• Following the lead of Eric R. Kandel, the genus has been studied as a model organism by neurobiologists, because its gill and siphon withdrawal reflex, as studied in Aplysia californica, is mediated by electrical synapses, which allow several neurons to fire synchronously. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin (5-HT) may act as a transmitter of temporal information to the circadian pacemaker (CP) in the eye of Aplysia californica. (erowid.org)
  • 우리 실험은 연체 동물 Aplysia californica의 구강 신경절로 진행됩니다. (jove.com)
  • The contributions of monosynaptic and polysynaptic circuitry to the tail-withdrawal reflex in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica were assessed by the use of physiologically based neural network models. (yale.edu)
  • To investigate how neuron-immunocyte interactions might influence regeneration, we developed an in vitro model whereby neurons and hemocytes from Aplysia californica were cocultured. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We study one type of motor program, ingestive feeding in the mollusc Aplysia californica, which can either be triggered when a single projection neuron (CBI-2) is repeatedly stimulated or can be triggered by projection neuron coactivation (e.g., activation of CBI-2 and CBI-3). (bvsalud.org)
  • The combined data demonstrated that the atrial gland of Aplysia californica does not secrete detectable levels of either ELH precursor-related peptides or MDGF during egg laying. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Kandel then studied the neural system of the sea slug Aplysia californica, which has large nerve cells amenable to experimental manipulation and is a member of the simplest group of animals known to be capable of learning. (webofstories.com)
  • Aplysia has only about 20,000 neurons, making it a favorite subject for investigation by neuroscientists. (wikipedia.org)
  • In neurons that mediate several forms of long-term memory in Aplysia, the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is activated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neurons will adapt to that stimulus, and fire those neurons more easily, even if the stimulus has a negative effect on the subject (in this case the Aplysia). (wikipedia.org)
  • The properties of the synapses displayed in the tests on conditioning involving the Aplysia (which has dopamine neurons but not a ventral tegmental area) are proposed to be directly comparable to behavioral responses such as addiction in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have investigated Aplysia hemolymph as a source of endogenous factors to promote regeneration of bag cell neurons. (nature.com)
  • Isolated Aplysia neurons have also become valuable tools for investigating the basic biology of neurite growth and regeneration. (nature.com)
  • The ability of neurons from the Aplysia central nervous system to regenerate both in vitro and in vivo has prompted a search for endogenous neurotrophic factors. (nature.com)
  • Hemolymph-supplemented media or coverslips treated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) and hemolymph also accelerated outgrowth of Aplysia dopaminergic neurons relative to PLL-treated coverslips alone 24 . (nature.com)
  • Sensory neurons are a known site of plasticity in Aplysia. (yale.edu)
  • We performed experiments using Aplysia neurons to identify the mechanism underlying the changes in the firing patterns in response to temperature changes. (kjpp.net)
  • Accordingly, the voltage-dependent potassium current is likely to play a leading role in the temperature-dependent changes in the firing patterns in Aplysia neurons. (kjpp.net)
  • By using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS, individual peptidergic neurons from Aplysia are assayed. (illinois.edu)
  • Synaptic transmission and excitability in Aplysia sensory neurons (SNs) are bidirectionally modulated by 5-HT and FMRFamide. (jneurosci.org)
  • A marine slug may seem like an unusual choice for a study of memory, but Aplysia have been used in a wide range of neuroscience studies , thanks to their large neurons, relatively simple nervous system, and set of behaviors. (discovermagazine.com)
  • To this end, we investigate the active and passive transport of vesicles in Aplysia neurons while changing neurite tension via applied strain and quantify the resulting dynamics. (nature.com)
  • Aplysia brasiliana = Aplysia fasciata ? (seaslugforum.net)
  • Are those 3 all Aplysia fasciata ? (seaslugforum.net)
  • It is similar to Aplysia fasciata which is larger and can reach lengths of 40 cm, it is also dark brown or black in colour. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata rearing up from the seabed. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata (left hand side) with Actinothoe sphyrodeta . (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata eggs in a laboratory. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata eggs on Dilsea carnosa . (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata in a rockpool at Batten Bay, Plymouth. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata on sandy gravel in the Channel Isles. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata showing eye. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata under a boulder. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata with string of pink eggs. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • A mating chain of Aplysia punctata in 14°C water. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Egg mass from Aplysia punctata in 14°C water. