AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Camelids, New WorldSingle-Domain AntibodiesCamelsAntibodiesPeptide LibrarySingle-Chain AntibodiesAntibody SpecificityStaphylococcal ToxoidAntibody AffinityImmunoglobulin FragmentsPropiolactoneMolecular Sequence DataImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsAmino Acid SequenceImmunoglobulin Variable RegionAntibodies, MonoclonalImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsPeptide FragmentsProtein BindingBinding SitesAntibodies, ViralComplementarity Determining RegionsAntibodies, BacterialBinding Sites, AntibodyImmunoglobulin SubunitsProtein Structure, TertiaryAntibodies, NeutralizingProtein ConformationRecombinant ProteinsEpitopesAntibody FormationProtein EngineeringModels, MolecularSequence Homology, Amino AcidRecombinant Fusion ProteinsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelMolecular WeightBase SequenceFluorescent Antibody TechniqueCloning, MolecularSequence AlignmentEscherichia coliCrystallography, X-RayEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayAntibodies, Anti-IdiotypicAntibodies, BispecificProtein Interaction Domains and MotifsKineticsProtein Structure, SecondaryHIV AntibodiesAntibodies, NeoplasmProtein FoldingCell LineCross ReactionsBacterial ProteinsPeptidesNeutralization TestsAntibodies, ProtozoanAntigen-Antibody ReactionsDimerizationImmunoglobulin GMutationAntibodies, AntinuclearMice, Inbred BALB CRabbitsEpitope MappingStructure-Activity RelationshipSurface Plasmon Resonancesrc Homology DomainsMembrane ProteinsAmino Acid MotifsDNARadioimmunodetectionBlotting, WesternAntigen-Antibody ComplexProtein StabilityImmunoglobulin MAutoantibodiesTransfectionCells, CulturedMutagenesis, Site-DirectedProtein Structure, QuaternaryConserved SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsTissue DistributionCarrier ProteinsAntibodies, FungalCell MembraneAntigensDNA PrimersGene LibraryLigandsHybridomasIodine RadioisotopesPlasmidsTranscription FactorsImmune SeraBinding, CompetitivePolymerase Chain ReactionImmunoassay
Monoclonal antibodiesProteinsSecrete solubleAntigen-bindiEpitopesLight chainsNanobodyImmunoglobulinTherapeuticBispecificImmunityMoleculeEpitopeADCCIsotypesSpecificityStructurallySoluble formConsistsComplexesSerumStructuralAdaptive immuneProteinGeneVariantsStructuresEqually wideTissue fluidsDependentInteractPathogenProductionSufficientStructureClinicalMainCellsHumanSpecificHeavy chainFunctionFormUnitsClassesSmallSitesConstantPresent
Monoclonal antibodies6
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Abcam is leading the way in addressing this with our range of recombinant monoclonal antibodies and knockout edited cell lines for gold-standard validation. (abcam.com)
  • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have significantly advanced the treatment of a variety of human diseases, particularly the ability to treat cancer. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies consists in activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or engagement with cell surface receptors (to either activate or inhibit signaling) (Figure 1 ). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • 1 ] However, despite being the most widely used form of cancer immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies have not been as successful as expected. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Today it is the standard technique for capturing recombinant monoclonal antibodies. (tosohbioscience.com)
Proteins6
  • Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins [1] ) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates , and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses . (wikidoc.org)
  • Bispecific antibodies are proteins capable of simultaneously binding two different epitops, on the same or on different antigenes (Figure 2 ). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • It is composed of five immunoglobulin-binding domains, each of which are able to bind proteins from many mammalian species, most notably Immunoglobulin G (IgG) through the heavy chain within the Fc region. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • The production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi. (scriptiebank.be)
  • These proteins contain two related domains known as the chromo- and the chromoshadow-domain. (cipsm.de)
Secrete soluble2
  • After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody generating factories called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody, or into memory cells that survive in the body for years afterwards to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures. (wikidoc.org)
Antigen-bindi2
  • To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
  • The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes ), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. (wikidoc.org)
Epitopes4
  • These rare mAbs bind to functionally conserved epitopes such as those in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem, thereby providing strain independent protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Another design strategy was developed using gammaretroviruses backbone where 2 domains were substituted with HIV epitopes in the N-terminal part of the ectodomain and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) respectively. (europa.eu)
  • In this work, we isolate a dromedary camel V H H single-domain antibody (also known as nanobody) named D4 and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named HM2 recognizing membrane-distal and membrane-proximal epitopes of GPC1, respectively. (nature.com)
  • These epitopes bind with their antibody in a highly specific interaction, called induced fit , that allows antibodies to identify and bind only their unique antigen in the midst of the millions of different molecules that make up an organism . (wikidoc.org)
Light chains4
  • Schematic structure of an antibody: two heavy chains (blue, yellow) and the two light chains (green, pink). (wikipedia.org)
  • each antibody has two large heavy chains H and two small light chains L . Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell called a B cell . (wikidoc.org)
