chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
- Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts, derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. (partcommunity.com)
Rhodophyta3
- [3] The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. (wikipedia.org)
- Red algae are protists or microscopic organisms in the phylum Rhodophyta, and range from simple one-celled organisms to complex, multi-celled organisms. (agcommercialloan.com)
- Rhodophyta (red algae) A phylum of algae that are often pink or red in colour due to the presence of the pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. (agcommercialloan.com)
Secondary endosymbiosis1
- [17] A secondary endosymbiosis event involving an ancestral red alga and a heterotrophic eukaryote resulted in the evolution and diversification of several other photosynthetic lineages such as Cryptophyta , Haptophyta , Stramenopiles (or Heterokontophyta) , and Alveolata . (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotes2
- The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae sensu lato "in a broad sense") are a major group of eukaryotes . (wikipedia.org)
- Tirtiaux, C. "The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis" . (wikipedia.org)
Exclude the fungi2
- All current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. (handwiki.org)
- however all current definitions of "plant" exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). (partcommunity.com)
Fungi2
- Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals , and included algae and fungi . (handwiki.org)
- [ citation needed ] Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants , algae , fungi and protozoa . (oxygenboules824.sbs)
Monophyly1
- To date, the situation appears unresolved, but a strong signal for Plantae (Archaeplastida) monophyly has been demonstrated in a recent study (with an enrichment of red algal genes). (wikipedia.org)
Unicellular2
- Some examples of species and genera of red algae are: Red algal morphology is diverse ranging from unicellular forms to complex parenchymatous and non- parenchymatous thallus. (agcommercialloan.com)
- The main difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, the first cell of a gametophyte, while seeds contain within them a developing embryo (the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation), produced by the fusion of the male gamete of the pollen tube with the female gamete formed by the megagametophyte within the ovule. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
Eukaryotic3
- from Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) 'rose', and φυτόν ( phutón ) 'plant'), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae . (wikipedia.org)
- Any of the eukaryotic organisms that are photosynthetic and with a rigid cell wall. (biologyonline.com)
- botany ) Any of the eukaryotic organisms of the biological kingdom Plantae, characterized by being photosynthetic and having a rigid cell wall . (biologyonline.com)
Algal1
- An important influence of algae was observed in seawater, especially in the bottom of the algal forest during the austral summer (January) at the moment of greater biomass release. (bvsalud.org)
Cellulose2
- They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose, and food is stored in the form of starch. (wikipedia.org)
- They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose . (wikipedia.org)
Chlorophyll1
- type of algae that is red in color (contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory pigments) and can be found in deep and warm waters. (agcommercialloan.com)
Multicellular2
- [4] The majority of species (6,793) are found in the Florideophyceae ( class ), and mostly consist of multicellular , marine algae, including many notable seaweeds . (wikipedia.org)
- Plants are multicellular , being made up of many cells organized into tissues and organs that perform a specific function as a unit. (biologyonline.com)
Photosynthesis1
- All algae get their energy from the sun from photosynthesis, but one thing that distinguishes red algae from other algae is that their cells lack flagella, the long, whiplike outgrowths from cells that are used for locomotion and sometimes serve a sensory function. (agcommercialloan.com)
Plants7
- Similar to animals, plants have distinct, membrane-bound nucleus inside the cell . (biologyonline.com)
- Plants store food in the form of sugar, e.g. starch. (biologyonline.com)
- Plants have a large vacuole inside the cell. (biologyonline.com)
- Plants have rigid cell walls apart from the plasma membrane . (biologyonline.com)
- Plants may not have a skeletal system as that in animals but their cell wall is comprised primarily of cellulosic material that aids in providing structural support. (biologyonline.com)
- Plants have a distinctive cell division where a cell plate (phragmoplast) separates daughter cells. (biologyonline.com)
- While animals have cell junctions that hold cells in an animal tissue, plants have plasmodesmata that act as if like cell junctions between plant cells. (biologyonline.com)
Belong1
- [14] The coralline algae , which secrete calcium carbonate and play a major role in building coral reefs , belong here. (wikipedia.org)
Freshwater1
- [6] Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations found in warmer areas. (wikipedia.org)
Typically1
- The life history of red algae is typically an alternation of generations that may have three generations rather than two. (wikipedia.org)
Form3
- Although many studies have suggested the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group, a 2009 paper argues that they are in fact paraphyletic. (wikipedia.org)
- The divisions proposed for the Archaeplastida are shown below in both tabular and diagrammatic form. (wikipedia.org)
- The main evidence that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group comes from genetic studies. (wikipedia.org)
Species2
- Red algae such as Palmaria palmata (dulse) and Porphyra species ( laver / nori / gim ) are a traditional part of European and Asian cuisines and are used to make other products such as agar , carrageenans and other food additives . (wikipedia.org)
- It is a large group of algae consisting of about 831 genera and over 5;250 species. (agcommercialloan.com)
Possess1
- 53]. Red Algae possess phycoerythrin (red pigment, C34H46O8N4) & phycocyanin (the blue pigment, C34H46O8N4) that's why they appear in red color. (agcommercialloan.com)
Spores2
- and their spores are "liberated through the apex of sporangial cell. (agcommercialloan.com)
- Spores are usually haploid and grow into mature haploid individuals through mitotic division of cells ( Urediniospores and Teliospores among rusts are dikaryotic). (oxygenboules824.sbs)
Gametophyte1
- Sperm cells produced on a large gametophyte tree would be left literally "high and dry. (blogspot.com)
Xylem9
- More technically it is said, they "failed" to evolve lignin, a resin-like material that strengthens the walls of xylem vessels. (blogspot.com)
- Let's start by looking at the function of xylem cells. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- In this case, the water molecules are attracted to the walls of the xylem. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- Water molecules will cling to the xylem walls because xylem walls are charged. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- This creates greater tension within the xylem walls, allowing for efficient water movement. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- Xylem cells are adapted to their function. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- By losing their end walls , the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube , strengthened by a substance called lignin . (studysmarter.co.uk)
- Cohesion and adhesion (properties of water) play a crucial role here as they cling to each other and the walls of the xylem. (studysmarter.co.uk)
- Cells are not living - in mature xylem, the cells are dead (except for the parenchyma storage cells). (studysmarter.co.uk)
Plant4
- The cell wall confers added structural support to a plant cell. (biologyonline.com)
- These "bridges" facilitate communication between cells and allow the circulation of fluid, thereby help maintain the tonicity of plant cells. (biologyonline.com)
- Sperm cells can swim only a short distance but must reach an egg on another plant - a difficult proposition for fragile cells produced on a tree top. (blogspot.com)
- When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair , epidermis , epiblem , cortex , endodermis , pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant. (wikimili.com)
Group1
- The name Archaeplastida was proposed in 2005 by a large international group of authors (Adl et al. (wikipedia.org)
Single1
- The desmid Cosmarium botrytis is a single cell. (handwiki.org)
Important1
- Red algae are an important part of the world's ecosystem because they are eaten by fish, crustaceans, worms, and gastropods, but these algae are also eaten by humans. (agcommercialloan.com)
Color1
- Not all of these algae are a reddish color, though, as those with less phycoerythrin may appear more green or blue than red due to the abundance of the other pigments. (agcommercialloan.com)
Food1
- Food is stored as starch . (wikipedia.org)