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • The sea hare Aplysia punctata on leaves of Zostera marina . (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata is usually 7 cm long but can grow to 20 cm in length. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Aplysia punctata occurs mainly in very shallow water and occasionally on the lower shore or in rock pools. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • The body colour of Aplysia punctata is said to vary with the character of its algal diet. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Through experiments on the conditioning of the Aplysia, links have been discovered with the synaptic plasticity for reward functions involved in the trait of addiction within mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • AC stimulation in Aplysia sensory neuron (SN) membranes was also blocked by methiothepin. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Aplysia species, when threatened, frequently release clouds of ink, it is believed in order to blind the attacker (though they are in fact considered edible by relatively few species). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Aplysia species serve as an ideal model system for the physical studying of food-reward learning, due to "the neuronal components of parts of its ganglionic nervous system that are responsible for the generation of feeding movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers gave mild electric shocks to the tails of a species of marine snail called Aplysia. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In Aplysia, the primary reflex studied by scientists while studying operant conditioning is the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gill and siphon withdrawal reflex allows the Aplysia to pull back its siphon and gill for protection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The links between the synapses during the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex are directly correlated with many behavioral traits in the Aplysia such as its habits, reflexes, and conditioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kandel, E. R. / Local, reflex, and central commands controlling gill and siphon movements in Aplysia . (nyu.edu)
  • Aplysia (/əˈplɪʒ(i)ə/) is a genus of medium-sized to extremely large sea slugs, specifically sea hares, which are a kind of marine gastropod mollusk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sea hares (Aplysia spp. (rossbennetts.com)
  • This feature gave the model redundancy in its plastic properties and points to the possibility of distributed memory in the circuitry mediating withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia. (yale.edu)
  • We attempted to identify compounds that are effective in blocking the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor(s) that activate adenylyl cyclase (AC) in Aplysia CNS. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • As a result, Aplysia has been used in associative learning studies to derive certain aspects of feeding and operant conditioning in the context of compulsive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Operant reward learning in Aplysia. (bvsalud.org)
  • And that was to begin to learn how to work out neural circuitry in Aplysia , and look at behavior in the whole animal, and work out the neural circuitry of behavior. (webofstories.com)
  • In 2018, scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles, have shown that the behavioral modifications characteristic of a form of nonassociative long-term memory in Aplysia can be transferred by RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Environmental light regulates the phase of a circadian oscillator in the eye of Aplysia. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 1 . White JA, Ziv I, Cleary LJ, Baxter DA, Byrne JH (1993) The role of interneurons in controlling the tail-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia: a network model. (yale.edu)
  • Subsequent to these findings in Aplysia, further research was done with mice and it was found that polyADP-ribosylation is also required for long-term memory formation in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Variable task switching in the feeding network of Aplysia is a function of differential command input. (bvsalud.org)
  • available online at http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15338052 page(s): 22-23 [details] original description (of Aplysia australiana Clessin, 1899 ) Clessin, S. (1853-1899). (marbef.org)
  • In conjunction with other pharmacological probes, this antagonist should be useful in analyzing the role of 5-HT in various forms of neuromodulation in Aplysia. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Mate attraction in Aplysia involves long-distance water-borne signaling via the secretion of the peptide pheromone attractin from the exocrine albumen gland during egg laying. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Is the Subject Area "Aplysia" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 3474 : A Transmitter Role For Serotonin In The Aplysia Eye? (erowid.org)
  • These results suggest that 5-HT is involved in the transmission of phase shifting in formation in the Aplysia eye. (erowid.org)
  • Some aspects of the population biology of sea hare Aplysia dactylomela rang, 1828 in two beaches from Ceará state, Brazil. (ufc.br)
  • This work describes the population biology of the sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela, at two beaches in Ceará State, Brazil. (ufc.br)