  • The structure of monoclonal IgG antibody is represented, with the heavy chains in rose and the light chains in green. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. (scriptiebank.be)
Nanobody2
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • We report the generation of dromedary camel V H H nanobody (D4)-based CAR T cells targeting GPC1 and the optimization of the hinge (H) and transmembrane domain (TM) to improve activity. (nature.com)
Immunoglobulin5
  • An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, two large classes of bispecific antibodies have been developed: immunoglobulin-like and small bispecific antibodies. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The standard TOYOPEARL AF-rProtein A-650F resin binds human and mouse immunoglobulin G, IgM, and Fab fragments. (tosohbioscience.com)
Therapeutic6
  • There is clearly an urgent need for additional approaches and antibodies present new opportunities for both therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. (frontiersin.org)
  • Antibodies are widely recognized for their therapeutic potential and subsequently have prompted a lot of interest into their development and application. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • This review summarizes the various methods used to generate bispecific antibodies and discusses the perspectives and the therapeutic benefits of bispecific antibodies. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Currently, most of the antibodies for therapeutic usage are monospecific, with a defined specificity for a particular molecular part of an antigen, known as an epitope. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • In this review, we focus on the major obstacles limiting the application of CAR-T cell therapy toward solid tumors and summarize the measures to refine this new cancer therapeutic modality. (ijbs.com)
  • Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty-first century. (scriptiebank.be)
Bispecific3
  • Progress in antibody engineering has led to the generation of many different types of antibodies that differ in size and shape, including bispecific antibodies. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The need to improve their clinical efficacy has led to an increased interest in bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Applications of bispecific IgG-like antibodies and their target molecules. (ens-lyon.fr)
Immunity3
  • Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors , antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity . (wikipedia.org)
  • In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
  • [6] The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. (wikidoc.org)
Molecule3
  • The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the intended use for the target molecule (antibodies for diagnostic testing) Protein A capturing might be the only chromatographic step required to achieve adequate product purity. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • A method based on atomic force microscopy is used to delineate the properties that determine single-molecule adhesion onto solid substrates in aqueous environment. (cipsm.de)
Epitope2
  • [2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
  • The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called an epitope . (wikidoc.org)
ADCC1
  • Our findings demonstrate that a single intramuscular injection in mice of AAV encoding R1a-B6 fused to Fc fragments of different isotypes equipped either, with or without antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, was able to drive sustained high-level expression (0.5-1.1 mg/mL) in sera with no evidence of reduction for up to 6 months. (frontiersin.org)
Isotypes3
  • There are several different types of antibody heavy chain, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. (wikidoc.org)
  • Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. (wikidoc.org)
  • Antibodies can come in different varieties known as isotypes or classes. (wikidoc.org)
Specificity1
  • Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. (scriptiebank.be)
Structurally2
  • Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • We find that a structurally rigid IgG4H and CD28TM domain brings the two D4 fragments in proximity, driving CAR dimerization and leading to enhanced T-cell signaling and tumor regression in pancreatic cancer models with low antigen density in female mice. (nature.com)
Soluble form1
  • Antibodies occur in two forms: a soluble form secreted into the blood and tissue fluids, and a membrane-bound form attached to the surface of a B cell that is called the B cell receptor (BCR). (wikidoc.org)
Consists1
  • They are derived from one of the IgG binding domains of protein A. The ligand of TOYOPEARL AF-rProtein A-650F consists of a tetramer of this modified domain. (tosohbioscience.com)
Complexes1
  • Although Sec complexes can form oligomers, it has been suggested that a single copy may serve as an active PCC. (cipsm.de)
Serum2
  • Passive transfer of serum antibodies from convalescent patients has been used in the past ( 7 , 8 ), however, this approach is of limited use in a global pandemic emergency. (frontiersin.org)
  • Induction of binding Abs was measured by ELISA and neutralizing activity by PBMC and TZM-bl assays in all serum and vaginal samples. (europa.eu)
Structural2
  • The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)
  • The binary dispersion was characterized by a single structural relaxation, a single Johari-Goldstein process, and two local intramolecular processes, one for each component. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Adaptive immune2
  • Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
  • [8] Antibodies are, therefore, an essential component of the adaptive immune system that learns, adapts and remembers responses to invading pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
Protein10
  • The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
  • Although the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures to exist. (wikidoc.org)
  • Protein A Chromatography relies on the specific and reversible binding of antibodies to an immobilized protein A ligand. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • Modifications to the protein structure of the ligand, the advent of ligands composed of single domain multimers, and multipoint attachment have given rise to the caustic stable, high capacity and extremely robust Protein A resins in use today. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • The new ultra-high capacity TOYOPEARL AF-rProtein A HC-650M excels all other commercially available protein A media with regard to its IgG binding capacity of >65 g IgG/L resin. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • The new ultra-high capacity TOYOPEARL AF-rProtein A HC-650F excels all other commercially available protein A media with regard to its IgG binding capacity of more than 65 g IgG/L resin at residence times of 5 minutes. (tosohbioscience.com)
  • It provides a static IgG binding capacity of more than 45 g/L and a typical dynamic IgG binding capacity of more than 30 g/L at 2 minutes residence time (1 g/L protein load). (tosohbioscience.com)
  • Since S-layers rapidly growing scientific and engineering discipline that are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species crosses the boundaries of numerous existing fields. (2medicalcare.com)
  • Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Gene2
  • Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • A more practical and cost-effective strategy would be to use antibody gene therapy which would provide long term sustainable protection through antibody production within the patient. (frontiersin.org)
Variants1
  • Each of these variants can bind to a different target, known as an antigen . (wikidoc.org)
Structures2
  • In most Gram-positive bacteria the Thus, learning how to create complex and large supra- S-layer is attached to a rigid wall matrix involving lectin molecular structures and the elucidation of rules mediating binding between a glycan (referred to as secondary cell wall their organization into functional materials will offer a broad polymer, SCWP) covalently-attached to the peptidoglycan spectrum of new technologies. (2medicalcare.com)
  • scaffolding structures for nanobiotechnological applications. (2medicalcare.com)
Equally wide1
Tissue fluids1
  • [4] Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids , as well as many secretions . (wikipedia.org)
Dependent1
  • B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
Interact2
  • The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)
  • Recently, Np95 (also known as UHRF1 or ICBP90) has been found to interact with Dnmt1 and to bind hemimethylated DNA, indicating together with genetic studies a central role in the maintenance of DNA methylation. (cipsm.de)
Pathogen1
  • Antibodies can also neutralize targets directly by, for example, binding to a part of a pathogen that it needs to cause an infection. (wikidoc.org)
Production2
  • Production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . (wikidoc.org)
  • B cells use unconventional strategies for the production of a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies from a very limited amount of DNA. (cipsm.de)
Sufficient1
  • Therefore, aiming on a single target does not appear to be sufficient to destroy cancer cells. (ens-lyon.fr)
Structure2
  • A more accurate depiction of an antibody (3D structure at RCSB PDB ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The DEC-205 monomer forms a compact structure comprising two intercalated rings of C-type lectin-like domains, where the N-terminal cysteine-rich and fibronectin domains reside at the central intersection. (uci.edu)
Clinical1
  • Moreover, miltuximab, a chimeric anti-GPC1 antibody, was shown to be safe and well tolerated when radiolabeled in a clinical trial 21 . (nature.com)
Main1
Cells2
  • Furthermore, single-cell-based proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of D4-IgG4H-CD28TM CAR T cells reveals specific genes (e.g. (nature.com)
  • Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils , and is involved in allergy . (wikidoc.org)
Human1
  • Recombinant fragment corresponding to Human p95/NBS1 aa 467-615. (abcam.com)
Specific2
  • Other specific initiatives were conducted such as evaluation of the sublingual route for immunization, investigation of the Principal Immunodominant Domain (PID) of gp41, and direct HIV inhibition with an Ag family which demonstrated in vitro antiviral activities comparable to the antiretroviral drug T20 (Fuzeon). (europa.eu)
  • [2] [5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. (wikidoc.org)
Heavy chain1
  • Abbreviations: VL - variable domain of the light chain, VH - variable domain of the heavy chain, CL - constant domain of the light chain, CH - constant domain of the heavy chain, Fc - constant fragment, Fab - antigen binding fragment. (ens-lyon.fr)
Function1
Form1
  • Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
Units1
  • represent the only wall component and can be so closely One of the great challenges for nano(bio)technology is associated with the plasma membrane that a hydrophobic the creation of supramolecular materials in which the domain of the constituent subunits is actually integrated into constituent units are highly regular molecular nanostructures. (2medicalcare.com)
Classes1
  • Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Small1
  • The protease not only releases small peptides, such as the amyloid-β peptide, which drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but also intracellular domains, which can have critical functions in nuclear signaling. (cipsm.de)
Sites1
  • The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Constant2
  • In contrast, the remainder of the antibody is relatively constant. (wikipedia.org)
  • The constant domain is represented in bright colours and the variable domain in darker colours. (ens-lyon.fr)
Present2
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using in vitro and cellular techniques, we present a mVP40 assembly model highlighting two distinct oligomerization interfaces: the (N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD)) in mVP40. (uci.edu)