  • The National Resource for Aplysia is supported by an award from the National Center for Research Resources, NIH. (nih.gov)
  • Why is the sea slug Aplysia a strategic model used to study memory? (thenewsindependent.com)
  • Kandel developed the sea slug Aplysia - an organism with just 20,000 nerve cells - as an experimental model, using a simple reflex that protects Aplysia's gills to study learning. (the-scientist.com)
  • Este trabalho descreve alguns aspectos da biologia populacional da lesma-do- mar Aplysia dactylomela em duas praias do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. (ufc.br)
  • Others you could see are the Aplysia Dactylomela - fairly large in size, white in colour with black circle markings on the body. (divewise.com.mt)
  • Their model: Aplysia, a marine mollusk widely used in neuroscience for the study of learning and memory. (cea.fr)
  • He settled on a group of sea slugs in the genus Aplysia that are famous for having some of the largest nerve cells in the world-so big, in fact, that you can see them without a microscope. (thenewsindependent.com)
  • Researchers at The Neuro work with species ranging from Aplysia (sea slugs), to mice, rats, and primates . (mcgill.ca)
  • The buccalin-related neuropeptides: isolation and characterization of an Aplysia cDNA clone encoding a family of peptide cotransmitters. (nih.gov)
  • Due to its simple neuroanatomy and easily-observed learning behaviors, Aplysia is a valuable model organism that allowed researchers to unravel the molecular basis of learning using targeted, reductionist strategies to delineate the pathways by which LTP occurs. (thenewsindependent.com)
  • The neuronal isoform of CPEB in aplysia lacks a canonical phosphorylation site, while it contains a very unusual sequence in the aminoterminal region. (medscape.com)
  • In Aplysia, the primary reflex studied by scientists while studying operant conditioning is the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gill and siphon withdrawal reflex allows the Aplysia to pull back its siphon and gill for protection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The links between the synapses during the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex are directly correlated with many behavioral traits in the Aplysia such as its habits, reflexes, and conditioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aplysia has been employed in the neuroscience field as a model for memory and learning, with potential for use in studies of addiction and nerve senescence and regeneration. (nih.gov)
  • Why did Kandel use Aplysia? (thenewsindependent.com)
  • Kandel won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Aplysia - or more specifically, for his work on the biological mechanisms of memory storage. (thenewsindependent.com)
  • In addition, Gerencser (1984b ) and Gerencser & Lee (1985b ) have demonstrated an ATP-dependent Cl − uptake in Aplysia inside-out enterocyte plasma membrane vesicles (EPMV). (silverchair.com)
  • The plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from Aplysia intestinal enterocytes by homogenization and differential and discontinuous sucrose density-gradient centrifugation techniques as described previously ( Gerencser & Lee, 1985 a ). (silverchair.com)
  • to study how long-term sensitization training led to the formation of non-associative LTM by assessing the significance of RNA extracted from the Aplysia central nervous system (CNS). (epigenie.com)
  • The primary goals of the Resource are to optimize and standardize Aplysia used by NIH investigators and to expand the uses of the Aplysia model system. (nih.gov)
  • Subsequent to these findings in Aplysia, further research was done with mice and it was found that polyADP-ribosylation is also required for long-term memory formation in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carew, T 1989, Developmental assembly of multiple components of learning and memory in Aplysia . (nyu.edu)
  • CPEB activity is usually regulated by the amount of protein present, and, in aplysia, by serotonin. (medscape.com)
  • Facility staff will provide advice on setting up marine aquarium facilities for short-term holding of Aplysia shipped from the Resource. (nih.gov)
  • As a result, Aplysia has been used in associative learning studies to derive certain aspects of feeding and operant conditioning in the context of compulsive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adult Aplysia (600-1000 g) were used in these experiments. (silverchair.com)
  • Why is Aplysia good to study? (thenewsindependent.com)
  • As demonstrated in the present study ( Table 1 ), the addition of ATP, in the presence of Mg 2+ , to EPMV of Aplysia elicited a rapid Cl − uptake significantly above that of control. (silverchair.com)
  • It was hypothesized that active Cl − absorption in Aplysia enterocytes was mediated by a primary active transport process, because it had been demonstrated that the intracellular Cl − electrochemical potential was less than that measured in the extracellular medium ( Gerencser & White, 1980 ), even in the absence of extracellular Na + ( Gerencser, 1983 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Lending strength to this hypothesis, Gerencser & Lee (1983 , 1985a ) demonstrated the existence of a CU-stimulated ATPase activity in Aplysia enterocyte plasma membranes, suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship between ATPase activity and Cl − transport. (silverchair.com)